Materials Science & Engineering A 650 (2016) 382388

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Materials Science & Engineering A

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/msea

Effect of cooling rate on damping capacity of FeCr based

ferromagnetic metal alloy
Hui Wang a,b, Fu Wang c, Jun Xiao a,b, Yuan Wang d, Ce Ma a, Zuoyong Dou a, Min Wang a,
Pengcheng Zhang a,n
a

Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, P.O. Box No. 9-35, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou City, Sichuan Province 621908, China
National Key Laboratory for Nuclear Fuel and Materials, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China
c
School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China
d
Institute of France-China Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun-Yat Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
b

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 9 October 2015
Received in revised form
22 October 2015
Accepted 23 October 2015
Available online 24 October 2015

The Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy was treated by furnace cooling, air cooling or water cooling after annealing
at 1100 C for 1 h in vacuum atmosphere. The damping performance of the as-treated alloys was tested
with dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer and the effects of different cooling rates on phase, microstructure, coercive force and damping capacity were investigated. The results show that the cooling rates
have no inuence on the crystalline phase and grain sizes of the Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy. The phase of
the as-treated alloys is a single -Fe. Moreover, Cr- and Mo-containing carbide precipitation is detected
on alloy grain boundary of the furnace-cooled alloy, while no precipitated phase on the alloy grain
boundary of the air-cooled and water-cooled alloy. In addition, the furnace-cooled alloy shows the
smallest coercive force comparing with the air-cooled alloy, and the water-cooled alloy shows the biggest
coercive force. The peak values of logarithmic decrement of furnace-cooled, air-cooled and watercooled alloy are 0.209, 0.188 and 0.175 respectively. The gradual decrease of the damping capacity with
increasing cooling rate for the alloy mainly lies in the discrepancy of their micro internal stress.
& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
FeCrMo based alloy
Damping capacity
Cooling rates
Coercive force

1. Introduction
With the ever-accelerated industry, the problems of vibration
and noise become increasingly worse, which not only affect the
safety and service life of mechanical and military equipment, but
also are of great harm to people's health. Therefore, the reduction
of vibrations and noises is an urgent task. The current solution,
which is regarded as the most important and effective means at
present, to this problem is to use high damping alloys. As is known
to all, Fe-based alloys with phase, such as FeCr based ferromagnetic metal alloys, have attracted much attention to many
researchers due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion
resistance and high damping capacity [17].
The damping mechanism of the FeCr based ferromagnetic
damping alloy is that the vibration energy is transferred to heat
energy through the irreversible movement of magnetic domain
walls, and then the resultant heat energy is dissipated by heat
conduction [13]. Many factors affect the damping capacity of
ferromagnetic FeCr based damping alloy. Studies [38] suggest
n

Corresponding author. Fax: 86 2885903294.

E-mail address: zoucongpei5525@163.com (P. Zhang).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.086
0921-5093/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

that, in order to achieve better damping capacity, the alloy should

meet the following requirements. Firstly, the content of impurity
elements, such as C and N, should be strictly controlled. Usually
these impurities should be strictly limited to lower than 0.01 wt%,
which is the only way to signicantly reduce the micro internal
stress of alloy structure. Secondly, heat treatment process must be
reasonable. Current research on heat treatment process mainly
focuses on the effects of temperature and holding time on the
damping capacity of ferromagnetic alloy. Most studies [610]
concluded that, in the process of annealing below 1100 C and heat
preservation for 1 h, the internal friction of FeCr based ferromagnetic damping alloy increases and its damping capacity improves with the increase of heat treatment temperature. This is
attributed to the fact that the internal stress of the alloy caused by
dislocation, grain boundary and interstitial atoms hinders the irreversible movement of the magnetic domain wall and reduces the
damping capacity of the alloy [11,12]. If an alloy anneals at high
temperature, its internal stress, dislocation and other defects will
eliminate and thus the damping capacity is improved. The improvement of the damping capacity through heat treatment at
higher temperature is mainly due to the change of the distribution
of the micro internal stress.
In addition to the heat treatment temperature and holding

H. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 650 (2016) 382388

time, the cooling rate also has a signicant effect on microstructure, magnetic domain structure and the distribution of micro
internal stress of an alloy, which in turn affect the damping capacity of FeCr based damping alloy. However, when it comes to
the effect of heat treatment process on the microstructure and
damping capacity of an alloy, the factor of the cooling rates is
seldom taken into consideration. However, in order to further
improve the damping capacity of FeCr based damping alloy, it is
necessary to carry out systematic research on the effect of cooling
rates on the microstructure and damping capacity of the alloy.
Based on the quaternary iron-based damping alloy, Fe15Cr3Mo
0.5Si, which was obtained by our previous research and was
proved to be with good damping capacity [9,10], this paper further
studies the effect of different cooling rates (furnace cooling, air
cooling and water cooling) on the damping capacity, the microstructure and the internal stress of the alloy.

