Scribd Logo
Încărcați

Bine ați venit la Scribd!

  • Investigation of Traditional Medicinal Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan

    Încărcat de

    Shujaul Mulk Khan
    131 vizualizări26 pagini
    Ethno pharmacological relevance Ethno medicinal traditional knowledge regarding the uses of indigenous medicinal plants for treating various human infectious diseases is totally in hold of the elder community members. The young generation is not much aware about such vital traditional medicinal practices. Aim of study To document, accumulate and widely disseminate the massive indigenous knowledge of century's practiced therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by the local people living in this area. Materials and methods A total of 134 local inhabitants (78 male and 56 female) were interviewed through questionnaire method. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed through the use value, fidelity level index and relative frequency citation. Plants specimen were preserved and mounted on herbarium sheets and labeled, cataloged and deposited with voucher numbers in Hazara University Herbarium, Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP). Results 74 plant species belonging to 70 genera and 42 families were documented in the current study. These medicinal plant species are used commonly as an ethno medicine against 56 various diseases such as digestive disorder, cough, pain and skin diseases etc. Herbaceous plant species were the dominant among plants studied which were 57% of the total plants, followed by shrubs (23%) and trees (20%). Asteraceae was the leading family among collected medicinal plant species (10.81%). Maximum medicinal plant species were used for treatment of digestive disorders (9.09%) and cough (7.44%). Most widely part used is leaf (27.9%), followed by fruit (13.5%) and seed (13.5%) for the treatment of different ailments by the traditional healers. The medicinal plant species with greater use values were Berberis lycium (0.91) and Cannabis sativa (0.81). The medicinal plant species with maximum fidelity level were Ziziphus jujuba (100%) and Lonicera caprifolium (92.31%) whereas the medicinal with most relative frequency citation were B. lycium (0.313), Ziziphus nummularia (0.276). The comparative result reveals that 36% of medicinal plant species were reported for the first time from Abbottabad regarding their uses, whereas 26% of plant species were reported with different medicinal uses. Brugmansia suaveolens and Allium griffithianum were recorded for the first time from Pakistan as well as from other countries across the globe for currently reported medicinal uses. Conclusion The current study revealed the importance to document and launch list of all possible plants that are used in ethno medicinal practices in the study area. Future antimicrobial, antivirals, and pharmacological studies are required to ratify the efficacy and safety of the medicinal plants species.

    Drepturi de autor

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formate disponibile

    PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd

    Vi se pare util acest document?

    Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

    Raportați acest document
    Ethno pharmacological relevance Ethno medicinal traditional knowledge regarding the uses of indigenous medicinal plants for treating various human infectious diseases is totally in hold of the elder community members. The young generation is not much aware about such vital traditional medicinal practices. Aim of study To document, accumulate and widely disseminate the massive indigenous knowledge of century's practiced therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by the local people living in this area. Materials and methods A total of 134 local inhabitants (78 male and 56 female) were interviewed through questionnaire method. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed through the use value, fidelity level index and relative frequency citation. Plants specimen were preserved and mounted on herbarium sheets and labeled, cataloged and deposited with voucher numbers in Hazara University Herbarium, Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP). Results 74 plant species belonging to 70 genera and 42 families were documented in the current study. These medicinal plant species are used commonly as an ethno medicine against 56 various diseases such as digestive disorder, cough, pain and skin diseases etc. Herbaceous plant species were the dominant among plants studied which were 57% of the total plants, followed by shrubs (23%) and trees (20%). Asteraceae was the leading family among collected medicinal plant species (10.81%). Maximum medicinal plant species were used for treatment of digestive disorders (9.09%) and cough (7.44%). Most widely part used is leaf (27.9%), followed by fruit (13.5%) and seed (13.5%) for the treatment of different ailments by the traditional healers. The medicinal plant species with greater use values were Berberis lycium (0.91) and Cannabis sativa (0.81). The medicinal plant species with maximum fidelity level were Ziziphus jujuba (100%) and Lonicera caprifolium (92.31%) whereas the medicinal with most relative frequency citation were B. lycium (0.313), Ziziphus nummularia (0.276). The comparative result reveals that 36% of medicinal plant species were reported for the first time from Abbottabad regarding their uses, whereas 26% of plant species were reported with different medicinal uses. Brugmansia suaveolens and Allium griffithianum were recorded for the first time from Pakistan as well as from other countries across the globe for currently reported medicinal uses. Conclusion The current study revealed the importance to document and launch list of all possible plants that are used in ethno medicinal practices in the study area. Future antimicrobial, antivirals, and pharmacological studies are required to ratify the efficacy and safety of the medicinal plants species.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    131 vizualizări26 pagini

    Investigation of Traditional Medicinal Floral Knowledge of Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan

    Încărcat de

    Shujaul Mulk Khan
    Ethno pharmacological relevance Ethno medicinal traditional knowledge regarding the uses of indigenous medicinal plants for treating various human infectious diseases is totally in hold of the elder community members. The young generation is not much aware about such vital traditional medicinal practices. Aim of study To document, accumulate and widely disseminate the massive indigenous knowledge of century's practiced therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by the local people living in this area. Materials and methods A total of 134 local inhabitants (78 male and 56 female) were interviewed through questionnaire method. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed through the use value, fidelity level index and relative frequency citation. Plants specimen were preserved and mounted on herbarium sheets and labeled, cataloged and deposited with voucher numbers in Hazara University Herbarium, Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP). Results 74 plant species belonging to 70 genera and 42 families were documented in the current study. These medicinal plant species are used commonly as an ethno medicine against 56 various diseases such as digestive disorder, cough, pain and skin diseases etc. Herbaceous plant species were the dominant among plants studied which were 57% of the total plants, followed by shrubs (23%) and trees (20%). Asteraceae was the leading family among collected medicinal plant species (10.81%). Maximum medicinal plant species were used for treatment of digestive disorders (9.09%) and cough (7.44%). Most widely part used is leaf (27.9%), followed by fruit (13.5%) and seed (13.5%) for the treatment of different ailments by the traditional healers. The medicinal plant species with greater use values were Berberis lycium (0.91) and Cannabis sativa (0.81). The medicinal plant species with maximum fidelity level were Ziziphus jujuba (100%) and Lonicera caprifolium (92.31%) whereas the medicinal with most relative frequency citation were B. lycium (0.313), Ziziphus nummularia (0.276). The comparative result reveals that 36% of medicinal plant species were reported for the first time from Abbottabad regarding their uses, whereas 26% of plant species were reported with different medicinal uses. Brugmansia suaveolens and Allium griffithianum were recorded for the first time from Pakistan as well as from other countries across the globe for currently reported medicinal uses. Conclusion The current study revealed the importance to document and launch list of all possible plants that are used in ethno medicinal practices in the study area. Future antimicrobial, antivirals, and pharmacological studies are required to ratify the efficacy and safety of the medicinal plants species.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 26

    Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

    Journal of Ethnopharmacology
    journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep

    Investigation of traditional medicinal oral knowledge of Sarban Hills,


    Abbottabad, KP, Pakistan
    Farhana Ijaz a, Zafar Iqbal a,n, Inayat Ur Rahman a, Jan Alam a, Shujaul Mulk Khan b,
    Ghulam Mujtaba Shah a, Khalid Khan a, Aftab Afzal a
    a
    b

    Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan


    Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan

    art ic l e i nf o

    a b s t r a c t

    Article history:
    Received 8 September 2015
    Received in revised form
    22 December 2015
    Accepted 24 December 2015
    Available online 29 December 2015

    Ethno pharmacological relevance: Ethno medicinal traditional knowledge regarding the uses of indigenous medicinal plants for treating various human infectious diseases is totally in hold of the elder
    community members. The young generation is not much aware about such vital traditional medicinal
    practices.
    Aim of study: To document, accumulate and widely disseminate the massive indigenous knowledge of
    century's practiced therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by the local people living in this area.
    Materials and methods: A total of 134 local inhabitants (78 male and 56 female) were interviewed
    through questionnaire method. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed through the use value,
    delity level index and relative frequency citation. Plants specimen were preserved and mounted on
    herbarium sheets and labeled, cataloged and deposited with voucher numbers in Hazara University
    Herbarium, Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP).
    Results: 74 plant species belonging to 70 genera and 42 families were documented in the current study.
    These medicinal plant species are used commonly as an ethno medicine against 56 various diseases such
    as digestive disorder, cough, pain and skin diseases etc. Herbaceous plant species were the dominant
    among plants studied which were 57% of the total plants, followed by shrubs (23%) and trees (20%).
    Asteraceae was the leading family among collected medicinal plant species (10.81%). Maximum medicinal plant species were used for treatment of digestive disorders (9.09%) and cough (7.44%). Most widely
    part used is leaf (27.9%), followed by fruit (13.5%) and seed (13.5%) for the treatment of different ailments
    by the traditional healers. The medicinal plant species with greater use values were Berberis lycium (0.91)
    and Cannabis sativa (0.81). The medicinal plant species with maximum delity level were Ziziphus jujuba
    (100%) and Lonicera caprifolium (92.31%) whereas the medicinal with most relative frequency citation
    were B. lycium (0.313), Ziziphus nummularia (0.276). The comparative result reveals that 36% of medicinal
    plant species were reported for the rst time from Abbottabad regarding their uses, whereas 26% of plant
    species were reported with different medicinal uses. Brugmansia suaveolens and Allium grifthianum
    were recorded for the rst time from Pakistan as well as from other countries across the globe for
    currently reported medicinal uses.
    Conclusion: The current study revealed the importance to document and launch list of all possible plants
    that are used in ethno medicinal practices in the study area. Future antimicrobial, antivirals, and pharmacological studies are required to ratify the efcacy and safety of the medicinal plants species.
    & 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

    Keywords:
    Ethno medicine
    Jaccard index
    Used value
    Abbottabad
    Pakistan

    1. Introduction
    Ethno botany is the study of the interactions between plants

    Corresponding author.
    E-mail addresses: fbotany@yahoo.com (F. Ijaz), drzafar.hu@yahoo.com (Z. Iqbal),
    hajibotanist@outlook.com (I.U. Rahman), janalamkuh@yahoo.com (J. Alam),
    shuja60@gmail.com (S.M. Khan), gmujtabashah72@yahoo.com (G.M. Shah),
    khalidkhan.botanist@gmail.com (K. Khan), aftabafzalkiani@yahoo.com (A. Afzal).
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.050
    0378-8741/& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

    and people over time and space. Consequently, plants are essential
    to the functioning of all social societies and to the operation of all
    ecosystems (Smita et al., 2012). Use of plants by men is as ancient
    as the creation of human life on earth. Plants were rst used for
    the persistence of food shelter and medicine. Therefore, human
    race is mostly dependent on plants and their needs increased day
    by day. For the welfare of humans, wild plants have constantly
    been used for their important qualities (Ali et al., 2003; Ali, 2003).
    In the developing countries therapeutic plants are silent used for

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    health care. However with the passage of time the accessibility of


    wild plants are exaggerated because wild plants are vanished by
    their actual habitat and exchanged with the cultivated plants
    (Buitron, 1999). Owing to the great rate of manmade medicines
    and inaccessibility of medicinal health care services in many urban
    areas, the inhabitants are assured to depend on medicinal plants.
    Between 35,000 and 70,000 plant species are charity in traditional
    medicines to treat different diseases (Lewington, 1990). About 70
    80% of the world inhabitants still use traditional medicine (Pei,
    2001). Ali (2008) and Ali and Qaiser (1986) reported that 1572
    genera and 5521 species have been found in Pakistan, generally
    restricted to the hilly regions.
    In Pakistan, the eld of ethnobotany has been introduced recently as compared to other countries but in recent years a lot of
    work has been done in this eld by many researchers in different
    areas of Pakistan (Haq and Hussain, 1993; Hussain and Khaliq,
    1996; Khan, 1998; Shinwari and Khan, 1999, 2000; Gilani et al.,
    2001; Matin et al., 2001; Qureshi, 2002; Hussain, 2003; Shinwari
    and Gilani, 2003; Ahmad, 2004; Hamayun et al., 2005; Muhammad et al., 2005; Qureshi et al., 2006; Sher and Hussain, 2007;
    Qureshi et al., 2008; Sher and Hussain, 2009; Qureshi et al., 2009;
    Abbasi et al., 2010a,b; Khan and Khan, 2011; Hazrat et al., 2011;
    Noor and Kalsoom, 2011; Khan, 2012; G.M. Shah et al., 2013; N.A.

    209

    Shah et al., 2013; Ishtiaq et al., 2014; Khattak et al., 2015; K.U. Khan
    et al., 2015; S.M. Khan, 2015) but no information and documentation is done especially on Sarban Hills, Abbottabad.
    As inhabitants of the area are mainly using traditional means to
    cure diseases and this asset of indigenous knowledge is transferring from generation to generation only through verbal means of
    communication. So this research was an effort to document and
    preserve this folk asset, to explore the ethno medicinal knowledge
    of the study area, to enlist the indigenous medicinal plants used by
    local people for common day ailments, to create the awareness
    among the local community about the protection of native medicinal ora and to collect medicinal plants of the area for proper
    identication and future references.

    2. Materials and methods


    Present study was carried out from February 2012 to September 2013. During this period the area was visited twice a month for
    collection of data relevant to economically important plants and
    biodiversity. The study was conducted in three stages.

    Fig. 1. Map of the study area. (A) Abbottabad, (B) Sarban Hills, (C) and (D). View of Abbottabad from Sarban Hills.

    210

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Fig. 2. Some collected medicinal plants from the study area. (A) Brugmansia suaveolens, (B) Punica granatum, (C) Clematis grata, (D) Indigofera heterantha, (E) Rydingia limbata,
    (F) Lantana camara, (G) Lonicera caprifolium, (H) Jasminum humile, (I) Justicia adhatoda, (J) Oxalis corniculata, (K) Cyperus rotundus and (L) Geranium spp.

