Adwa SSU

GNSS Antennas
&
Accessories
Installation Guide
GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014
This page has been intentionally left blank
ii
What's new in this revision
Change power consumption characteristic of roof GPS/Glonass

antenna in chapter 2.2.2
iii
iv
Contents
Table of Contents
1
Page
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1
About this Manual .................................................................................................... 1-3

1.1.1 Copyright Notice ........................................................................................... 1-3
1.2
Reading Guide .......................................................................................................... 1-4
ANTENNA KITS DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................................................ 2-1

2.1
GPS Antennas .......................................................................................................... 2-3

2.1.1 Roof Antenna ............................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.2 Wall Antenna ................................................................................................ 2-6
2.1.3 Compact Magnetic Antenna ......................................................................... 2-8
2.1.4 Window Antenna .......................................................................................... 2-9
2.1.5 Optical Fiber Antenna ................................................................................ 2-11
2.2
GPS/GLONASS Antennas ..................................................................................... 2-14

2.2.1 Roof Antenna for OSA 5230 GPS/GLONASS ........................................... 2-14
2.2.2 Roof Antenna 27dB .................................................................................... 2-16
2.2.3 Roof Antenna 38dB .................................................................................... 2-18
2.3
Interconnection Cables ......................................................................................... 2-20

2.3.1 LMR/CNT Cables ....................................................................................... 2-20
2.4
Line Amplifier ......................................................................................................... 2-21
2.5
Lightning Protector (LP) Kit .................................................................................. 2-21

2.5.1 LP grounding .............................................................................................. 2-22
2.5.2 Characteristics ........................................................................................... 2-23
2.5.3 In Case of a Dynamic Input Surge Pulse ................................................... 2-25
2.5.4 In Case of a Static Over-voltage (low rise time) ......................................... 2-25
Electromechanical Switch ................................................................................................ 2-27

2.5.5 Actuator Terminology ................................................................................. 2-27
2.5.6 Characteristics ........................................................................................... 2-27
2.5.7 9 pins dsub Pin-out ...................................................................................... 2-1
3
LIGHTNING PROTECTION .................................................................................................. 3-2

3.1
3.2
The Storm Cloud ...................................................................................................... 3-4

3.1.1 Description ................................................................................................... 3-4
3.1.2 Discharge Phenomenon ............................................................................... 3-5
3.1.3 Types of Lightning and Lightning Conductors .............................................. 3-5
3.1.4 Over-voltages by Conduction ....................................................................... 3-6
3.1.5 Over-voltages by Induction .......................................................................... 3-6
3.1.6 Ground Rising Conductor ............................................................................. 3-6
Global Approach ...................................................................................................... 3-7

3.2.1 Lightning Protection ..................................................................................... 3-7
3.2.2 Over-voltage Protection ............................................................................... 3-8
3.2.3 Earthing Systems and Equipotentiality ......................................................... 3-8
3.2.4 Ground Electrical Conductivity ..................................................................... 3-8
v
Contents
3.2.5
Isokeraunic World Map .............................................................................. 3-11
3.3
Building Protection ................................................................................................ 3-12

3.3.1 Meshed Cage Installation ........................................................................... 3-12
3.3.2 The Tight Strand ........................................................................................ 3-12
3.3.3 The Simple Rod ......................................................................................... 3-13
3.3.4 The ESE Lightning Conductors .................................................................. 3-13
3.4
Base Station Protection......................................................................................... 3-15
ANTENNA INSTALLATION .................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1
Overview ................................................................................................................... 4-3
4.2
Roof Installation ....................................................................................................... 4-5
4.3
Wall Installation ........................................................................................................ 4-9
4.4
Window Installation ............................................................................................... 4-11
4.5
Optical Fiber Installation ....................................................................................... 4-13
4.6
LP Installation......................................................................................................... 4-15
4.6.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 4-15
4.7
Antenna Connection to Receiver Unit .................................................................. 4-17
4.8
Electromechanical Switch ..................................................................................... 4-18

4.8.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 4-18
MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................... 5-1

5.1
Installation Recommendation ................................................................................. 5-3
5.2
Check the Installation Periodically ......................................................................... 5-4

5.2.1 Electrical Conductivity .................................................................................. 5-4
5.2.2 Lightning Protector (LP) ............................................................................... 5-4
5.2.3 GPS cable .................................................................................................... 5-4
5.3
Oscilloquartz Contact Information ......................................................................... 5-5

5.3.1 Technical Assistance ................................................................................... 5-5
5.3.2 Sales ............................................................................................................ 5-5
ORDERING INFORMATION .............................................................................................................. I

DOCUMENT HISTORY ..................................................................................................................... V
vi
List of Figures
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Standard Active GPS Antenna ..................................................................................... 2-3
Figure 2-2 GPS Roof Antenna Kit .................................................................................................. 2-4
Figure 2-3 GPS Wall Antenna Kit .................................................................................................. 2-7
Figure 2-4 GPS Compact Magnetic Antenna ................................................................................. 2-8
Figure 2-5 GPS Window Antenna Kit ............................................................................................. 2-9
Figure 2-6 GPS Optical Antenna ................................................................................................. 2-11
Figure 2-7 GPS/GLONASS Antenna for 5230 ............................................................................. 2-14
Figure 2-8 GPS/GLONASS 27dB Antenna .................................................................................. 2-16
Figure 2-9 GPS/GLONASS 38dB Antenna .................................................................................. 2-18
Figure 2-10 LP Protector (Multistage) .......................................................................................... 2-22
Figure 2-11 LP Protector Outline Drawing ................................................................................ 2-22
Figure 2-12 Discharge Test Example .......................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-13 Electromechanical switch Outline Drawing .............................................................. 2-1
Figure 3-1 Isokeraunic world map ................................................................................................ 3-11
Figure 3-2 Typical GPS Antenna Installation ............................................................................... 3-15
Figure 3-3 Schematic of typical GPS Antenna Installation .......................................................... 3-16
Figure 3-4 Typical bonding Installation ........................................................................................ 3-19
Figure 4-1 Principle for the GPS Antenna Installation ................................................................... 4-3
Figure 4-2 The Principle of ROOF mounted GPS Antenna Installation ......................................... 4-5
Figure 4-3 Roof Antenna Cable Lengths & Distances ................................................................... 4-6
Figure 4-4 The Principle of WALL mounted GPS Antenna Installation .......................................... 4-9
Figure 4-5 The Principle of WINDOW mounted GPS Antenna Installation .................................. 4-11
Figure 4-6 The Principle of OPTICAL FIBER GPS Antenna Installation ..................................... 4-13
Figure 4-7 Antenna & Lightning Protection Assembly ................................................................. 4-15
Figure 4-8 Roof Antenna installations solutions ........................................................................... 4-16
Figure 4-9 Electromechanical switch Assembly ........................................................................... 4-18
Figure 5-1 Lightning Protector Connections Recommendation ..................................................... 5-3
vii
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 2-1 OSA Cable Characteristics .......................................................................................... 2-20
Table 2-2 dsub Pinout ................................................................................................................. 2-1
Table 5-1 Ordering Antenna Systems ............................................................................................... II
Table 5-2 Ordering Accessories & Options ...................................................................................... III
viii
List of Procedures
List of Procedures
Procedure 4-1 Optical Fiber Antenna Installation ........................................................................ 4-14
ix
List of Procedures
Introduction
Chapter
1 Introduction
Including :
About this Manual
Reading Guide
1-1
Introduction
1-2
Introduction
1.1
About this Manual

This manual has been designed to provide recommendation about GPS installation. It
describes the recommendation for safe lightning protected installation, describes all
characteristic and functionality of the LP (multistage Lightning Protector), provides
information related to GPS installation, describes installations examples and ordering
information.
It is intended for the use of the following types of users:
1.1.1
Systems Engineers:
An overview of the recommendation about GPS

installation. Chapters 2 & 3.
Installation Engineers:
Detailed technical information and procedures for

correct installation, specifications and maintenance
guidelines. Chapters 3 & 4.
Maintenance Engineers:
Information on troubleshooting, maintenance and

installation technical data. Chapter 5
Copyright Notice
Copyright 2014 Oscilloquartz SA
All Rights Reserved
The Oscilloquartz product described in this book is furnished under a license
agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
The contents and information in this document are provided in connection with
Oscilloquartz products. No license, expressed or implied by estoppels or otherwise, to
any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Except as provided in
Oscilloquartz SAs Terms and Conditions of Sale for such products.
This document is exclusive property of Oscilloquartz SA and may not, in whole or in
part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, modified, translated, reduced to any
electronic medium or machine-readable, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form without prior consent in writing from Oscilloquartz SA, Brvards 16, 2002
Neuchtel 2, Switzerland.
Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this guide. However,
Oscilloquartz SA makes no warranties with respect to this documentation and
disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose. Oscilloquartz SA shall not be liable for any errors or for incidental or
consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this
manual or the examples herein.
Oscilloquartz SA may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any
time, without notice.
1-3
Introduction
1.2
Reading Guide
Special icons, attracting attention, precede important and/or critical information in this
document. Hereafter are explanations of each icon.
CAUTION
This symbol is extremely important and must not be neglected. It precedes
information or procedures regarding installation, operation or maintenance.
Follow all steps or procedures, as instructed, to avoid any damage to
equipment or serious personal injury.
ELECTRICAL SHOCK HARZARD