2. Experimental method

383

Metallographic structure observation samples were corroded in

hydrochloric acid alcohol solution (10 mL HCI 90 mL CH3CH2OH)
under the voltage of 34 V for 20 s. Metallographic structure was
observed by means of Optical Microscope (OM). Device name:
optical microscope (OLYMPUS), specication and model: BX51. The
average grain size was measured by cutting line method.
Cutting line method:
(1) On the grain images, the measuring grid was comprised by
one or several lines. Appropriate length and magnication of
the measuring grid were necessary to ensure a minimum of 50
points.
(2) The terminal point of the measuring line was not included in
the total of the points. When the terminal point just touched
the grain boundary, 0.5 point was recorded. When the measuring line and the grain boundary were tangent, 1 point was
recorded. When the three grains intersected, 1.5 points were
recorded.
(3) Actual line length (total length/magnication/the number of
points) was the average grain size.

2.1. Alloy melting

In order to reduce the inuences of interstitial impurity atoms
such as C and N on the damping capacity of the alloy, highly pure
Fe (the content of C and N is lower than 0.02%), 99.9% highly pure
metal Cr, Mo and Si were chosen as raw materials for the experiment. ZG-50 vacuum induction furnace with capacity of 25 kg was
used for melting the alloys, the compositions of which is shown in
Table 1. It can be seen that the real compositions of the two alloys
was very close to its nominal composition and the content of
impurities is within good control.

The characteristics of alloy grain boundary were observed by

SEM and the compositions of precipitates on the grain boundary
were analyzed with SEM-EDS. Device name: scanning electron
microscope, specication and model: S4800. XRD was used to
measure the alloy structure change. The coercive force of the alloy
was measured with vibration magnetometer.

3. Results and analysis

3.1. Effect of cooling modes on the microstructure

2.2. Sample preparation

The obtained alloy ingots were rst annealed at 1200 C for 2 h.
Then, the annealed ingots were forged. The initial forging temperature was about 1100 C and the nal forging temperature was
higher than 900 C. Remelting was set to be less than three times
and the ingots would be forged into 15 mm thick plates. Based on
the requirements of different experiments, samples were chosen
from the forged plates and then processed. The samples for the
damping capacity testing were sheet samples with the size of
55 mm  10 mm  1 mm. The samples for microstructure observation
were
block
samples
with
the
size
of
10 mm  10 mm  10 mm. Three group samples were annealed at
1100 C for 1 h, and then treated by furnace cooling (FC), air
cooling (AC) and water cooling (WC) respectively to room
temperature.
2.3. Performance test and microstructure observation of the samples
Damping capacity test was conducted with TAQ800 dynamic
mechanical analyzer (DMA) and the damping capacity was represented by logarithmic decrement. Three point bending vibration mode was adopted to measure alloy damping capacity
changing along with strain amplitude . Vibration frequency was
1 Hz, the measuring temperature was 30 C and the variation
range of was 2  10  66  10  4.
Table 1
Chemical compositions of Fe15Cr3Mo alloy (wt%).
No.

Si

Mo

Cr

Fe

No-1
No-2

0.48
0.53

2.96
3.02

14.96
14.07

0.003
0.004

0.012
0.015

Margin
Margin

Fig. 1 shows the microstructures of the Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si