    2.1. Study area


    The study area was Sarban Hills which are located in the Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Fig. 1). It covers the area
    of about 179,653.5 km2 area lies geographically within between
    3409N latitude and 7313E longitude at an altitude of 4120 feet
    (1260 m) and 110 km north of the Capital Islamabad, 130 km from
    Rawalpindi and 150 km northeast of Peshawar having a total population of 881,666 (IUCN, 2004). Kashmir lies to the east of the
    city. Two distinct mountains range the border of District i.e. Sarban
    Mountains and Habiba Mountain. The study area includes the localities Kehal, Khung, Nogakhai, Selhad and Kotha Qabar.
    2.2. Field trips and data collection
    Field work was carried out in order to investigate the traditionally using plants, ecological and oristic studies of various
    parts of Sarban hill in different seasons. Field trips were arranged
    according to owering and fruiting seasons of the plants. The eld

    work included interviews, observations and collection of various


    plant species and their photography (Fig. 2). Collection number
    was given to each plant specimen and eld data like vernacular
    name, habit, parts used, medicinal importance and other relevant
    information was noted in the eld note book.
    Interviews were conducted to the local inhabitants, the herbalists Hakims (local physicians of the eastern system of medicine) and Pansaries (medicinal plants sellers in the local markets).
    Questions concerning the utility of different plants, plant part
    used, route of administration, economic or market value were
    asked through questionnaire.
    Total 134 local inhabitants (78 male and 56 female) were interviewed through questionnaire, 37 interviewers under age of
    2040 out of which 22 were male and 15 female, 55 under age of
    4160 (31 male and 24 female), 25 interviewers were under age of
    6170 (15 male and 10 female) and 17 were of above 70 age out of
    them 10 were male and 7 female (Fig. 4). Grade et al. (2009) and
    Dilshad et al. (2008) reported that the information gathered
    through interviews helps in the documentation of valid traditional

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    211

    Fig. 3. Collected medicinal plants with voucher number.

    knowledge and uses as a reference for scientic research.

    the bottom.

    2.3. Herbarium work


    2.4. Plant identication
    Collected plant specimens were systematically tagged, pressed,
    dried and mounted on herbarium sheets (Fig. 3). For this purpose,
    specimens were kept in presser for two weeks at room temperature. After 12 h the blotting papers were changed. This practice
    was repeated for 48 h. The specimens were poisoned in solution of
    mercuric chloride and absolute alcohol (2 g mercuric chloride,
    dissolved in 1000 ml absolute alcohol) and mounted on the standard sized herbarium sheets (11.5  17.5 in.2). The data noted in
    the eld note book during eld survey was transferred to the label
    and pasted on the respective herbarium sheet on the right side at

    The Plant Taxonomists Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba Shah and Dr. Jan
    Alam identied the herbarium specimens and conrmed with the
    help of available taxonomic literature (Ali and Nasir, 19702002;
    Ali and Qaiser, 1986). Medicinal plant species were also photographed at the time of collection (in live form) as shown in Fig. 2
    and in preserved form after allotment of voucher number (Fig. 3).
    Mounted specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Hazara
    University Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP) and voucher number was
    allotted to all specimens after identication (Table 1).

    2.5. Market assessment

    Fig. 4. No. of local informants interviewed.

    Economic, commercial and medicinal value of indigenous


    plants utilized in the study area has been enquired in the market
    of Abbottabad and Mansehra. In this regard, a questionnaire was
    adopted to interview the local plant collectors and medicinal
    plants sellers in the local markets. Marketing chain for the economic plants collectors and people involved in medicinal plants
    trade was investigated. Based on these surveys, a list of medicinal
    plants was prepared with emphasis on plant market availability
    status, collection methods and local prices of these plants. The
    available literature on the market survey was also collected and
    made a review from it to compare it with the present ndings.

    212

    Table 1
    Medicinal plants with voucher number, vernacular and family name, habit, part uses, medicinal uses, UV, RFC and FL.
    Botanical Name

    Vernacular
    Name

    Voucher No. Family Name

    Habit Part Used

    Medicinal Uses

    UV

    RFCs

    Acacia modesta Wall.

    Phulai

    HUP-3809

    Fabaceae

    Gum

    Tonic use for back pain,


    dysentery

    0.45 0.179

    41.67 24

    Achyranthes aspera L.

    Kutri

    HUP-3834

    Amaranthaceae

    Whole plant

    Cough, asthma, kidney problem

    0.73 0.142

    26.32

    Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

    Fern

    HUP-3744

    Adiantaceae

    Fronds

    Bronchial disorder, fever, cough,


    diuretic, cold

    0.49 0.179

    12.50 24

    Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth.

    Siris

    HUP-3742

    Fabaceae

    Wood bark

    Abdominal caner, cough, inammation, eye problems, respiratory disorder

    0.25 0.134

    27.78

    18

    Allium grifthianum Boiss.

    Jangle piaz

    HUP-3768

    Alliaceae

    Whole plant

    Colic, vomiting

    0.54 0.157

    33.33

    21

    FL

    Ui,
    FCs &
    Iu

    Medicinal uses from literature

    19
    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Ganihar

    HUP-3865

    Amaranthaceae

    Leaf

    Eye sight problems, diuretic

    0.60 0.201

    48.15

    27

    Anagallis arvensis L.

    Bili buti

    HUP-3782

    Primulaceae

    Whole plant

    Inammatory, eye problems

    0.28 0.082

    36.36

    11

    Artemisia absinthium L.

    Chaw

    HUP-3825

    Asteraceae

    Leaves

    Carminative, cold, fever

    0.44 0.127

    23.53

    17

    Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench


    (syn. Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)
    Willd.)

    Kalijeeri

    HUP-3872

    Asteraceae

    Seeds

    Headache, Ear and teeth pain,


    falling hairs

    0.58 0.149

    15.00 20

    Bauhinia variegata L.

    Kachnar, kalyar

    HUP-3827

    Fabaceae

    Root

    Fatness, diabetes, astringent, leprosy, ulcer, skin problems

    0.27 0.112

    40.00

    15

    Berberis lycium Royle

    Sumbal

    HUP-3758

    Berberidaceae

    Root bark

    Blood purier, wound healing

    0.91 0.313

    88.10

    42

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Amaranthus viridis L.

    213

    214

    Table 1 (continued )
    Botanical Name

    Vernacular
    Name

    Habit Part Used

    Medicinal Uses

    UV

    RFCs

    Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl.ex Shaitani ganti/


    Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl
    Bel Boti

    HUP-3875

    Solanaceae

    Leaves

    Pain, arthritis, rheumatism, narcotic, skin, diarrhea, eye sight

    0.42 0.149

    15.00 20

    Cannabis sativa L.

    Bhang

    HUP-3831

    Cannabinaceae

    Leave

    Indigestion, liver, stomach


    inammation

    0.81 0.261

    31.43 35

    Carissa spinarum L. (syn. Carissa opaca


    Stapf.ex Haines)

    Granda

    HUP-3818

    Apocynaceae

    Leaves

    Hormonal disorder , digestive


    problems

    0.25 0.104

    57.14

    14

    Cissampelos pariera L.

    Ghore sumi

    HUP-3811

    Menispermaceae H

    Leaves

    Diabetes, skin problems, fever,


    blood purier

    0.53 0.067

    22.22

    Clematis grata Wall.

    Granda

    HUP-3788

    Rannunculaceae

    Roots

    Boils, worms, skin infections

    0.36 0.112

    46.67

    15

    Commelina benghalensis L.

    Angalara

    HUP-3835

    Commelinaceae

    Leaves

    Diuretic, laxative, swelling of


    skin

    0.40 0.097

    23.08

    13

    FL

    Ui,
    FCs &
    Iu

    Medicinal uses from literature

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Voucher No. Family Name

    Lounri

    HUP-3828

    Rosaceae

    Fruit

    Stomache, skin infections, diarrhea, cough, malarial infection

    0.44 0.172

    21.74

    23

    Cyperus rotundus L.

    Muther

    HUP-3849

    Cyperaceae

    Leave, seeds

    Respiratory infection, edible,


    nutritional deciency

    0.49 0.127

    52.94

    17

    Dalbergia sissoo DC.