This warning symbol is extremely important and must not be neglected. It
indicates that there are dangerous high voltages present inside the
enclosure of this product and precedes important warnings to avoid any risk
of fire or electrical shock that could lead to serious personal injury or loss of
life.
ESD CAUTION
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) must be avoided so as not to damage or
destroy static sensitive components.
Note:
A note symbol informs the reader that additional information on the related
subject is provided in order to simplify a described task, suggest other
references or even just simplify an explanation.
Recommendation:
Recommendations advise the user on manufacturer tested methods and
procedures proven valuable for correct use and optimum equipment results.
1-4
Antenna Kits Descriptions
Chapter
2 Antenna Kits Descriptions
Including :
GPS Antennas
GPS/GLONASS Antenna
Interconnection Cables
Line Amplifier
Lightning Protector (LP) Kit
Electromechanical Switch
2-1
2-2
2.1
GPS Antennas
2.1.1
Roof Antenna
The OSA GPS Receiver is delivered with a standard roof antenna/TNC connector,
10m interconnection cable, mounting kit, and LP kit. Optional cables, antennae and
accessories can be ordered separately.
A roof Antenna Kit is installed with a standard Antenna thread-mounted on a short
mast, which is strap-clamped to a longer roof mast about 5-6 feet in height. The
Antenna TNC connection is sheltered within the short mast, connected by the 10
Meter cable to an LP block. This block must be mounted at or near the roof to building
demarcation, inside a housing.
Figure 2-1 Standard Active GPS Antenna
2-3
2.1.1.1
Kit Description
Figure 2-2 GPS Roof Antenna Kit
2-4
2.1.1.2
Antenna Characteristics
PERFORMANCE
Input Voltage
Power consumption
Gain
Output impedance
Frequency
Polarization
VSWR
Axial ratio
Noise
Pass-band width
Out of Band rejection
Azimuth coverage
Elevation coverage
+5 Vdc ( 10%)
30 mA max
35 dB 3 dB
50
1575.42 MHz 1.023 MHz
Right-hand circular polarization (RHCP)
2.0 max
90: 4.0 dB max; 10 6B max
3.3 dB max (25 C 5 C)
50 MHz
fo= 1575.42 MHz
fo 20 MHz: 7 dB min
fo 30 MHz: 12 dB min
360 (omni-directional)
0 to 90 elevation (hemispherical)
ENVIRONMENTAL
Operating temperature
Storing temperature
Vibration
Shock
Humidity
Corrosion
Waterproof
-40 C to +85 C
-40 C to +100 C
10-200 Hz Log sweep
3g (Sweep time 30 minutes)
3 axes
50g vertical, 30g all axes
Mil-STD-810E
5% salt spray
Immersion to 1 meter
PHYSICAL
Dimensions (H x )
Weight
Enclosure
Connector
Mounting
2.1.1.3
77.5mm x 66. mm (3.05" x 2.61")

170 gr (6.0 oz)
Off-white plastic
TNC (5Vdc)
"pipe thread
Accessories
Antenna mast (H x )
Strap-clamp circumference
250mm x 30mm (9.84" x 1.18")

min. 250mm (8.0") max. 114mm (4.5")
2-5
2.1.2
Wall Antenna
Optional mounting kit for OSA GPS CLOCK.
A Wall Antenna Kit is installed with a standard Antenna thread-mounted on a short
mast, which is pipe-clamped to wall mount brackets, secured to a building wall with 4
masonry screws (supplied). The antenna TNC connection is sheltered within the short
mast, connected by a {client supplied} TNC-TNC cable to the GPS Clock Receiver. A
90 TNC-BNC adapter is supplied for connection at the receiver.
Mount the WALL bracket and antenna at sufficient height as to avoid GPS signal
blockage by Trees, Trucks, Utility Poles and other obstructions. Weatherproof the
cable entrance to the building wall, and allow for sufficient distance between any
masonry screw hole and the cable core hole. An LP is required. The LP must be used
whenever the antenna is outside of the building.
Depending upon which compass direction the wall is facing, this type of mount can
acquire GPS in either AUTOMATIC or MANUAL mode.
Recommendation:
We strongly recommend a Rubidium oscillator or Quartz oscillator with
ATDC (Ageing Thermal Drift Compostion) for any GNSS Clock using
wall mounted antenna for reliable holdover when satellites are hidden by
the wall.
2-6
Figure 2-3 GPS Wall Antenna Kit
2.1.2.1
The characteristics are identical to the roof antenna in the previous section.
2.1.2.2
Accessories
Antenna mast (H x )
Wall support brackets
WxHxD
Wall clearance
250mm x 30mm (9.84" x 1.18")

min. 114 mm (4.5") max. 250 mm (8.0")
for customer provided main mast ( 27-60mm)
330mm x 370mm x 240mm (12.99" x 14.56" x 9.44")
260mm (10.23")
2-7
2.1.3
Compact Magnetic Antenna

An optional Antenna kit mounts to any metallic exterior surface, and is similar in
operation and installation to a Wall mounted Antenna.
Figure 2-4 GPS Compact Magnetic Antenna
2.1.3.1
PERFORMANCE
Input Voltage
Power consumption
Impedance
Noise
Gain
Frequency
VSWR
Polarization
+2.75 to +12 Vdc with reverse polarity protection

11 mA typical, 13 mA max
50
1.8 dB typical
28 dB typical, less cable
1575.42 MHz 1.023 MHz
1.5 typical
RHCP
ENVIRONMENTAL
Storing temperature
-30 C to +85 C
-40 C to +90 C
PHYSICAL
Dimensions (H x W x D)
Weight
Connector
44 mm x 34 mm x 12 mm (1.73" x 1.33" x .47")

BNC male
2-8
2.1.4
Window Antenna
Optional mounting kit for OSA 5240 GPS CLOCK.
It mounts to a non-glazed, non-coated, standard pane Window to receive signals in
MANUAL GPS ACQUISITION mode. This antenna is normally used in indoor
application. The cable length is short and it isnt absolutely necessary to use a
lightning protector but its still recommended as prevention against surge pulses as
they may occur in industrial environments.
Figure 2-5 GPS Window Antenna Kit
2-9
2.1.4.1
PERFORMANCE
Input Voltage
Power consumption
Impedance
Noise
Gain
Frequency
VSWR
Polarization
Dual 3.3/5 Vdc 10%

10 mA typical, 20 mA maximum
50
1.7 dB typical, 2.0 dB max
26 dB amplifier, 5 dBic Antenna
1575.42 MHz 2 MHz
2:1 max over range
RHCP
ENVIRONMENTAL
Storing temperature
-40 C to +85 C
-
PHYSICAL
Dimensions (H x W x D)
Weight
Connector
41 mm x 41 mm x 22 mm (1.61" x 1.61" x .86")

BNC male
2-10
2.1.5
Optical Fiber Antenna

An optional antenna kit allowing a longer distance between the antenna and the
receptor using isolated optical fiber cables.
Replaces long cable runs & high gain antennas.
Easy installation, since cable length is not critical.
Low emissions.
Decreased susceptibility to lightning strike damage.
Figure 2-6 GPS Optical Antenna
2-11
2.1.5.1
Down Converter Characteristics
PERFORMANCE
Frequency
Gain combined
Axial rate
Noise
Termination
GPS L1
35 min
3 dB max
2.5 dB max
Z0 = 50
ELECTRICAL
Power consumption
< 250 mA @ 12 Vdc
ENVIRONMENTAL
Storing temperature
Relative humidity
Altitude
-40 C to +65 C
-55 C to +85 C
0-100% condensing
6096 meters (20,000 feet)
PHYSICAL
Dimensions (H x )
Weight
Enclosure
Connector
Mounting
2.1.5.2
88.9 mm x 114.3 mm (3.5" x 4.5")

< 600 gr (20.8 oz)
Waterproof
TNC female
"pipe thread
Up Converter Characteristics
ELECTRICAL
Power requirements
Power consumption
9 - 12 Vdc via antenna bias or 12 10% Vdc external

< 250 mA @ 12 Vdc
ENVIRONMENTAL
Storing temperature
Relative humidity
Altitude
-0 C to +50 C
-50 C to +85 C
0 - 95% condensing
6096 meters (20,000 feet)
PHYSICAL
Dimensions H x W x D
Weight
Connector
45.4 mm x 130 mm x 169 mm (1.75" x 5.12 x 6.675"")

