Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Graz - 17.01.2014
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Contents
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Thermal process
Sub-stoichiometric oxygen
Packs energy into chemical bonds
Mainly gaseous products
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Combustion
Increasing Oxygen
Measuring the performance of biomass small scale gasification plants by implementing mass and energy balances
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Gasifier
Updraft
(ICE or GMT)
Fluidized Bed
ORC
Boilers
Stirling
200 kWe
1 MWe
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Bio-oil
Char
Gases
Combustible gases
Combustion
Products
Gasification reactions
Producer gas
(tar)
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Char / ash
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Scope
Monitoring and assessment
Optimization of performance
Environmental control
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New plants
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projects
Monitoring campaign
Gasifier
Fuel
A tech.
Wood
Chips
Wood
Chips
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authorized
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B tech.
C tech.
Pellets
Size
45 kWe
120 kWth
135 kWe
230 kWth
180 kWe
270 kWth
Type
Joos
Char
Bed
Rising
CC
operating
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Process chain
Gasification power plant (A tech.)
Pel: 45 kWel (nominal data)
Pth: 120 kWth
WOOD
CHIPS
AIR
GASIFIER
(ER0.3)
DRY
FILTER
HEAT
EXCHANGER
Pth
- syngas
cooling
Pel
ICE
Pth
- water/oil
cooling
- exhausts
cooling
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Biomass characterization
Wood Chips
45,580
%
41,023
%
5,795%
,080%
7,011%
,350%
LHV ~ 18 MJ / kg
Exch ~ 20 MJ/ kg
Ash
Moisture
Sampling
UNI EN 14778
C, H, O
UNI EN 15104
Humidity
UNI EN 147743
Ash
UNI EN 14775
Volatiles
UNI EN 15148
HHV / LHV
UNI EN 14918
(chemical exergy)
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Gas composition
Mobile micro- GC unit
Columns: PLOT-U, MOLSIEVE
CO
21,8%
CO2
7,8%
H2
17,1%
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Gas composition
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Char analysis
C, H, O
UNI EN 15104
Humidity
UNI EN 147743
Ash
UNI EN 14775
HHV / LHV
UNI EN 14918
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Tar sampling
Micro GC
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Tar analysis
Preliminar results on PAH compounds
Tar production (ng)
GC-MS technique
- separation DB5 MS
column (J&W
Scientific)
- detection high
resolution (R>10.000)
mass spectrometer
(GC-HRMS,
MAT95XL, Thermo
Scientific).
- addition of deuterated
internal standards.
10000,0
1000,0
100,0
10,0
1,0
0,1
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Measuring mass
A critical aspect of the balance of plant
Measurement of mass [kg] and not volume [m3]
P m LHV
fuel
fuel
fuel
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Mass balance
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Measuring energy
PT = Pe + Pth
Electricity was measured directly from the meter
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Energy Fluxes
Fluxes (kW)
losses 39
input
losses
heat 98
input
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198
57.2
electricity 42.8
-8,75 energy demand of auxilaries (nominal data)
need of implementation of further measurements
Distribution
198 kW (100%)
kWth
kWe
22 %
Char
2%
50electricity
%
42.8 KW
4%
losses
29%
46%
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Exergy Fluxes
Measure of the maximum amount of work that can theoretically be
exchanged by a system in thermodynamic equilibrium with its
surroundings through a ideal (reversible) process.
[Ex = h - ho - To ( s so)]
air
0.38
losses
Input
221
Chem.exergy
(char, tar)
Output gasifier
Total exergy
Electricity
20.8
42.8
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42.8 kW
heat
98 kW
~ 72 %
~ 22%
~ 63%
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Conclusions
Rapid development of small scale biomass gasifiers in
South Tyrol
incentives, CO2 neutral, extensive biomass utilization in the area
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Outlook
Complete the monitoring campaign
apply the same procedure to the other plants (B, C)
Calibrate models
b.o.p., with enhanced thermodynamic (multi stage, multi box)
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Graz - 17.01.2014
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