    Tahli

    HUP-3726

    Fabaceae

    Leave, wood

    Dandruff, expectorant, timber

    0.70 0.201

    33.33

    27

    Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R. Chengal


    I. Wood

    HUP-3783

    Urticaceae

    Fruit

    Jaundice, antifungal, diarrhea

    0.68 0.209

    21.43 28

    Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees

    HUP-3728

    Acanthaceae

    Arial part

    Tonic , cold, fever, cough, sore


    throat, blood purier

    0.53 0.119

    18.75

    Not-known

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl.

    16

    215

    216

    Table 1 (continued )
    Vernacular
    Name

    Voucher No. Family Name

    Habit Part Used

    Medicinal Uses

    UV

    Diospyros kaki L.f.

    Bara amlook

    HUP-3822

    Ebenaceae

    Ripe fruit

    Laxative, pain

    0.45 0.127

    82.35

    17

    Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke

    Jangle
    strawberry

    HUP-3833

    Rosaceae

    Fruit

    Diarrhea, nerve tonic, laxative,

    0.41

    22.22

    18

    Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin &


    Clemants (syn. Chenopodium ambrosioides L.)

    Baljawain

    HUP-3736

    Chenopodiaceae

    Seeds

    Abdominal problems, headache

    0.63 0.254

    35.29 34

    Eucalyptus globulus Labill

    Gond

    HUP-3738

    Myrtaceae

    Leave, trunks

    Kill germs in wounds, fuel

    0.52 0.187

    28.00 25

    Ficus carica L.

    Anjeer

    HUP-3808

    Moraceae

    Fruit

    Foot-ache, laxative

    0.78 0.209

    75.00 28

    HUP-3863

    Moraceae

    Stem

    Tonic for blood , asthma

    0.48 0.164

    77.27 22

    Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. (syn. Doda bail


    Ficus foveolata (Wall. ex Miq.) Miq.)

    RFCs

    0.134

    FL

    Ui,
    FCs &
    Iu

    Medicinal uses from literature

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Botanical Name

    Chota phool

    HUP-3864

    Asteraceae

    Leaves

    Leaves use as salad in some


    cases, fever

    0.60 0.201

    85.19

    Galium aparine L.

    Kochan

    HUP-3819

    Rubiaceae

    Whole plant

    Diuretic, use in complains of


    kidney and bladder

    0.43 0.179

    62.50 24

    Geranium mascatense Boiss.

    Bhanda

    HUP-3789

    Gereniaceae

    Whole plant

    Diuretic, gastro intestinal, diarrhea, ulcer

    0.77 0.224

    26.67 30

    Glandularia canadensis (L.) Small

    Neeli buti

    HUP-3867

    Verbenaceae

    Flower

    Eye diseases, cold, stomach problems, diuretic

    0.46 0.112

    26.67

    15

    Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm. ex Burret

    Tambar

    HUP-3881

    Malvaceae

    Fruit

    Blood level, stomach problem,


    joints pain, women problem

    0.42 0.104

    21.43

    14

    Gymnosporia royleana Wall. ex M.A. Lawson (syn. Maytenus royleana (Wall. ex


    M.A. Lawson) Cufod.)

    Garanda

    HUP-3755

    Celastraceae

    Bark

    Wounds, headache, cough

    0.41

    42.11

    19

    0.142

    27

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Galinsoga parviora Cav.

    217

    218

    Table 1 (continued )
    Vernacular
    Name

    Voucher No. Family Name

    Habit Part Used

    Medicinal Uses

    UV

    RFCs

    Hedera nepalensis K. Koch

    Arbam bal

    HUP-3852

    Araliaceae

    Leaves

    Diabetes, rheumatism, fever

    0.44 0.142

    31.58

    19

    Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) RaabStraube

    Gajar mula

    HUP-3761

    Asteraceae

    Root

    Ulcer, carminative, wound


    healing

    0.49 0.127

    29.41

    17

    Incarvillea emodi (Royle ex.Lindl.)


    Chatterjee

    Kaur

    HUP-3765

    Bignoniaceae

    Whole plant

    Febrifuge, asthma, cough, abdomin pain

    0.68 0.187

    40.00 25

    Indigofera heterantha Brandis

    Kainthi

    HUP-3842

    Fabaceae

    Root, leaves,
    branches

    Scabies, stomach problems

    0.62 0.172

    34.78 23

    Ipomoea hederaceae Jacq.

    Kala dana

    HUP-3805

    Convolvulaceae

    Seeds

    Purgative, use as tonic, as diure- 0.71 0.216


    tic and to expel intestinal worms

    13.79 29

    Jasminum humile L.

    Peli chambeli

    HUP-3732

    Oleaceae

    Flower, root
    juice

    Ornamental, owers tonic for


    heart, root juice to remove ring
    worms

    52.63

    0.46 0.142

    FL

    Ui,
    FCs &
    Iu

    19

    Medicinal uses from literature

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Botanical Name

    White chambeli

    HUP-3857

    Oleaceae

    Whole plant

    Ornamental, diuretic, owers in


    headache, skin diseases

    0.51

    0.201

    22.22

    27

    Justicia adhatoda L.

    Bahker

    HUP-3778

    Acanthaceae

    Whole plant

    Cough, asthma and indigestion

    0.41

    0.119

    18.75

    16

    Lamium amplexicaule L.

    Bushka

    HUP-3734

    Lamiaceae

    Leaves

    Fever reducing, laxative

    0.49 0.157

    66.67

    21

    Lantana camara L.

    Panch phul

    HUP-3807

    Verbenaceae

    Whole plant

    Diphoratic , carminative,
    antiseptic

    0.46 0.172

    39.13

    23

    Lathyrus aphaca L.

    Kukar bhang

    HUP-3754

    Fabaceae

    Seed

    Wound healing , tonic

    0.31 0.067

    77.78

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton

    219

    220

    Table 1 (continued )
    Vernacular
    Name

    Voucher No. Family Name

    Habit Part Used

    Medicinal Uses

    UV

    RFCs

    Lepidium virginicum L.

    Halun

    HUP-3817

    Brassicaceae

    Seeds

    Abdominal pain, arthritis, respiratory problem, asthma

    0.51

    0.119

    37.50

    16

    Lonicera caprifolium L.

    Phut

    HUP-3876

    Caprifoliaceae

    Seeds

    Diuretic, kidney infection

    0.42 0.097

    92.31

    13

    Malva parviora L.

    Sonchal

    HUP-3733

    Malvaceae

    Leaves

    Constipation, bronchial disorder

    0.52 0.127

    41.18

    17

    Malva sylvestris L.

    Saunchal

    HUP-3802

    Malvaceae

    Whole plant

    Cooling agent, emollient, fungal,


    asthma, inammation, stomach
    pain

    0.63 0.194

    11.54 26

    Medicago sativa L.

    Singi

    HUP-3745

    Fabaceae

    Leaves

    Women problems, digestion

    0.71 0.209

    57.14

    28

    Melia azedarach L.

    Dreik

    HUP-3871

    Meliaceae

    Whole plant

    Anti-lice, blood purier , gas


    trouble in cattles

    0.33 0.060

    25.00

    FL

    Ui,
    FCs &
    Iu

    Medicinal uses from literature

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Botanical Name

    Shamokai

    HUP-3785

    Lamiaceae

    Whole plant

    Carminative, stimulant,
    headache

    0.51

    0.104

    57.14

    14

    Myrsine africana L.