< 566 gr (20 oz)
BNC to down-converter, TNC to GPS receiver
2-12
2.1.5.3
Optical Fiber Cables
The optical fiber cables are patch-cord reinforced with ST-M connectors. Available in
60m, 100m, 150m and 200m or by meter.
Note:
For over 200m, special professional installation is required. Maximum
length up to 8000m.
2.1.5.4
Power Supply for Optical Fiber Antenna
The power supply for optical fiber antenna is designed to be fixed outside the
building, on a wall.
The IP resistance of 54 provides the power supply box an efficient environmental
resistance.
POWER SUPPLY
Input Voltage
Output Voltage
100-240 VAC +-10% 50Hz-60Hz

12VDC (10,6 to 16,1VDC) Ripple: <200mVpp
ENVIRONMENTAL
Environment characteristics
Operating Temperature Range

Storage Temperature
IP 54
Protection against solid objects
5: totally protected against dust
limited ingress permitted (no noxious deposits)
Protection against liquids
4: protected against water sprayed from all
directions limited ingress permitted
-20 to +55C (without condensation)
-40 to +70C
EMC, SAFETY (power supply)

EMC
EN 50081-1, Electromagnetic compatibility class

B (EN 55022)
EN 61000-6-2 Immunity for industrial
environments
EN 60950
Safety
PHYSICAL
Size
D x W x H [mm]
Weight
Connector Access
230 x 264 x 123mm (9.06 x 10.4 x 4.84)

260 x 264 x 123mm (10.24 x 10.4 x 4.84)
(including PG connectors)
< 2kg (<4.40lbs)
bottom access.
Note:
For installation details, remove the box cover. Under the cover are
cabling instructions.
2-13
2.2
GPS/GLONASS Antennas
2.2.1
Roof Antenna for OSA 5230 GPS/GLONASS
Figure 2-7 GPS/GLONASS Antenna for 5230
2-14
2.2.1.1
PERFORMANCE
Input Voltage
Power consumption
Impedance
Noise
Gain
Frequency
VSWR
Polarization
+4.5 to +18 Vdc

35 mA
50
2.0 dB
L1 100 MHz: 30 dBc (typical)
29 dB
1588.5 MHz 23.0 MHz
2.0 : 1
RHCP
ENVIRONMENTAL
Storing temperature
-40 C to +85 C
-55 C to +85 C
PHYSICAL
Dimensions (H x )
Weight
Connector
2.2.1.2
69 mm x 185 mm (" x ")

500 gr (17.63 oz)
TNC female
Accessories
Antenna mast (H x )
250mm x 20mm (9.84" x 0.78")

min. 114 mm (4.5") max. 250 mm (8.0")
2-15
2.2.2
Roof Antenna 27dB

Recommended for cable lengths from 0 to 60 meters.
Figure 2-8 GPS/GLONASS 27dB Antenna
2-16
2.2.2.1
PERFORMANCE
Input Voltage
Typical power consumption
Impedance
Noise
Gain
Frequency
VSWR
Polarization
+3 to +5 Vdc
6 mA
50
1.5 dB
27 dB typical
1575 MHz
1602 MHz
2.0 : 1
RHCP
ENVIRONMENTAL
Storing temperature
-40 C to +85 C
-50 C to +95 C
PHYSICAL
Dimensions (H x )
Weight
Connector
2.2.2.2
71.24 mm x 80 mm (2.80" x 3.14")

TNC female
Accessories
Antenna mast (H x )
250mm x 30mm (9.84" x 1.18")

min. 114 mm (4.5") max. 250 mm (8.0")
2-17
2.2.3
Roof Antenna 38dB

Recommended for cable lengths from 60 to 120 meters.
Figure 2-9 GPS/GLONASS 38dB Antenna
2-18
2.2.3.1
PERFORMANCE
Input Voltage
Power consumption
Impedance
Noise
Gain
Frequency
VSWR
Polarization
+3.3 to +9.0 Vdc

< 40 mA
50
2.5 dB @ +25C
-60 dB @ f 1530 MHz
-60 dB @ f 1660 MHz
GPS: 40 dB 4 dB
GLONASS: 38 dB 4 dB
1590 30 MHz
2.0 : 1
RHCP
ENVIRONMENTAL
Storing temperature
-40 C to +85 C
-
PHYSICAL
Dimensions (H x )
Weight
Connector
2.2.3.2
184 mm x 81 mm (5.0" x 3.2")

340 gr (12 oz)
N female
Accessories
Support bracket (H x W x D)
for customer provided mast
130mm x 100mm x 110mm (5.11" x 3.93" x 4.33")

25-37 mm ( 1"-1.45")
min. 60mm (2.36") max. 215mm (8.46")
2-19
2.3
Interconnection Cables
2.3.1
LMR/CNT Cables
The Roof Antenna Kit is delivered with a 10 meter coaxial cable. All Oscilloquartz
certified cables are supplied with the following specifications;
Attenuation at 1575 MHz
dB/100m
dB/100ft
16.8 dB
5.1 dB
Minimum
Bend Radius
25.4mm
1 inch
Tensile
Strength
72.6 kg
160 lbs
Cable
Delay
3.92 ns/m
Table 2-1 OSA Cable Characteristics

Additional cables and optional lengths of 20m, 60m, and 120m (with line amplifier)
can be ordered separately.
Note:
Please contact Oscilloquartz for further optional configurations other
than 10+20m, 10+60m and 10+120m. (risk of dysfunction)
Cable length 120m is composed of a line amplifier under the Antenna within the stock
mast and one 120m segment of LMR/CNT-400.
Several options are available to extend Antenna connection to longer segments,
including Optical simplex (single fiber strand) cable.
Cables terminating outside a building should be waterproofed to prevent moisture and
ice damage.
All hanging cables in vertical conduits and riser closets should be supported by
hangers to relieve strain from the weight of the cable.
2.3.1.1
Cable Delay Calculation
PPS cable delay= 1/ (Velocity*c)

Velocity: 85%
c: light Speed
1
1
3.92ns / m
Vf * c 0.85 * 2.998 108
For example: 60m LMR/CNT-400 needs a change in the PPS Cable delay to: 236ns
2-20
2.4
Line Amplifier
A GPS receiver must receive clear signals to continually track satellites. Excessively long
antenna cables and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are sources of signal degradation,
inhibiting peak performance.
The GPS line amplifier amplifies the GPS signal where long antenna cables are used. It
also filters and rejects unwanted interference and passes the GPS signals to the receiver.
This accessory is easily plugged-in directly in line with the antenna cable. No special
power is needed since the power is available from the GPS receiver.
2.5
Lightning Protector (LP) Kit

In application for GPS, a lightning protector (LP) is usually placed at the entry of buildings,
which is the transition from lightning protection zone 0 (LPZ0) to LPZ1.
At this place, a protector that is able to handle partial lightning currents is to be used. Due
to the fact that GPS antennas need DC voltages on the antenna line, only protectors with
DC transmitting capability can be employed.
The residual voltage of a gas capsule protector reaches up to several hundred volts
during some nanoseconds. To further reduce this high voltage to a harmless voltage of a
few volts (tolerated by a GPS receiver), an additional protection circuit is needed. This
lightning protection combines the gas capsule protector and the fine protector.
The lightning protector used is a combination of a gas capsule with a decoupling network
and further voltage reducing network.
The gas capsule is to reduce the pulse energy of the input surge. The residual pulse then
will be further reduced by another suppression element such as varistors, suppressors
diodes, coils and capacitors. The second stage determines the residual output voltage.
The decoupling network is necessary to prevent that the second stage will not be acting
before the first stage (gas capsule) has ignited, because the second stage is not able to
handle such high energies.
In case of cable lengths of less than approx. 20 m to the GPS receiver no further safety
measures are necessary. For longer cable distances, a further fine protector may be
needed to protect the receiver against induced voltages caused by magnetic coupling.
It also may be recommended to use a combined protector close to the active GPS
antenna to protect its electronic circuit.
2-21
2.5.1
LP grounding
The lightning protector can be grounding in three modes :
With the screw in the top of the LP.
With the screws trough the LP to the bonding plate.
With the nut and washer on connector (protected side) to the bonding bar.
The protector should be connected to the bonding facility by a sufficiently sized

grounding cable (AWG 6 / 16mm2 min.) as short distant as possible (0,5m max.)
Figure 2-10 LP Protector (Multistage)
Figure 2-11 LP Protector Outline Drawing
2-22
2.5.2
Characteristics
ELECTRICAL
Impedance
Frequency Range
IL Insertion Loss
RL Return Loss
Power
DC bypass voltage
DC bypass current
DC bypass resistance
50
650 To 2500MHz GPS/GLONASS compliant
0.5 dB max.
20dB min
50W max.
+15VDC
3 A max.
1 max.
PROTECTION
Surge
30kA single and 20kA multiple (8/20s test pulse)