alloy annealing at 1100 C for 1 h and treating by different cooling
modes. From Fig. 1(a), the forged alloy shows isometric crystal
with unevenly distributed sizes. The grains are ne and are
lengthened in the deformation direction. Therefore, they show
obvious directivity, because the nal forging temperature (900 C)
is higher than the recrystallization temperature of the alloy and
dynamic recrystallization occurs in the process of forging. From
Fig. 1(b)(d), all the grains grow up after annealing and cooling
treating. The experimental results show that the inuence of
cooling rates on the grain sizes of the alloy is insignicant. The
average grain sizes of the alloys cooling by FC, AC and WC are
244 m, 256 m and 225 m respectively.
Fig. 2 shows the precipitated phase of the Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si
alloy on the grain boundary under the condition of different
cooling rates. The SEM shows that the second phase was precipitated for the Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy treating by FC. As
shown in Fig. 2(a), the content of C, Cr and Mo elements in the
precipitated phase are signicantly higher than those of the matrix
composition (as shown in Table 2). From the content of the elements and the morphology of the precipitated phase, the second
phase is cementite M23C6 precipitated from ferrites in the process
of slow cooling. While the precipitated phase is not detected in the
alloys treating by both AC and WC, which are mainly due to the
fact that there is not enough time for C and the alloy elements to
form the phase when high cooling rate are adopted.
Fig. 3 shows the equilibrium phase diagram of Fe15Cr3Mo
based alloy at different temperature, where the content of carbon
in the alloy is 0.15 wt%. As can be seen from the gure, metal
carbides M23C6 phase (generally a Cr-rich carbide phase, Cr23C6)
easily forms in the structure of the Fe15Cr3Mo based alloy while
annealing at 1100 C, and no M7C3 phase presents. This further
conrms that the formed second phase is cementite M23C6

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H. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 650 (2016) 382388

Fig. 1. Microstructures of (a) the forged alloy and the Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy annealing at 1100 C for 1 h and cooling by (b) FC, (c) AC and (d) WC.

(generally a Cr-rich carbide phase, Cr23C6).

Although the cooling rate has little effect on the grain sizes of
the alloy, there is a small amount of C in the alloy. When the annealing temperature is above 1000 C, Cr23C6 rich phase easily
precipitates from FeCr based alloys. While annealing at 1100 C,
different cooling rates have inuence on the precipitation of the
Cr23C6 rich phase. There is more amount of Cr23C6 rich phase in the
slowly cooled alloy, while there is less or even no precipitation of
Cr23C6 rich phase in the rapidly cooled alloy. Moreover, for a given
chemical composition of the alloy, higher cooling rates lead to
higher supersaturated vacancy concentration. There were a lot of
vacancies due to the intense thermal motion of the atoms at high
temperature. If the alloys are cooled slowly from the high temperature, a large number of vacancies will transfer to the free
surface or grain boundary of the crystal in the cooling process.
When the temperature decreases to room temperature, the lowly
internal supersaturated vacancy concentration is obtained. On the
contrary, if the alloys are cooled quickly, the vacancies will retain
in the crystal of the alloy and the highly supersaturated vacancy
concentration still exists. This also conrms the reason for the
formation of precipitated phase on the grain boundary of the alloy
treating by FC while the failure of formation of precipitated phases

for the alloy treating by AC and WC method.

3.2. Effect analysis of cooling rates on the internal stress and yield
strength of the alloys
Fig. 4 shows the magnetostriction coefcient curves of the alloys treating by different cooling rates. The gure shows that the
different cooling rates have insignicantly effect on the saturated
magnetostriction coefcient s of the Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy.
Based on the principle of ferromagnetics [1], the physical relationship between internal stress and coercive force is expressed
by formula (1).

Hc =

3 s
2 MS L

(1)

where s is saturated magnetostrictive coefcient, is permeability in vacuum, MS refers to saturation magnetization, is the
thickness of the magnetic domain wall, and L is the magnetic
domain size. For an alloy with complete recrystallization, the
coercive force only depends on its internal stress.
From Fig. 5 and Table 3, the alloy treating by FC shows the least
coercive force compared with the other two alloys, while the alloy

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385

Fig. 2. Precipitated phases of the samples on the grain boundary cooling by (a) furnace cooling (FC), (b) air cooling (AC) and (c) water cooling (WC).
Table 2
Compositions of the precipitated phases of the alloy in Fig. 2(a).
No.