    Khukan

    HUP-3730

    Primulaceae

    Leave,fruit

    Intestinal worms, purify blood,


    colic,

    0.48 0.067

    11.11

    Origanum vulgare L.

    Ban ajwain

    HUP-3826

    Lamiaceae

    Whole plant

    Use as tonic, carminative, colic,


    stomach pain, antispasmodic

    0.59 0.142

    15.79

    19

    Oxalis corniculata L.

    Kati buti

    HUP-3760

    Oxalidaceae

    Whole plant

    Mouth taste, indigestion, bladder 0.38 0.164


    inammation

    22.73 22

    Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)


    H.Gross

    Not-known

    HUP-3829

    Polygonaceae

    Aerial part

    Fever , diarrhea, urinary tract


    infection

    15.38

    0.41

    0.097

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Micromeria biora (Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)


    Benth.

    13

    221

    222

    Table 1 (continued )
    Vernacular
    Name

    Voucher No. Family Name

    Habit Part Used

    Medicinal Uses

    UV

    RFCs

    Pimpinella stewartii Nasir

    Patli saunf

    HUP-3743

    Apiaceae

    Seeds

    Carminative , digestion problems 0.30 0.097

    76.92

    13

    Pinus roxburghii Sarg.

    Chirr

    HUP-3740

    Pinaceae

    Bark extract

    Inammatory, pain

    0.59 0.104

    35.71

    14

    Polygonum plebeium R.Br.

    Rani phal

    HUP-3774

    Polygonaceae

    Whole plant

    Cough, sedative, pain

    0.41

    35.00 20

    Portulaca oleracea L.

    Lunak

    HUP-3748

    Portulacaceae

    Leaves

    Kidney treatment, abdomen


    pain, diabetes, asthma

    0.36 0.142

    Punica granatum L.

    Daruna

    HUP-3813

    Lythracaeae

    Fruit, tonic

    Heart palpitation, blood pressure 0.41

    Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

    Batang

    HUP-3810

    Rosaceae

    Fruit

    Laxative , conjunctivitis, colon


    cancer, diarrhea

    0.149

    FL

    Ui,
    FCs &
    Iu

    57.89

    19

    0.157

    61.90

    21

    0.24 0.067

    88.89

    Medicinal uses from literature

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Botanical Name

    Khatimar

    HUP-3777

    Polygonaceae

    Roots

    Bone fracture, arthritis

    0.52 0.179

    25.00 24

    Rydingia limbata (Benth.) Scheen & V.A.


    Albert

    Koi booi

    HUP-3759

    Lamiaceae

    Whole plant

    Mouth gums and throat


    problems

    0.72 0.246

    36.36 33

    Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

    Kandyara

    HUP-3725

    Asteraceae

    Seeds

    Liver diseases

    0.41

    0.134

    38.89

    18

    Sisymbrium irio L.

    Khub kalan

    HUP-3776

    Brassicaceae

    Whole plant

    Expectorant, febrifuge

    0.35 0.097

    46.15

    13

    Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

    Dodak

    HUP-3729

    Asteraceae

    Shoot

    Wound healing, fungal problem,

    0.69 0.082

    72.73

    11

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Rumex hastatus D.Don

    223

    224

    Table 1 (continued )
    Vernacular
    Name

    Voucher No. Family Name

    Habit Part Used

    Medicinal Uses

    UV

    RFCs

    Tagetes minuta L.

    Satbarga

    HUP-5853

    Asteraceae

    Leaves

    Cough, stomach problems

    0.73 0.224

    23.33 30

    Urtica pilulifera L.

    Bichu booti

    HUP-3800

    Urticaceae

    Roots

    Inammation, diabetes,
    rheumatism

    0.27 0.082

    45.45

    11

    Verbascum thapsus L.

    Gider tabaco

    HUP-3839

    Scrophulariaceae H

    Leaves

    Diarrhea, antiseptic

    0.51

    0.119

    56.25

    16

    Vitex negundo L.

    Marwani

    HUP-3846

    Lamiaceae

    Leave, seeds

    Gas trouble and cholera,


    rheumatism

    0.42 0.142

    26.32

    19

    Xanthium strumarium L.

    Katula

    HUP-3862

    Asteraceae

    Leaves

    Malarial fever, carminative

    0.21

    81.82

    11

    Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

    Shingle

    HUP-3821

    Rhamnaceae

    Fruit

    Laxative

    0.25 0.060 100.00

    0.082

    FL

    Ui,
    FCs &
    Iu

    Medicinal uses from literature

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Botanical Name

    Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight &


    Arn.

    Bair

    HUP-3722

    Rhamnaceae

    Leaves

    Scabies, carminative, sedative

    0.80 0.276

    24.32

    37

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Abbreviations of plant habit: H Herb, S Shrub, T Tree.


    ( ) Similar use, ( ) Dissimilar use and ( ) Use not reported.
    1 G.M. Shah et al. (2013) and N.A. Shah et al. (2013); 2 Shah et al. (2012); 3 Gilani et al. (2001); 4 Gilani et al. (2006); 5 Qureshi et al. (2008); 6 Abbasi et al. (2010a); 7Butt et al. (2015); 8 Abbasi et al. (2013); 9 Afzal
    et al. (2009); 10 Kayani et al. (2015); 11 Abbasi et al. (2010b); 12 Ahmad et al. (2009); 13 Akhter et al. (2013); 14 Ahmad et al. (2015); 15Saqib et al. (2014); 16 Kosalge and Fursule (2009); 17Vitalini et al. (2009);
    18 Sargn et al. (2013); 19 Asase and Kadera (2014); 20 Khan et al. (2004); 21 Estomba et al. (2006).

    225

    226

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    2.6. Data analysis


    The data collected during eldwork was analyzed through used
    value (UVi), relative frequency citations (RFCs) and delity level
    (FL%). The data was checked and compared with the available
    literature through Jaccard index (JI %).
    2.6.1. Used value (UVi)
    To know about medicinal importance of individual plants used
    values (UVi) were applied to give a quantitative form of its relative
    importance to the informants neutrally (Phillips et al., 1994). This
    quantitative study evaluates the relative importance of each
    medicinal species based on relative use among informants. Use
    value was determined using the following formula:

    UVi=

    Fig. 5. Life form of plants used for ethno medicinal practices.

    Ui
    Ni

    Ui is the number of use reports cited by each informant for a


    given plant species.
    Ni is the total number of informants interviewed for a given
    plant species.
    2.6.2. Relative Frequency of Citations (RFCs)
    Relative Frequency of Citations was used to calculate the local
    importance of each species by using the formula (Tardo and Pardo-De-Santayana, 2008).

    RFCs=

    FCs
    N

    FCs is the number of informants who mentioned the use of the


    species.
    N is the total number of informants of the study. (In this study,
    N 134).
    2.6.3. Fidelity level (FL%)
    The delity level (FL) is the percentage of informants claiming
    the use of a certain plant for the same major purpose and this was
    calculated according to the following formula (Alexiades, 1996):
    Ip

    FL (%)= I u 100
    Fig. 6. Collection of ethno medicinal plants of Sarban Hills.

    Ip is the number of informants who suggested the use of a plant


    species for a particular disease.

    Fig. 7. No. of medicinal plant species and genera belonging to different families.

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    227

    Fig. 8. No. of plant species used for various diseases.