8kA (10/350s test pulse)
Residual pulse energy: With test pulse acc. To
IEC 61000-4-5 1.2/50s 4kV, 8/20s 2kA
Residual pulse energy: 6J
ENVIRONMENTAL
IP 54
COMPLIANCE
Temperature shock
Moisture resistance
Vibration
MECHANICAL
Coupling nut torque force
Bulkhead mounting torque
force
-40oC to +85oC
Completely protected against dust and
protected against the water jets from low
pressure in all the directions - allowed limited
admission
MIL-STD-202, Meth 107, Cond. A, -55 to +85
compliant
MIL-STD-202, Meth. 106, 10 cycles
MIL-STD-202, Meth. 204, Cond A, 10 cycles
According to IEC/MIL
Mounting hole diameter 19mm/ max. 20Nm (7
ft-lb) min. /25Nm (18.4ft-lb) max. 20Nm
2-23
Figure 2-12 Discharge Test Example
2-24
2.5.3
In Case of a Dynamic Input Surge Pulse

(like a 1.2/50 8/20 s pulse acc. to EN 61000-4-5)
It is the major task of the gas capsule to reduce the pulse energy of the input surge.
The residual pulse then will be further reduced by another surge element, such as a
varistor or suppressor diode. This second stage determines the residual output
voltage. The decoupling network is necessary to prevent that the second stage will
not be acting before the first stage (gas capsule) has ignited, because the second
stage is not able to handle such high energies.
2.5.4
In Case of a Static Over-voltage (low rise time)

The second stage will act as the voltage suppressor, as soon as the breakdown
voltage of the second stage has exceeded (assuming that the limiting voltage of the
second stage is lower than the static spark over-voltage of the gas capsule). The
applied input voltage will never achieve the static gas capsule voltage because the
decoupling network isnt working with a low rise time (usually made of a inductance).
It is obvious that in case of a static over-voltage the max. input energy is lower than
with a dynamic pulse, because it is only depending on the second stages dissipation
power.
2-25
CAUTION
Gas capsule protectors use different technologies but are still very reliable
products.
A degradation of the gas capsule is possible due to surge current overload
and multiple loads at the specification limit. Many previously performed tests
reveal that there is a large safety margin built into gas capsules.
Even with excessive overload, the capsules maintain their dynamic switching
performance (dynamic spark over voltage specification) which determines
the residual pulse amplitude left by transient surges of lightning events.
Any destruction of the capsule caused by a heavy overload would lead to a
short due to its unique and special design and therefore a shutdown of the
transmitter. This will be recognized immediately. But this is most probably
not the only system damage in such cases, and service will be necessary.
Our protectors feature an easy access to the capsule and exchange can be
quickly done. Generally, inspection and maintenance schedules depend on
the grade and frequency of surge loads. This is determined by the
isokeraunic level (number of thunderstorm days, which decreases with
latitude (refer to Figure 3-1) of the operation area and several factors which
determine the exposure of the equipment (e.g. altitude, country profile,
nearby structures, building, water, etc., and even the existence of a lightning
protection system). This is the reason why only the operator or his local
consultant can judge the inspection requirements of their equipment (e.g.
BTS), according to the actual exposure.
Recommendation:
As a general rule, testing of the static spark over-voltage of the capsules in the
course of a routine inspection every 5 years and exchange the failing parts. As
an alternative, a general overall replacement without testing might be more
cost-effective in certain situations. After a direct hit, causing damages in the
antenna system, the capsules of the gas capsule protectors involved should
be exchanged during the service.
2-26
Some GNSS installations need to interrupt power through the coaxial cable. An external
voltage determines if the coaxial cable must be interrupted.
2.5.5
Actuator Terminology
The actuator terminology is Failsafe. The switch moves to the closed position when
the actuating voltage is applied and always returns to a predetermined position when
the voltage is removed.
2.5.6
Characteristics
ELECTRICAL
Impedance
Frequency Range
IL Insertion Loss
VSWR (MAX)
Actuator voltage
Holding voltage (relay)
50
DC to12.4GHz GPS/GLONASS compliant
0.2 dB @ GPS/Glonass signal
1.20:1 @ GPS/Glonass signal
24VDC, range 20-30 VDC,
other voltage available on request
~5VDC
ENVIRONMENTAL
Life
COMPLIANCE
Sine vibration
Random vibration
-40oC to +90oC
1000000 cycles
ROHS
30GS rms
20GS rms
MECHANICAL
Contact
Actuator
Power supply Connector
Mating power supply connector
Break before make

Failsafe
DSUB min female
Mouser 156-1209
2-27
Lightning Protection
0.3 7.62mm
Pin 2
24VDC
0.98 24.9mm
0.16 4mm hole
NC
2.2 55.9mm
Pin 4
0.93 23.6mm
NO
VDC
return
0.6 15.2mm
0.88 22.4mm
1.07 27.2mm
0.44
11.2mm
0.88 22.4mm
2.63
NC
66.8mm
NO
Figure 2-13 Electromechanical switch Outline Drawing
2.5.7
9 pins dsub Pin-out
Pin No.
2
4
1,3,5,
6,7,8,9
Description
+24 VDC
VDC return
no connection
female
Table 2-2 dsub Pinout
This accessory is easily plugged-in directly in line with the antenna cable. The location
must be in the building and insert between lightning protector and equipment.
2-1
Chapter
3 Lightning Protection
Including :
The Storm Cloud
Global Approach
Building Protection
Base Station Protection
3-2
3-3
3.1
The Storm Cloud
3.1.1
Description
Possibly reaching several kilometers height and depth, Lightning is produced by

cumulo-nimbus storm clouds.
A separation of charges in the cloud is caused by atmospheric turbulences and big
differences of temperature (up to 60 C at 10 km altitude) : the upper part of the
cloud is made up of positively charged ice crystals and the base contains negatively
charged water droplets. The base of the cloud influences locally the charge of the
ground at the surface, attracting an equivalent quantity of electrical charges of
opposed signs.
When it is highly charged, the cloud tries to dispel this charge in "exploding" : it
discharges with charge exchanges either with the ground (lightning), either with other
clouds or clouds zones (lightning flashes intra or inter-clouds). Millions of electric
charges are then dissipated giving rise to currents possibly reaching 500 000 A and
several millions of volts. It is important to note that currents of 30 mA under voltages
of only 50 V can be dangerous for people, even mortal for values higher than 1 A !
3-4
3.1.2
Discharge Phenomenon
From the cloud base, generally negatively charged, a low luminosity discharge known
as the tracer, is released. This makes its way to the ground in leaps of some tens of
meters.
As it approaches the ground, the highly charged tip of the tracer causes the electric
field vertically below it to increase considerably. At about 200 m from the ground, jets
of charges or "streamers" are released at points highly prone to lightning where the
electrical field is the more intense (tree tops, chimneys, lightning conductors, etc.).
The jet is transformed into a positive upward discharge which goes to meet the dart
leader.
The streamer with the best triggering characteristics, and which travels most quickly,
will reach the leader and provides the electrical junction cloud-ground with the
formation of an ionized channel. This favored way causes strong electrical discharge
of several amperes named "return arch".
Within the space of 0,2s to 1 s, several lightning strokes may be exchanged in
continuous progression and at a very high propagation speed.
3.1.3
Types of Lightning and Lightning Conductors

According to the polarity of the cloud (positive or negative charges at its base) and
the direction of the discharge (ascending or descending), four types of discharges can
occur. Under our latitudes (Europe), statistical measures in situ proved that more than
90 % of the discharges are descending lightning strikes type negative.
Installed in compliance with certain guidelines, lightning conductors are designed to
give, whatever type of lightning, excitation and propagation characteristics better than
all other elements nearby. It doesnt attract (or push) lightning, but protects the
structure against its effects, diverting the lightning current to the ground and ensuring
its flow.
3-5
3.1.4
Over-voltages by Conduction
When there is a direct lightning strike on an electrical line or a tower, the current can
propagate and reach all the installations distributed by the line, even if they are
situated at several kilometers from the impact point. These currents are all the more
dangerous as the main part of the lightning strike energy is "conducted" by the
network.
3.1.5
Over-voltages by Induction
All the metallic elements situated in an area very near a lightning strike act as
antennas, which capture by "induction" the sudden variations of the electromagnetic
radiation induced by the lightning. Transient over-voltages and currents appear then
on all the equipment which is connected with it, of which the effects are proportional
to the strength and the nearness of the lightning strike. Even if it constitutes a means
of protection against the direct impact of the lightning, burying electrical networks
does not guarantee their protection.
3.1.6
Ground Rising Conductor
When there is a lightning strike close to a building, the propagation of the current
through the earth can reach the building and cause a local rise in potential of the
electrical ear thing of the installation, which is connected to the body of any
equipment. Differences of potential appear then between equipment bodies and
networks to which they are connected. Without any protection, these over-voltages
are at the origins of "rising" strong transient currents which can be very dangerous.
One part of the lightning current is dispersed by the lightning conductor earth, another
part by the installation earth, this is the ground rising conductor.
3-6
3.2
Global Approach
A lightning conductor installation on a building is not sufficient protection against
lightning. Indeed, the lightning conductor installation only protects structures and
people against lightning impacts ("direct effects"). More over, the part of the lightning
strike current captured by a lightning conductor is dissipated in the installation earth.
Lightning on or near an installation is at the origins of the transient over-voltages ("
indirect effects") which can be very dangerous for the equipment.
A protection is efficient and reliable when all the phenomenon's are considered for
avoidance :
direct lightning strikes (direct effects),
indirect effects like ground rising conductors, induced currents,
ground defects and establishment of potential differences between points