C/wt%

Cr/wt%

Mo/wt%

Fe/wt%

No.1
No.2

0.59
0.011

21.76
14.58

3.26
2.89

Margin
Margin

treating by WC shows the largest coercive force. This suggests that

the internal stress of the alloy obviously decreases with the decrease of the cooling rates, which is consistent with the research
results from literatures [13,14]. Firstly, lower cooling rate gives rise
to larger average grain sizes and lower grain boundary concentration. The energy on grain boundaries is higher, so the decrease of the grain boundary concentrate is benecial to the decrease of the internal stress. Secondly, for the alloy treating by FC,
the segregation of C, N and other interstitial atoms on the grain
boundary cause the decreasing degree of internal lattice distortion,
and the internal stress inside the grains is loosen. While for the
alloys treating by AC and WC, the C, N and other interstitial atoms
which lead to lattice distortion and the increase of internal stress
still exist in the matrix.
Fig. 6 shows the yield strength curves of furnace-cooled, aircooled and water-cooled Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloys annealing at
1100 C for 1 h. It can be seen from the gure that the water-

Fig. 3. Equilibrium phase diagram of Fe15Cr3Mo based alloy at different temperature (C 0.015%).

cooled alloy shows the maximum strength and the furnace-cooled

alloy shows the minimum strength. The content of C and N is very
low and the content of elements such as Nb, Ti and V which can

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H. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 650 (2016) 382388

Fig. 4. Magnetostriction curves of the prepared alloys after treating by different

cooling modes.

intensely react with C and N, is zero. Therefore, the formation of

carbonitride MX to disperse in the alloy matrix is difcult during
high temperature annealing, and the strength of the alloy is insignicantly change. The high content of Mo which has strong
solution strengthening effect in the Fe15Cr3Mo alloy signicantly improves the high-temperature strength of the alloy.
The Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy is in a complete solid solution state
at the temperature of 1100 C, the water-cooling leads to the
concentration of thermal stress due to fast cooling rate. However,
there is no stress concentration because of the lower cooling rate
for the furnace-cooled alloy, thus the yield strength of the watercooled alloy is slightly higher than that of the air-cooled alloy and
the furnace-cooled alloy.
3.3. Effect of cooling modes on the damping capacity of the alloys
Fig. 7 shows the variation of the logarithmic decrement with
the varying of strain amplitude for the alloys cooling by different
rate. It can be seen from Fig. 7 that, in the rising part of the curves,
the values of logarithmic decrement increase fast with the increase of the strain amplitude , and all these values begin to
decline after achieving a peak values. The peak values of are
0.209, 0.188 and 0.175 for the alloys cooling by FC, AC and WC
respectively. The rate of the changing of logarithmic decrement
with strain amplitude and the strain corresponding to the peak
value are different for the alloys treating by different cooling
modes. The lower the cooling rate is, the faster the logarithmic
decrement reaches the peak value. This means that, at lower
cooling rate, the logarithmic decrement reaches maximum value
at lower strain amplitude. The strain amplitudes corresponding to
its maximum logarithmic decrements for the alloys treating by FC,
AC and WC are 1.72  10  4, 1.87  10  4 and 2.0  10  4. Moreover,
for an alloy treating by a lower cooling rate, the strain amplitude
corresponding to the maximum logarithmic decrement value is
small. And after the alloy reaches its max, the decrease rate of the
curve also is lower and the damping curve is broader, making a
possibly wider strain range in high damping value region. Fig. 7
also shows that the variation trend of the damping capacity of
different cooled alloys are opposite to that of the strength variation trend. Therefore, the further study should be focused on how
to reasonably balance the relationship between the damping capacity and the mechanical strength.
In the rising stage of curve, the damping capacity of ferromagnetic alloy improves with the increasingly irreversible

Fig. 5. Hysteresis curves of the coercive force of the alloys treating by (a) FC, (b) AC
and (c) WC.

Table 3
Coercive force values of the alloys treating by different cooling modes.
Cooling rates

FC

AC

WC

Coercive force

369.44

374.14

382.85

movement of magnetic domain wall. The max reaches when the

irreversible movement of the magnetic domain wall reaches its
saturation state. Studies [911] showed that grain boundary and

H. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 650 (2016) 382388

387

ferromagnetic damping and the slope of damping curve at low

strain amplitude.

= Q 1 =

4kE2 s
4kE2 s
=
3i
3i

(2)

where k is dimensionless constant, s is the saturated magnetostriction coefcient, E is the Young's modulus, is the strain
amplitude and si is the internal stress. From formula (2), the internal friction of the damping alloy is proportional to the strain
amplitude and they show a linear relationship. Rayleigh slope SR
can be obtained after differential of by formula (2):

4kE2 s
d
=
= SR
d
3i

Fig. 6. Yield strength curves of different cooled alloys after annealing at 1100 C/
1 h.