    Iu is the total number of informants who mentioned the same


    plant for any disease.
    2.6.4. Jaccard index (JI)
    Jaccard index (JI) is calculated by comparison of previously
    published studies from regional and other areas as well as at
    global countries by analyzing the percentages of quoted species
    and their medicinal uses by using the following formula:

    JI = c

    100
    a+bc

    where a is the number of species of the area A, b is the number


    of species of the area B, and c is the number of species common
    to A and B (Gonza et al., 2008).

    3. Results and discussion


    3.1. Diversity of medicinal plants
    Fig. 9. Plants parts used in traditional treatment of different diseases.

    Fig. 10. Routes of administration against different diseases.

    A total of 74 plant species belonging to 70 genera and 42 families with 1468 use reports were recorded (Table 1). Details of all
    the documented medicinal plants species including scientic
    name, vernacular name, voucher number, family name, habit, part
    used, medicinal uses, used value, relative frequency citations and
    delity level for each plant species and number of use reports (Ui,
    FCs and Iu) for each plant species are given in Table 1. Herbaceous
    life form was the dominant with 57%, followed by shrubs (23%)
    and trees (20%) (Fig. 5). The reason for herbaceous dominancy in
    the study area might be the easy availability resulting from
    abundant growth in wild habitats. Less tree percentage might be
    due to high altitude, geographic and climatic factors. The local
    informants reported that most of the practitioner healers and
    hakims prevalently use herbs against diseases due to their easy
    availability. Inline results were found from other researchers on
    medicinal plants conducted in Ethiopia (Giday et al., 2003, 2007),
    Nepal (Upreti et al., 2010), Swat, Pakistan (Akhter et al., 2013),
    Karak, Pakistan (Khattak et al., 2015), Abbottabad, Pakistan (Ijaz
    et al., 2015), Swat, Pakistan (Khan et al., 2015a, 2015b) they reported herbaceous life form as the dominant one for medicinal
    purposes. It is estimated that majority of medicinal plants found in
    summer season i.e. 65% were in the month of MayAugust, 10%
    SepOctober, 10% NovDecember and 15% of plants in JanFebruary (Fig. 6). Same was noticed by Badshah et al. (2013) who
    reported that in spring and summer maximum number of species

    228

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Fig. 11. Use value and relative frequency citations of medicinal plants for various diseases cited by the informants.

    was found than any other season (67.3% and 48.7%), respectively.
    Durrani et al. (2010) and Ahmad et al. (2009) also stated in line
    ndings, they reported that spring and summer ora/ aspect have
    higher number of species than other aspects.
    Results revealed that Asteraceae is the dominant family used in
    the treatment of different diseases with 151 URs highest family
    wise use reports (8 spp. and 8 genera). This family was also reported as the leading family with maximum number of medicinal
    plants species to cure diseases by Teklehaymanot and Giday
    (2007), Mesn et al. (2009) and Bhattarai et al. (2010). Asteraceae
    was followed by Fabaceae having 7 spp. and 7 genera with 144 use
    report, Lamiaceae having 5 spp. and 5 genera with 106 URs,
    Polygonaceae and Rosaceae each having 3 spp. and 3 genera with
    57 URs and 50 URs respectively. Malvaceae having 3 spp. and
    2 genera with 57 URs. Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae,
    Primulaceae, Urticaceae and Verbenaceae having (2 spp. and
    2 genera) each. Whereas only 3 families Moraceae, Oleaceae and
    Rhammnaceae having 1 genera and 2 spp. The rest of 27 families
    having 1 species each as shown in Fig. 7.

    3.2. Disease treated by traditional practitioners


    Traditional medicinal knowledge is a part of the Pakistani culture and plant-based medicines are traditionally used by the majority of the population (Qureshi et al., 2009). Seventy four medicinal plant species were used by the local traditional practitioners
    for 56 different diseases. Majority of the species were used for the
    treatment of digestive problems (9.09%), followed by cough
    (7.44%). It was noticed that the local inhabitants are interested to
    use herbal therapies mostly for digestive and cough problems indicated that the plant species of this area have versatile therapeutic uses against diseases. The other noticeable diseases were
    pain (4.96%) followed by diuretic and skin diseases (4.55%). The
    reason behind citations for urinary ailments might be due to the
    low intake of water during cold season which resulting in shortage
    of water in blood circulation and due to this reason skin problems
    also occurs because much use of water keeps the skin fresh.
    However, diuretic and skin diseases are followed by eye problems
    and inammation (3.72%) each, carminative, diarrhea, fever,
    rheumatism and arthritis (3.31%) each. A main reason for bone

    Fig. 12. Fidelity level (%) of medicinal plants for various diseases cited by the informants.

    Table 2
    Comparison of the current study with previous studies at regional, neighboring and global level.
    S. No Study area

    Year

    Number of recorded plants


    species of
    aligned areas

    Plants
    with similar uses

    Plants with
    dissimilar
    uses

    Total species
    common in
    both area

    % of plant
    species common in both
    areas

    % of species % of plant
    Species enSpecies enenlisted only with similisted only in listed only
    lar uses
    aligned areas in study area in study

    Jaccard
    Index (JI)

    Citation

    G.M. Shah et al.


    (2013) and N.A.
    Shah et al.
    (2013)
    Shah et al.
    (2012)
    Gilani et al.
    (2001)
    Gilani et al.
    (2006)
    Qureshi et al.
    (2008)
    Abbasi et al.
    (2010a)
    Butt et al.
    (2015)

    Abbottabad,
    Pakistan

    2013

    67

    13

    19.40

    54

    61

    82.43

    5.40

    12.16

    12.74

    2012

    54

    11

    20.37

    43

    63

    85.13

    4.05

    10.81

    11.57

    2001

    26

    15.38

    22

    70

    94.59

    1.35

    4.05

    4.54

    2006

    21

    23.80

    16

    69

    93.24

    1.35

    5.40

    6.25

    2008

    47

    11

    14

    29.78

    33

    60

    81.08

    14.86

    4.05

    17.72

    2010

    27

    18.51

    22

    69

    93.24

    2.70

    4.05

    5.81

    2015

    62

    10

    10

    16.12

    52

    64

    86.48

    13.51

    9.43

    2013

    45

    11

    24.44

    34

    63

    85.13

    4.05

    10.81

    12.79

    2009

    76

    9.21

    69

    67

    90.54

    1.35

    8.10

    5.42

    2015 125

    120

    69

    93.24

    4.05

    2.70

    2.71

    16.21

    8.10

    24.32

    12

    Abbottabad,
    Pakistan
    Abbottabad,
    Pakistan
    Abbottabad,
    Pakistan
    Abbottabad,
    Pakistan
    Abbottabad,
    Pakistan
    Bannu, Swat, Hazara
    division and tribal
    northern parts,
    Pakistan
    Lesser Himalayas,
    Pakistan
    Northern areas,
    Pakistan
    Alpine and Sub-alpine regions,
    Pakistan
    Abbottabad,
    Pakistan
    Attock, Pakistan

    1.35

    0.92

    13
    14

    3
    4
    5
    6
    7

    8
    9
    10

    11

    2010

    54

    12

    18

    33.33

    36

    56

    75.67

    2009

    37

    2.70

    36

    73

    98.64

    Swat, Pakistan

    2013 106

    16

    15.09

    90

    58

    78.37

    12.16

    9.45

    12.12

    2015

    22

    9.09

    20

    72

    97.29

    1.35

    1.35

    2.22

    15

    Thakht-e-Sulaiman
    hills, west Pakistan
    Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    2013