close to the installation.
The protection can be done only in the case of the global approach to lightning, which
supposes the control of all the stages, such as :
risk assessment,
studies to define protection devices appropriate to each situation and its

mode of installation,
protection device installation in compliance to the code of practice and the

final use of the installation.
3.2.1
The lightning protection of the "direct effects" consist in
capturing the lightning, which constitutes a preferential impact point capture device,
natural or specific (Franklin lightning conductor, meshed cage or tight strand),
flowing the lightning current helping its path to earth,
running out the current of the lightning to the ground by ensuring its dispersion in the
ground with an "earth electrode lightning conductor
3-7
3.2.2
Over-voltage Protection
The transient over-voltage protection or the "indirect effects" consist in:
preventing the lightning current from reaching the equipment, directing it to

the earth with surge protective devices like a barrage which stops and
channels the water flow
3.2.3
keeping a residual voltage compatible with the protected equipment,
flowing and discharging the current to earth.
Earthing Systems and Equipotentiality

An installation can be protected effectively only if :
the flow of the current to the earth and its dispersion in the ground is
guaranteed using an ear thing system of low impedance (this gives best
conductivity),
All the metallic bodies of the building are connected electrically to the
electric earth of the building or "excavation ear thing system",
"the equipotentiality" of the earth of the building and lightning conductor is

done.
3.2.4
Ground Electrical Conductivity

The building earth must not be installed in zone which surrounds the periphery of
construction and which hides the foundations. Indeed, the embankment includes all
waste of construction (pieces of broken breeze blocks, broken bricks, stones, stony
ground and all other remains whose contractors want to get rid). A space must be
created between the foundation and the earth of building. Here are the
recommendations:
Search the lower ground impedance near the building
Create a perpendicular trench to the lower ground impedance
Create a trench 1x1m or more in the good place.
Put down zigzag copper wire (diameter : 10mm) in the perpendicular trench
Put down a copper or steel plate 1x1m and minimal15mm width
Connect correctly the copper wire to the plate (put silicon grease to
preserve humidity) and or a brasure. Add salt on the plate
3-8
Fill the trench with good vegetal earth.
Humidity is good for lower ground impedance, so itll be interesting to take

a sample of water roof.
The composition of the earth is very important to provide the best earth for the
building. The ground composition is important and the impedance value is different.
The lower the impedance is, the better the installation is. Usually a ground impedance
lower than 10ohms is a very good ground. The limit is 30ohms, higher than that, a
solution to decrease this impedance is necessary.
The various experiences undertaken with electric sensor of ground conductivity
highlighted the clay content sensitivity. The calcium, potassium and magnesium
content also influence the ground impedance.
In addition, the information provided by the measurement of the electric ground
conductivity is stable in time, nevertheless its necessary to verify periodically. Here is
a map of the field conductivity:
April 2001
November 2001
Every location, every world area has the own properties, the measurements and the
solution to have the best ground impedance must be study on the site. The ground
impedance is a key of a better site protection.
Remember, the goal isnt erased the lightning, but create a preferential way for
discharge and the best way in the building.
3-9
3.2.4.1
Grounding test
Building ear thing must be controlled by experts, the impedance must be as weak as
possible.
For more information, a manual for UIT is available: "Earthling and Bonding" of the
International Telecommunication. ISBN 92-61-10472-X . www.itu.int/publications
CEI 61024-1 provide the Standard protection and structures against the lightning.
In Switzerland, Electrosuisse is the competent authority. For other countries, please
refer to this link.
http://www.iec.ch/cgi-bin/procgi.pl/www/iecwww.p?wwwlang=e&wwwprog=membrs3.p
3.2.4.2
Instruments to Measure Ground Earth

Note:
Please for more details contact Oscilloquartz support.
3-10
3.2.5
Isokeraunic World Map

The higher the number of lightning strikes per year, the higher the risk of the building
being hit.
The following figure shows the map of the world with isokeraunics superimposed on
it.
(lsokeraunic = line of same number of lightning days per year). For each area, a more
accurate map should be available at the Metrological Institute of the country.
This Isokauronic World map is only an indication. A good installation is carefully done
considering the best antenna location, the quality of the bonding bar and the
installation recommendations.
Figure 3-1 Isokeraunic world map
3-11
3.3
Building Protection
3.3.1
Meshed Cage Installation
The protection by meshed cage in the installation, on the surface of a building,

consists of a Faraday cage with large meshes, connected to the ground ear thing
systems. Points with low dimensions (0,5 meters), named strike points, are arranged
on any summit ( chimneys, shelters,).
The dimension of the meshes and the distance between any 2 down conductors
correspond to the level of protection needed to comply with the norm CEI 61024-1:
3.3.2
The Tight Strand
This system consists in the protection of a structure without touching it. This
protection is most often used if dangerous products are stored in the structure.
This system requires the installation of guyed towers to carry the cables and as many
ear thing systems as necessary.
3-12
3.3.3
The Simple Rod
Known also as a simple Franklin type lightning rod, this installation consists in the
inclusion, on the top of the structure to protect, slender points connected to the earth
by the most direct path possible.
A cone of protection is produced which corresponds to the height of the rod and to the
level of protection required.
Contrary to the meshed cage, this method only protects the elements which are in its
radius of protection.
3.3.4
The ESE Lightning Conductors
The principle of the Early Streamer Emission consists in equipping a simple rod with a
device allowing a reduction in the value of the excitation times distributed.
This capacity gives them greater efficiency in the role of preferential capture points
compared to any other point of the building they protect. Therefore, these lightning
conductors offer superior guarantees during low intensity discharges (2 to 5kA)
compared with simple rod type lightning conductors, which can only intercept them
over short distances.
3-13
A certain number of ESE cannot be tested in laboratory to verify if they are

conforming to the norm CEI 61024-1.
The protection radius guaranteed by the manufacturer hasn't been verified on
protected installation.
The capacity of the ESE to receive the lightning is efficient, but the lightning can drop
near the ESE, and not inside.
The ESE is faster than a simple rod to receive the lightning, but this parameter
doesn't ensure that the protected radius is superior. The ESE must undergo more
realistic tests for more confident conclusions.
Note:
For more details please contact Oscilloquartz support.
3-14
3.4
Base Station Protection

Direct and indirect lightning strokes are mainly accompanied by resistive and magnetic
coupling processes of their electrical energy. Capacitive coupling effects of surge energy
by the high and fast changing electrical field just before the lightning stroke occurs are
negligible if the system is well bonded to earth (electrical charge equalization). The
following figure shows the lightning current distribution after a stroke into the antenna
mast respectively into the lightning protection system caused by resistive coupling (equal
current distribution as proven assumption acc. to IEC 62305, Protection against lightning
electromagnetic impulse): Current distribution without application of lightning protection
components!
Figure 3-2 Typical GPS Antenna Installation