(3)

From formula (2) and formula (3), for a given alloy, SR is inversely proportional to i at small strain amplitude, which is also
reected in Fig. 7. For water-cooled alloy, the biggest internal
stress exists in the alloy due to the interstitial C atoms within
crystals and high supersaturation vacancy concentration. Therefore, the minimum SR and the smallest logarithmic decrement at
low strain amplitude are obtained. After reaching max, curve
begins to decline, because the irreversible movement of magnetic
domain wall, which attains its saturated state at max, can not
convert mechanical energy into heat energy. It means that the
ferromagnetic damping disappears. It has been revealed that the
damping is caused by dislocation glide after reaching the maximum value [16]. Energy dissipation caused by dislocations is
another important damping source for the ferromagnetic damping
alloy. In this paper, for the alloy annealing at 1100 C for 1 h, the
high annealing temperature and low cooling rate greatly eliminates their dislocations. Therefore, the curves after reaching
max at high strain amplitude begin to decline rapidly.

4. Conclusions

Fig. 7. Damping-strain amplitude curves of the alloys treating by different cooling

modes.

interstitial atoms have a pinning effect on the irreversible movement of magnetic domain wall. The irreversible movement of
magnetic domain wall requires overcoming the barriers of the
internal stress arisen from grain boundary, interstitial atoms, vacancies, etc. For the alloy treating by FC, the movement of magnetic domain wall is more ease and starts under smaller strain
amplitude due to the segregation of C, N and other interstitial
atoms on the grain boundary and lower internal supersaturated
vacancy concentration. Therefore, the strain amplitude corresponding to max is smaller and the logarithmic decrement is
higher under the same strain amplitude for the alloy.
It is widely recognized that the magnetic elastic coupling is the
main damping source for a ferromagnetic alloy, and so the
damping is called magnetic-mechanical hysteresis damping. The
damping mechanism mainly comes from macro eddy-current
damping, micro eddy-current damping and magnetic-mechanical
hysteresis damping. In these three mechanisms, the magneticmechanical hysteresis damping, which is dependent on strain
amplitude, is one order of magnitude higher than the sum of
macro eddy-current damping and micro eddy-current damping.
So, the magnetic-mechanical hysteresis damping is the main
source of the ferromagnetic damping material at low frequency.
The magnetic-mechanical hysteresis damping can also be explained by the SB theory which was put forward by Smith and
Birchak [15]. The theory gives the formulas (formula (2)) for

The Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy was prepared and the effect of

cooling modes on the phase structure, microstructure, coercive
force and damping capacity of the as-prepared alloys was studied.
The following conclusions are drawn:
(1) For the Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy annealing at 1100 C for 1 h,
the cooling rates insignicantly affect its grain sizes. Cr- and
Mo-containing carbide precipitation is detected on the grain
boundaries of the alloy when furnace cooling is adopted,
while no precipitated phase is found on the grain boundaries
of the alloys treating by air cooling and water cooling.
(2) The furnace-cooled Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy shows the
minimum coercive force, and the water-cooled alloy shows
the biggest coercive force, which demonstrates that the internal stress of the alloy reduces with the decreasing cooling
rate.
(3) The damping capacity of the Fe15Cr3Mo0.5Si alloy increases rst with the increase of strain amplitude and then
decreases after reaching the maximum logarithmic decrement
. The values of the logarithmic decrement are 0.209, 0.188
and 0.175 for the alloys treating by furnace cooling, air cooling
and water cooling respectively. The reason why the damping
capacity of the three cooled alloys gradually decreases is that
the internal stress of the alloys gradually increases.
(4) The variation trend of the damping capacity of different cooled
alloys is opposite to the variation trend of the strength.
Therefore, the further study should be focused on how to
reasonably balance the relationship between the damping
capacity and the mechanical strength, on the basis of

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H. Wang et al. / Materials Science & Engineering A 650 (2016) 382388

improving the mechanical properties of the alloy without

lowering the damping capacity.

Acknowledgments
Great thanks to China Academy of Engineering Physics and
Nuclear Power Institute of China for help in terms of experimental
conditions.

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