    87

    12

    10

    22

    25.28

    65

    52

    70.27

    16.21

    13.51

    23.15

    16

    Satpuda Hills, India

    2008

    52

    3.84

    50

    72

    97.29

    2.70

    1.66

    17

    Valvestino, Italy

    2008

    58

    1.72

    57

    73

    98.64

    1.35

    0.77

    18

    Manisa, Turkey

    2013 137

    6.56

    128

    65

    87.83

    5.40

    6.75

    0.86

    19

    Accra, Ghana

    2013

    44

    2.27

    43

    73

    98.64

    1.35

    1.08

    20

    Kashmir Himalaya,
    India
    North-western,
    Patagonia

    2004

    27

    3.70

    26

    73

    98.64

    1.35

    1.27

    2005

    89

    2.24

    87

    72

    97.29

    1.35

    1.35

    1.27

    21

    Abbasi et al.
    (2013)
    Afzal et al.
    (2009)
    Kayani et al.
    (2015)
    Abbasi et al.
    (2010b)
    Ahmad et al.
    (2009)
    Akhter et al.
    (2013)
    Ahmad et al.
    (2015)
    Saqib et al.
    (2014)
    Kosalge and
    Fursule (2009)
    Vitalini et al.
    (2009)
    Sargn et al.
    (2013)
    Asase and Kadera (2014)
    Khan et al.
    (2004)
    Estomba et al.
    (2006)

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    % of dissimilar uses

    229

    230

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    problems was found to be walking in mountains (Schlage et al.,


    2000). Rheumatism and arthritis are followed by blood pressure
    and purier, laxative, throat problems, tonic and wound healing
    (2.89%) each. For the treatment of asthma, diabetes and respiratory
    disorder 2.48% of species were used, followed by kidney problem
    (2.07%). 1.65% of medicinal plant species were used to treat cold,
    constipation, fungal infections and intestinal worms, followed by
    antiseptic and ulcer (1.24%) each. Whereas 0.83% of medicinal
    plant species were used to treat diseases which include cholera,
    febrifuge, jaundice, malarial fever, as sedative and female problems (Fig. 8). Externally treated diseases were skin problems and
    wound healing while rest all was treated orally as reported by
    many other researchers (Upreti et al., 2010; Lulekal et al., 2013;
    Luitel et al., 2014: Ijaz et al., 2015).
    Different parts of the plant accumulate various secondary
    metabolites that can be helpful to treat a variety of disorders used
    by the local community (G.M. Shah et al., 2013; N.A. Shah et al.,
    2013, 2014a,b). Traditional healers of the Sarban Valley use 18
    different parts of plants for the treatment of different diseases
    (Fig. 9). Out of which leaves are the most widely used part (27.9%),
    followed by whole plant (17.7%), seeds and fruit (13.5%) each, root
    (9.3%), ower (2.5%), leaves paste, pods, stem, aerial part, bark and
    wood bark (1.6%) each. While the minimum part used are frond,
    branches, shoot, gum, root bark and trunk (0.84%) each as shown
    in Fig. 6. Monteiro et al. (2011) also reported leaves as the most
    used part.
    3.2.1. Routes of remedies administrated
    There are different utilizations of medicinal plant species for
    various ailments. Results revealed that 74 medicinal plant species
    were used traditionally through different administrational routes
    out of which extraction was the most dominant and frequent way
    (30%, 440 URs) use reports. Bussmann (2006) reported oral as the
    most frequent way (64%) to administrate remedies. Extraction was
    followed by powder (22%, 323 URs), poultice (19%, 279 URs), tonic
    (13%, 191 URs), infusion (10%, URs 147). Whereas lowest use form
    was decoction (6%, 88 URs) to treat 56 various diseases (Fig. 10).
    Burlakoti and Kunwar (2008) also reported various popular form
    of therapeutic preparation from medicinal plants in Western Nepal
    such as juice, decoction, paste, and powder.
    3.3. Use value of medicinal plants
    The use value (UVi) is a quantitative method that demonstrates
    the relative importance of species or plant family for a population
    (Vendruscolo and Mentz, 2006). The use value of medicinal plants
    species ranges from 0.21 to 0.91 (Fig. 11). The species with high
    used values and use reports were B. lycium (0.91 UVi and 42 URs),
    C. sativa (0.81 UVi and 35 URs), Z. nummularia (0.80 UVi and 37
    URs) 3rd Ficus carica (0.78 UVi and 28 URs) and Geranium mascatense (0.77 UVi and 30 URs). However the lowest value was
    observed in Xanthium strumarium (0.21 UVi and 11 URs). Maximum used values of mentioned medicinal plants might be due to
    their common distribution and local practitioner's awareness
    which make the rst choice for ailment (Ullah et al., 2014). Table 1
    describes all of the plants listed with their respective indications,
    used value, method of use and parts used to prepare the ethno
    medicines.
    3.4. Relative frequency citations of medicinal plants
    A relative frequency citation (RFCs) shows the local importance
    of each species with reference to informants who cited these
    medicinal plant species. The value of relative frequency citations of
    74 medicinal plant species ranges from 0.060 to 0.313 with 1468
    use reports (Fig. 11 and Table 1). Reason for the high RFCs may be

    Fig. 13. Percentage of plant species regarding their medicinal use reports.
    Table 3
    List of medicinal plants species with uses not reported and dissimilar uses reported
    from Abbottabad region.
    S. no

    Uses not reported

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20
    21
    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    27

    Allium grifthianum Boiss.


    Anagallis arvensis L.
    Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl.ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl
    Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants
    Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees
    Diospyros kaki L.f.
    Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke
    Eucalyptus globulus Labill
    Galinsoga parviora Cav.
    Geranium mascatense Boiss.
    Incarvillea emodi (Royle ex.Lindl.) Chatterjee
    Ipomoea hederaceae Jacq.
    Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton
    Lamium amplexicaule L.
    Lantana camara L.
    Lepidium virginicum L.
    Lonicera caprifolium L.
    Malva sylvestris L.
    Gymnosporia royleana Wall.ex M.A. Lawson
    Micromeria biora (Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don) Benth.
    Polygonum plebeium R.Br.
    Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
    Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.
    Urtica pilulifera L.
    Glandularia canadensis (L.) Small
    Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench
    Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19

    Dissimilar uses reported


    Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
    Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth.
    Artemisia absinthium L.
    Bauhinia variegata L.
    Carissa spinarum L.
    Cissampelos pariera L.
    Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood
    Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.
    Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm. ex Burret
    Medicago sativa L.
    Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don) H.Gross
    Pinus roxburghii Sarg.
    Portulaca oleracea L.
    Punica granatum L.
    Rumex hastatus D.Don
    Sonchus asper (L.) Hill
    Tagetes minuta L.
    Xanthium strumarium L.
    Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn.