LPZ: Lightning Protection Zone
PL: Protection Level (acc. to IEC 62305)
3-15
The following illustrates the resistive current distribution without lightning protection
components in detail:
Figure 3-3 Schematic of typical GPS Antenna Installation
3-16
Recommendation:
Antennas should be located within the protection zone of the external

lightning protection system (acc. to IEC 62305, Protection of
structures against lightning: air- terminations, down conductors and
earth-termination) -LPZ OB. It is established as a 45" area
downwards related to the highest point of the air-termination as
shown (assumption for a mast height up to 45 m and the protection
level Ill acc. to IEC 62305). LPZ OB can principally be evaluated by
the application of the sphere model acc. to IEC 62305, which allows
determining LPZ OB for even more complicated structures.
Thus the antenna is protected against direct lightning strokes with a
probability of 90 % (PL Ill acc. to IEC 62305). But the
electromagnetic field still acts un-attenuated!
Recommendation:
Bonding of the antenna earth/upper cable end screen to the
down conductor of the mast or the building. Thus surge
voltages caused by magnetic coupling of direct and near
lightning strokes into loops through earth can be avoided. If not so done the
cables would have to be protected by iron tubes magnetically (this would
also protect the inner conductor of coaxial cables).
Recommendation:
Low frequency short circuit connection of antennas against down conductor
(e. g. shunt-fed antennas or application of quarter wave protectors). This
helps avoiding a high surge voltage and therefore a possible undefined
breakdown in the cable due to magnetic coupling of direct and near lightning
strokes into slopes across earth or remote earth). Direct stroke initiated
partial lightning currents over the coaxial cable screen would otherwise
cause together with measure 2 a undefined cable breakdown only by the
voltage drop against earth (as the inner conductor can have zero potential).
3-17
Recommendation:
Bonding of the cable screen to the down conductor where it
leaves the mast and with higher masts every 20 m. Thus a
potential equalization is achieved and the current over the
cable screen to earth is being reduced as the down conductor
has lower impedance.
Recommendation:
Application of coaxial cables with low DC resistance over inner and outer
conductor (e. g. corrugated copper tube cables of as large size as possible larger size means also higher dielectric withstanding voltage).
OSA cable use:
Inner conductor: 4.56ohms / 1000m
Outer conductor: 5.41ohms / 1000m
Recommendation:
Application of reliable lightning protection components at the entry of LPZ 1.
Thus high partial lightning and induced currents (acc. to IEC 62305) can be
led to earth and over-voltages are reduced to a low level (potential
equalization).
The longitudinal voltage is proportional to cable length and partial lightning
current amplitude!
Measurements with lightning currents of pulse shape 10/350 s resulted as
expected in longitudinal voltages of smaller amplitude (due to the lower rise
time) but much higher pulse energy.
3-18
Recommendation:
In case of DC injection over the coaxial cable to supply power for active
electronic circuits in the antenna system, only gas capsule lightning
protectors can be employed. The residual pulse voltage behind the protector
reaches up to several hundred volts over some nanoseconds depending on
the selected gas capsule.
This requires additional protection components for sensitive input circuits of
electronic devices. They can be located directly behind the gas capsule
lightning protector (or be a combined arrangement) if the device to be
protected is nearby. Normally they should be placed at the entry of next
protection zone if a consequent zone concept is being followed (e. g. LPZ 2
-acc. to IEC 62305 every zone transition requires a separate lightning/surge
protection component). The additional protector - here called surge
suppressor due to its function - reduces the surge pulse voltage to a welltolerated extent of only a few volts.
Such a surge suppressor is not only required due to the left residual pulse of
the gas capsule lightning protector but also due to magnetic coupling into
the possible loop in which the antenna cable length between the lightning
protector and the equipment involved (within zone LPZ 1). This is illustrated
by the following:
Figure 3-4 Typical bonding Installation
3-19
Recommendation:
For instance 30 m of coaxial cable (e. g. type LMR/CNT 400 as used with
the OSA GPS Clock) can form together with another signal, energy or
bonding connections, large induction circuits producing induced voltages of
several hundred kV. The coaxial cable alone can act as an induction circuit
for strong magnetic fields near lightning strokes if not specially screened.
The induced voltage can be calculated with the following formula:
U = - M2 di/dt (M2 - mutual inductance of the loop, i - lightning current).
First partial lightning strokes show a current rate of change of up to 20 kA
per ms, subsequent lightning strokes even of up to 200 kA per ms. The loop
inductivity depends on the loop circumference and on the distance to the
lightning stroke channel. Larger loops - e, g. 40 m - provide a M2 about 1.5
mH at a distance of 10 m; with 1 m it increases to about 5 mH. Therefore
induced voltages ranging from 24 to 1000 kV can be produced.
Ways for minimizing or compensating in-house lightning induction effects:
- Application of surge protectors and suppressors
- Short cable lengths
- Magnetic screening of cables (steel tubes/cable tunnels)
- Magnetic screening of the complete structure (faraday shield)
- Distance to the possible lightning current channel as large as possible
- Hybrid earthing system -single point grounding, suitable line routing
Recommendation:
Active electronic circuits in the antenna and additional line amplifiers have to
be protected against surge pulses supplied from the connected coaxial
cables (application of lightning protectors and surge suppressors, high pass
not allowed with DC injection) and if possible also against magnetic
coupling.
Recommendation:
For a complete lightning/surge protection of a GPS Clock, all further
connected signal and power supply lines have to be considered. They have
to be protected under similar considerations. We recommend for these
purposes lightning protection components which are manufactured by the
company Dehn/Germany.
3-20
3-21
Antenna Installation
Chapter
4 Antenna Installation
Including :
Overview
Roof Installation
Wall Installation
Window Installation
Optical Fiber Installation
LP Installation
Antenna Connection to Receiver Unit
4-1
4-2
4.1
Overview
This chapter provides guides and recommendations for antenna and LP installation.
Oscilloquartz will not be liable for any damage caused by poor installation.
Select the appropriate antenna location while respecting the guidelines shown in the
following figures, read the protection of structures against lightning (IEC 62305) and read
all recommendations of this documentation.
Figure 4-1 Principle for the GPS Antenna Installation

Roof Installations are more complex and require some form of LP, and weatherproofing.
See LP sub-chapters.
Wall installations require Masonry mounting of a mast bracket and Wall Core Hole,
possibly covered with a Junction Box. Depending upon the height of the installation, a
Wall Antenna system requires LP.
Window Antenna installations depend upon the Window design, glaze composition and
coatings which may obstruct GPS signals.
In general, a small handheld GPS receiver can be used to check Site visibility in Wall and
Window Installations to judge sky visibility and coverage. Survey for at least - of the
4-3
GPS constellation period (3 ~ 6 hours), at regular intervals, for visible satellite counts
above 5 in view, with levels above 36 dB CNo.
All installations require some form of site survey and planning prior to deployment.
4-4
4.2
Roof Installation
Figure 4-2 The Principle of ROOF mounted GPS Antenna Installation
4-5
Figure 4-3 Roof Antenna Cable Lengths & Distances
Recommendation:
The active antenna is to be grounded to the antenna tower. The antenna
tower itself shall be connected to the roof lightning protection system at
the bottom of the antenna tower.
The antenna transmission lines are to be grounded to prevent lightning
from creating a difference of potential between the tower and the
transmission lines. The length of the cable between the lightning
protector (LP) and the GPS antenna must be shorter than 10 meters.
Longer than 10 meters, the cable screen needs to be bonded to the
down conductor where it leaves the mast and thereon bonded every
20 meters maximum.
4-6
Recommendation:
The distance between the lightning ground line and the transmission line
increases with the length of the cable. The separation distance is
calculated considering the length of the transmission line cable
between bonding points.
The formula of the separation distance is s = ki x kc / km x l(m).
Description and examples hereafter :
s = ki x kc / km x l(m)
ki is a function of the class of lightning protection system chosen (induction factor)
kc is a function of the geometric arrangement (current splitting coefficient)
km is a function of the material in the point of proximity (material factor)
l(m) is the length of the air termination system or downconductor system from the point
at which separation distance shall be determined to the next point of equipotential
bonding.
Example of calculation considering 20m cable length :
ki = 0.05, means protection level III (max. lightning current peak value 100 kA)
kc = 1, means one single lightning rod
km = 0.5, means material that has a lower insulating factor than air
l(m) = 20 m, because you need to ground the transmission line at least every 20 m
s = 0.05 x 1 / 0.5 x 20 = 2 m
Please note that the separation distance will be shorter with l(m) less than 20 m.
Example of calculation considering 5m cable length :
s = 0.05 x 1 / 0.5 x 5 = 0.5 m
4-7
Recommendation:
The antenna must be mounted in an upward position within 5 of the
vertical.
The antenna should be installed at the highest possible point available at
the site. But not higher than the lightning rod. This is to ensure that any
surrounding obstacles (trees, buildings or other installations, etc.) are
not exceeding a 20 elevation angle.
To avoid influence of reflected waves, the antenna must be installed more
than 2m (6.5ft) away from metallic objects with a dimension greater
then 20 cm.
Antenna installation should be avoided in close proximity with other
receivers or transmitters, to reduce the susceptibility of Radio
Interference.
The Antenna mast must be securely strap-clamped to a main mast, at
least 2m (6.5ft) above the roof line or rampart wall, and the antenna
dome must be above the main mast.
Never twist the Antenna with attached BNC or TNC connection; twist the
smaller mounting stock (white or gray plastic tube with threading) to
thread it to the Antenna; twisting the antenna dome will damage or
break the coaxial connector.
Install conduit with liberal bend radius in each angle, about twice the coax
bend radius limit to allow the coax to be pulled easily without binding.
Always pull the coax through conduit with an extra leader-pilot string to
allow other replacement coax if damage to existing coax occurs
Use junction boxes at regular intervals to allow intermediate pulling
access.
Always check for the presence of the + 5 Volt DC power from the Antenna
connection towards the Receiver unit during troubleshooting; absence
of the (approximate) voltage.
4-8
4.3
Wall Installation
Figure 4-4 The Principle of WALL mounted GPS Antenna Installation
4-9
Recommendation:
Use junction box to cover/weatherproof wall cable bore hole entrances
Avoid sky view obstructions such as trees, utility poles, and parked
trucks that could cause reflections, if possible. Survey the location
from a nearby window if possible; a visual inspection should quickly
determine obstructions in view. Any objects more than 10 degrees
above the horizon should be considered as a possible signal blocking
obstruction. The receivers ability to lock and recovery is directly
proportional to the Antennas line of sight to Satellite Vehicles (SV) in
the field of view, cancelled by multi-path signals reflecting off nearby
objects
Avoid urban canyons such as Building walls that are close to other
walls
In the Northern hemisphere, a south facing installation is ideal; the
opposite is true in Southern hemisphere locations
Use heavy masonry anchor bolts to secure the wall mount bracket
Prevent the cable from hanging too far down, possibly moving in windy
conditions
Some Wall Mounts may not require Lightning Protection if the mount is
not close to the roof rampart level; if the mount is close to the roof,
use lighting protection as directed for roof installations (see 1.5.6) .
The interior cable bore entrance Junction Box could be used to
house the Lightning Protection device.
Avoid possible sources of Interference such as aerial building power
cables, overhead Telephone Cables, Microwave dishes, Cellular
Wireless panel antennae, etc
4-10
4.4
Window Installation
Figure 4-5 The Principle of WINDOW mounted GPS Antenna Installation
4-11
Recommendation:
Avoid mounting the Window Antenna to close to the top and sides of the
window frame
Mount the Window Antenna at the to way mark in the center of the
pane if possible for the best sky visibility; maximum vertical visibility is
desirable
Avoid windows with a heavy pane coating (this can be seen as coloring
from the exterior of the building)
In the Northern hemisphere, a south facing installation is ideal; the
opposite is true in Southern hemisphere locations
Avoid window sections that open or move
Use Upper story windows; do not use lower story windows that can be
blocked by obstructions, trees, utility poles and large Trucks
Secure the interior cable from hanging, or laying on the floor, to prevent
injury from tripping; tie up cables into the ceiling plenum space for
safety
Do not splice-extend the Window Patch cable; use amplification for cable
extensions; cable joiners introduce signal loss which may exceed the
system GPS reception link margin
Inside Patch Antenna mountings do not (normally) require Lightning
Protection
Do not hang items from the same window; avoid metallic objects near the
Window Patch Antenna, do not put Filing Cabinets in front of the same
window
Use epoxy or new double-sided adhesive foam mounting for patch
mounts; cold weather may affect adhesion to the clean pane surface
4-12
4.5
Optical Fiber Installation

OSA GPS
Receiver
DC 12V
Power Supply
Antenna
DC 12V
Power Supply
Optical to
Electrical
Converter
Simplex multimode fiber cable
50/125um or 62.5/125um
ST connectors
PWR
FAULT
TNC/m - BNC/m cable
Figure 4-6 The Principle of OPTICAL FIBER GPS Antenna Installation
Recommendation:
Do not insert the cables in tubes, the connector is not protected and
there is a great risk of damage.
When unrolling the cable respect the mi bend radius of 60mm.
Never pull the cable by its connector.
Avoid mechanical constraints on the connector. The cable must be
attached every 2 meters for antenna mounting.
Do not ever tighten the cable with quick attaches such as Colson or
TyRap, etc.
The ceramic ferrule of the connector must always be protected when
the cable is not connected. A plastic cap is provided.
The ST connector itself is not waterproof. When using outdoors, cover
the connector with a supple isolation sleeve. (Provided)
4-13
CAUTION
For cable lengths exceeding 200m, it is necessary to revert to professional
optical fiber installation to avoid damage or breaking of the fiber.
STEP
ACTION
Connect the antenna to the Oscilloquartz DC 12V power supply (IP54). Inside
the box are cabling instructions.
Connect the optical/electrical converter to the power supply.
Connect the TNC/m BNC/m cable between the optical/electrical converter and
the GPS receiver.
Connect the simplex/multimode fiber cable between the antenna and the
optical/electrical converter .Use the mounting tool and isolation sleeve to cover
and protect the GPS antenna's ST connector.
Procedure 4-1 Optical Fiber Antenna Installation

Note:
After correct installation, the "fault" LED on the optical/electrical converter
must shut off.
Recommendation:
The connectors and ferrule end-faces should be cleaned periodically. It is
necessary to avoid dust and particle accumulation so as to avoid light
obstruction or even fiber burn-out.
4-14
4.6
LP Installation
Figure 4-7 Antenna & Lightning Protection Assembly
4.6.1
Overview
Installation is conditioned by the coaxial cable length. If the length doesnt exceed
10m between the antenna and the building entry, the outside cable doesn't need to be
grounded. If the length exceeds 10m outside, the outside cable should be grounded
every 20m with the cable grounding kit.
Inside the building, certain criterions should be respected:
- If cable length is lower than 10m between the outside cable arrival and the
equipment, the lightning protector can be a FP (Fine protection)
- If cable length is greater than 10m between the outside cable arrival and the
equipment, the lightning protector should be a lightning protector with only a gas
capsule.
4-15
Antenna with integrated LP or LP near antenna (3 to 10m)

If the outside cable longer than 10m, ground the coaxial cable every 10m
If the cable length between LP or GC and

equipment is greater than 10m, add a LP.
LP or GC
LP
OSA GPS
UNIT
If the cable length between the building entry and the equipment
is greater than 10m, please but an LP with or without fine protection.
LP: Lightning protector (gas capsule and fine protection)

GC: Lightning protector (gas capsule only)
Figure 4-8 Roof Antenna installations solutions
For a completely efficient protection, it is important to mount the lightning protector in

the transition zone from one lightning protection zone (LPZ) to the next higher one.
The first and most important is the entry to the building. After the building entry, the
surge currents are drained to ground (if the surge protector is properly grounded) and
further cables can be connected to the receiver.
The lightning protector prevents the receiver equipment from damage by surges or
ESD.
To protect an active antenna and a line amplifier (if outdoor) as well, a lightning
protection in the opposite direction should be used, this means that the fine
protectors protected side (bulkhead side) is connected to the line amplifiers output
and the fine protectors unprotected side is connected to the 120 m cable. This is to
protect the line amplifier and the (active) antenna and not the receiver at the end of
the transmission line.
This type of connection is therefore needed due to the combination of a coarse and a
fine protection stage within the protector. The protected side and the unprotected
side cannot be interchanged. It is essential to be aware of the devices to be
protected and the direction where the surge is coming from.
A second fine protector (as described in the roof antenna application) is then needed
to protect the GPS receiver.
4-16
If a line amplifier is in the middle of the line and outdoor, special attention is needed
for best protection. Ideally, the installation should include a protector for the receiver,
at least one for the line amplifier and one for the active antenna.
If it is not possible to install as many surge protectors for one antenna line, then
special attention to the conditions of antenna installation is required.
In this case, if the antenna already shielded against lightning strikes, the line amplifier
is mounted in a lightning protection zone one (LPZ 1) or higher and the rest of the
antenna line continues in this zone or building, then the fine protector is to be
mounted in front of the input of the line amplifier.
Recommendation:
Lightning protection devices, must be installed as close as possible
to the cable entry inside the building. Furthermore, grounding of
the various elements must be installed with low resistance and
low inductance conductors.
Must wherever possible be located in the unprotected zone in order
to rule out inductive interference.
Place the Lightning Protector in an Electrical Junction Conduit Box
for maximum protection, within an area that can be accessed to
allow Gas capsule replacement.
Avoid looping or coiling excess cable on the interior demarcation of
the roof.
Earth or Ground wires connected to the Lightning Protector must be
as straight and short as possible, connected to the nearest
Building Earth Terminal point. (contact points must be bare and
free from dirt, dust and moisture).
Use sufficiently width grounding cable ( 16 mm2 / AWG 6)
Avoid bending the coaxial cable entrances to the Lightning Protector
and observe the minimum bend radius of the cable.
Conduit Entrances through a Wall Bore Hole must be angle to
prevent water intrusion into the Lightning Protection Junction Box
4.7
Antenna Connection to Receiver Unit

Connection to an OSA GPS Receiver is done using the "GPS Input" connector of the unit.
For more detailed information, please refer to the User Manual of the specific receiver
model.
4-17
4.8
Figure 4-9 Electromechanical switch Assembly
4.8.1
Overview
Installation is conditioned by the coaxial cable length and connector. If the cable is
too long, please be careful to change the length and connector. All modifications must
be done with appropriate tools. Respect the cable radius curve to avoid changes in
cable characteristics.
Recommendation:
The electromechanical switch must be installed to the cable between
the lightning protector and the equipment.
Protect and observe the minimum bend radius of the cable.
Connect connectors with sufficient tightening.
4-18
Maintenance & Troubleshooting
Chapter
5 Maintenance & Troubleshooting
Including :
Installation Recommendation
Check the Installation Periodically
5-1
5-2
5.1
Installation Recommendation
Recommendations for connections to lightning protector:
CAUTION
Do not cross the Grounding cable with the one connected on the equipment
side. Due to the skin effect, the lightening energy could be conducted
directly indoors to the equipment. It is recommended to duly separate all
cables far from each other and use cables that are as short as possible.
Incorrect & dangerous

To antenna
To GPS Receiver
Correct connections
To antenna
To ground
To GPS Receiver
To ground
Figure 5-1 Lightning Protector Connections Recommendation
5-3
5.2
Check the Installation Periodically
5.2.1
Electrical Conductivity
Recommendation:
Normally, the electric ground conductivity is stable in time, nevertheless its
necessary to verify periodically.
Every one year the first 5 years and after every 5 years.
5.2.2
Lightning Protector (LP)

Recommendation:
As a general rule, testing of the static spark over-voltage of the capsules in
the course of a routine inspection every 5 years and exchange the failing
parts. As an alternative, a general overall replacement without testing might
be more cost-effective in certain situations. After a direct hit, causing
damages in the antenna system, the capsules of the gas capsule
protectors involved should be exchanged during the service.
Nevertheless the gas capsule should be testing with a surge protector test
set. http://www.arnoldeub.ch/Texte/401001.pdf
Recommended gas capsule holder torque force: 6Nm (4.4ftlb)
5.2.3
GPS cable
Recommendation:
Verify the antenna localization, the structure, connections, grounding and
protection zone.
The antenna must always establish as a 45" area downwards related to
the highest point.
5-4
5.3
Oscilloquartz Contact Information
5.3.1
Technical Assistance
For technical assistance, contact the following:
5.3.1.1
International
Oscilloquartz SA
Customer Support & Services
16, Rue de Brvards
2002 Neuchtel 2
SWITZERLAND
Tel: +41-32-722-5555
Fax: +41-32-722-5578
e-mail: css@oscilloquartz.com
5.3.2
Sales
For sales assistance, contact the following:
5.3.2.1
International
Oscilloquartz SA
Sales & Marketing
16, Rue de Brvards
2002 Neuchtel 2
SWITZERLAND
Tel: +41-32-722-5555
Fax: +41-32-722-5556
e-mail: osa@oscilloquartz.com
5-5
5-6
Ordering Information
The following tables contain the articles and drawing numbers for kits and accessories.
Please include Article and Drawing numbers in purchase orders.
Antenna Systems
Items
Description
Active antenna type TNC
Mast & attaches
TNC/BNC adaptor
Lightning protection kit
Article
number
Drawing
number
A014191
942.089.091.20
GPS Roof Antenna Kit
GPS Compact Magnetic

Antenna Kit
Compact active antenna

6m cable
A013083
941.089.010
GPS Optical Antenna Kit
Antenna & converter

Mast & Attaches
Mounting tool & isolation
sleeves
2m cable
A014765
942.089.094
GPS Wall Antenna Kit

(advised for OSA 5240)

(no cable)
Wall antenna support
A014193
942.089.092.20
GPS Window Antenna Kit

Window active antenna

(5m cable)
Adaptor BNC/SMA
A013805
942.089.093
GPS/GLONASS
Roof Antenna Kit

Mast & attaches
TNC/BNC adaptor
A015172
942.089.096
Items
Description
GPS/GLONASS 27dB
Roof Antenna Kit

Mast & attaches
TNC/BNC adaptor
GPS/GLONASS 38dB
Roof Antenna Kit

Support bracket & attaches
N/TNC adaptor
TNC/BNC adaptor
Article
number
Drawing
number
A015394
942.089.097
A016212
942.089.090.22
Table 5-1 Ordering Antenna Systems
II
Accessories & Options

Items
Description
Article
number
Drawing
number
GPS Active Antenna

(without LP kit)

Mast & attaches
TNC/BNC adaptor
A014192
942.089.090.20
GPS Antenna Cable 20m
LMR/CNT-400
A014325
957.600.400.02
A014326
957.600.400.06
A014188
942.089.046.20
LMR/CNT-400
LMR/CNT-400 with line
amplifier
CellFlex
A012772
957.650.001
GPS Line Amplifier TNC
With adaptor
A014335
941.089.045.21
GPS Line Amplifier
Without adaptor
A012326
941.089.080
GPS Down/Up
Converter Kit
Down converter antenna

Up converter
A013328
941.089.003
LP Kit
TNC arrestor
Surge arrestor capsule
10m LMR/CNT400
interconnecting cable
A014187
942.089.922.20
Surge Arrestor Capsule
Gas capsule for EMP Protector
A009020
967.607.347
Optical Fiber Cable 60m
Patch-cord reinforced ST
A014547
941.089.920.060
A015143
941.089.920.100
A015144
941.089.920.150
A014702
941.089.920.200
Optical Fiber Cable per meter
A014703
941.089.920
Optional Power Supply (IP54)
AC/DC 100-240 VAC for

optical antenna and optical
converter
A014546
942.060.842
GPS Antenna Splitter
1 GPS input, 2 outputs
A014238
941.089.212
Coaxial cable
TNC/m BNC/m RG58/U 2m
A014738
957.600.581
Electromechanical switch
Electromechanical switch
On request
On request
Table 5-2 Ordering Accessories & Options
III
IV
Document History
Document History
Project
Document Type
Version
Author
Revision
Last Up-date
Creation
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
GNSS Antennas
Installation Guide
English
OSA - CHAL
H
27.01.2014
21.02.2008
REVISION
A
DATE
21.02.2008
27.03.2008
06.11.2008
08.01.2009
D
E
05.06.2009
10.11.2010
F
G
H
22.07.2011
26.10.2012
27.01.2014
CORRECTIONS
- Creation
- Add LP grounding instructions
- Add Antenna installation solution
- Add GLONASS antenna kit
- Up-date Base Station Protection drawing
- Up-date trouble shooting drawing
- Add information on roof antenna cable lengths & distances
- Change OSA USA address
- Up-date interconnection cable denomination
- Add PPS cable delay calculation formula
- Correction to environmental IP data
- Add antenna and accessory specifications
- Add GLONASS antennas
- Add electromechanical switch
- Update "Note" in optical cable section
- Change power consumption characteristic of roof
GPS/Glonass antenna in chapter 2.2.2
REFERENCES:
Franklin France: www.franklin-france.com
Huber Suhner: www.hubersuhner.ch

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GNSS Antennas

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

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GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

What's new in this revision

Change power consumption characteristic of roof GPS/Glonass

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

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GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1-1

About this Manual .................................................................................................... 1-3

Reading Guide .......................................................................................................... 1-4

ANTENNA KITS DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................................................ 2-1

GPS Antennas .......................................................................................................... 2-3

GPS/GLONASS Antennas ..................................................................................... 2-14

Interconnection Cables ......................................................................................... 2-20

Line Amplifier ......................................................................................................... 2-21

Lightning Protector (LP) Kit .................................................................................. 2-21

Electromechanical Switch ................................................................................................ 2-27

LIGHTNING PROTECTION .................................................................................................. 3-2

The Storm Cloud ...................................................................................................... 3-4

Global Approach ...................................................................................................... 3-7

Isokeraunic World Map .............................................................................. 3-11

Building Protection ................................................................................................ 3-12

Base Station Protection......................................................................................... 3-15

ANTENNA INSTALLATION .................................................................................................. 4-1

Overview ................................................................................................................... 4-3

Roof Installation ....................................................................................................... 4-5

Wall Installation ........................................................................................................ 4-9

Window Installation ............................................................................................... 4-11

Optical Fiber Installation ....................................................................................... 4-13

Antenna Connection to Receiver Unit .................................................................. 4-17

Electromechanical Switch ..................................................................................... 4-18

MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................... 5-1

Installation Recommendation ................................................................................. 5-3

Check the Installation Periodically ......................................................................... 5-4

Oscilloquartz Contact Information ......................................................................... 5-5

ORDERING INFORMATION .............................................................................................................. I

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

This page has been intentionally left blank

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

About this Manual

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

This page has been intentionally left blank

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

About this Manual

An overview of the recommendation about GPS

Detailed technical information and procedures for

Information on troubleshooting, maintenance and

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

ELECTRICAL SHOCK HARZARD

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

Antenna Kits Descriptions

Lightning Protector (LP) Kit

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

Antenna Kits Descriptions

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GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014

Antenna Kits Descriptions

Figure 2-1 Standard Active GPS Antenna

GNSS Antennas & Accessories - Installation Guide - Revision H - January 2014