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    wide-ranging distribution, easy availability and ethnic culture for


    curing various diseases by using these medicinal plant species. The
    medicinal plant species with maximum relative frequency citations were B. lycium (0.313 RFC and 42 URs), Z. nummularia (0.276
    RFC and 37 URs), C. sativa (0.261 RFC and 35 URs), Dysphania
    ambrosioides (0.254 RFC and 34 URs) and Rydingia limbata (0.246
    RFC and 33 URs). Signorini et al. (2009) reported that Asparagus
    acutifolius was the most used species (RFC 0.71), Pamungkas
    et al. (2013) found Cocos nucifera as the most frequently cited plant
    with RFC value of 0.97. However the lowest relative frequency
    citations value was observed in Melia azedarach (0.060) and Z.
    jujuba (0.060). These results reinforces the idea that these species
    are the most important for the population studied and that the
    informants share knowledge about practices and plants used in
    ethno medicinal practice at Sarban valley. In future, these results
    might be used as most vital source for relating and evaluating
    research in related academic disciplines for future drug discovery
    and sustainable use of plants for therapeutic uses (Mukherjee and
    Wahile, 2006). Medicinal plant species with maximum RFC should
    be progressed to biological, phytochemical and pharmacological
    studies to assess and prove their validity (Mukherjee et al., 2012).
    3.5. Fidelity level (%) of medicinal plants
    Fidelity level (FL%) is used to identify species that are most
    preferred by the inhabitants for the treatment of certain ailments.
    The delity level ranges from 11.11% to 100% (Fig. 12 and Table 1).
    The medicinal plant species with highest delity level was Z. jujuba cited 100% for laxative, L. caprifolium (92.31%) for diuretic and
    kidney problems and Pyrus pashia (88.89%). These medicinal plant
    species may be conrmed as important medicinal plants through
    further assessment and evaluation through biological activities,
    pharmaceutical and phytochemical activities. Ilker et al. (2009)
    reported Allium cepa with 100% delity level. However the lowest
    delity level among medicinal plant was of Myrsine africana
    (11.11%). Besides, plants with minimum FL% should not be abandoned as declining to remark them to the future generation that it
    could raise the threat of gradual vanishing of the knowledge
    (Chaudhary et al., 2006).
    3.6. Consistency of ethno medicinal uses and its comparison with
    previous studies through Jaccard index
    The similarities and differences in ethno medicinal studies
    seem to target the importance of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants in different regions, where historical (Moerman,
    1998), phytochemical (Leonti et al., 2003) and ecological (Ladio
    et al., 2007) factors interact in their selection. The traditional
    medicinal uses of plants documented in the study area are compared with 21 published ethno-medicinal studies from regional to
    neighboring as well as at global level. In the current study, review
    of literature indicates that of the 74 reported medicinal plants
    (Table 2), the similarity index uses ranges from 0% (Khan et al.,
    2004; Vitalini et al., 2009; Ahmad et al., 2009; Asase and Kadera,
    2014; Butt et al., 2015) to 16.21% (Abbasi et al., 2010b; Saqib et al.,
    2014) while dissimilar uses vary from 0% (Kosalge and Fursule,
    2009) to 13.51% (Saqib et al., 2014; Butt et al., 2015). The less similarities were noticed in comparison with analyzed studies that
    may be probably the result of a remarkable cultural adaption that
    are important indicative of current extensive change in population
    and habitat structure (Leonti et al., 2009) as similarity indices are
    very sensitive to variation in population sizes (Wolda, 1981). In the
    present study, the highest degree of similarity index was found
    with studies conducted by Abbasi et al. (2010b), and Saqib et al.
    (2014) with JI 24.32 and 23.15 respectively, while the lowest indices of similarity was found with studies of Vitalini et al. (2009)

    231

    and Sargn et al. (2013) with JI 0.77 and 0.86 respectively. Variation
    in Jaccard Index might be due to the distance between study area
    and other regions (Fig. 13).
    The present study was comparatively analyzed with the studies
    carried out within the region, neighboring areas as well as with
    aligned countries. In Pakistan all researches related to ethno
    medicinal plants published from 2001 to 2015 were analyzed
    while from aligned countries 6 research articles from 2004 to 2013
    were reviewed. It was found that majority of plants reported in the
    present study are conned to the present geographical region
    because the study area is located in lesser Himalayas and may be
    due to their native habitats and supporting conditions. The analysis of our study revealed that 36% of medicinal plant species
    were reported for the rst time from Abbottabad regarding their
    uses whereas 26% of plant species were found with different
    medicinal uses like Adiantum capillus-veneris is used for bronchial
    disorder, fever, cough, diuretic and cold while from same region G.
    M. Shah et al. (2013) and N.A. Shah et al. (2013) reported the plant
    species for antidandruff and Butt et al. (2015) for scorpion and
    snake bite (Table 3). Some plants of this study area were also
    widely distributed in aligned countries due to their wide adaptability in different ecological zones and reported for medicinal
    uses but during comparative analysis some new medicinal uses
    were observed. In aligned countries Albizia lebbek, Punica granatum and Bauhinia variegata were also reported but their uses vary
    from our study except a few. B. suaveolens, A. grifthianum, P. pashia and Ipomoea hederaceae were recorded for the rst time from
    Pakistan as well as from aligned regions. Besides this, Incarvillea
    emodi and Ficus sarmentosa was reported for the rst time from
    Abbottabad region for asthma and Jasminum sambac for diuretic.
    In medicinal plants of Sarban Hills, B. lycium and Rydingia limbata
    seems to be the most well-known plants to the locals. Our ndings
    are in contrast to previous ethno botanical studies in neighboring
    countries as well as to other parts of the world, where different
    plant species were reported with respect to their preference use
    (Abbasi et al., 2010c; Khan et al., 2013; Cornara et al., 2009; Mitherman et al., 2005).
    The importance and novelty of this study is that no work has
    been done previously on Sarban Hills neither ethno medicinally
    nor statistically by applying UVi, RFCs, FL (%) and JI (%). By comparing this work with literature reveals that some medicinal
    plants have similar uses against various infectious diseases which
    led us to think about its usefulness by making pharmacological
    efcacy studies on the plants used in different regions for similar
    diseases. Therefore, we believe that such studies may contribute to
    research on both traditional ethno botanical knowledge and also
    sourcing of raw materials for the production of commercial
    pharmaceuticals.

    4. Conclusions
    Medicinal plants are playing a vital role in traditional medicines. In present study, versatile and precious data regarding traditional medicinal knowledge of local ora has been documented
    which consists of 74 plant species belonging to 42 families. Most of
    the medicinal plant species were used in treatment of digestive
    problems (9.71%). The UVi and user reports (URs) of the study area
    plants in health care practices were B. lycium (0.91) and C. sativa
    (0.81). The medicinal plant species with greater RFCs were B. lycium (0.313) and Z. nummularia (0.276) and species with highest
    FL% were Z. jujuba (100%) and L. caprifolium (92.31%). The Jaccard
    index reveals that 36% of medicinal plants were reported rst time
    from Abbottabad by their uses and 26% with different medicinal
    uses. B. suaveolens and A. grifthianum were recorded for the rst
    time from Pakistan as well as from aligned regions. Incarvillea

    232

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    emodi was reported for the rst time from Abbottabad region for
    asthma and cough and Dicliptera bupleuroides was for fever. Although, the modern health care facilities are available in the study
    area but the local community still rely on herbal remedies. Many
    important medicinal plant species are near to endanger due to
    over exploitation. The chances of loss of traditional knowledge
    from the human community are always present due to reduction
    of natural resources and modernization of the society. So, it is
    necessary to document this worth traditional knowledge of the
    natural wealth. Future antimicrobial, antivirals, and pharmacological studies are required to ratify the efcacy and safety of the
    medicinal plant species.

    Acknowledgment
    The authors gratefully acknowledge local community of the
    study area for sharing their traditional medicinal knowledge.

    Appendix A. Supplementary material


    Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in
    the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.050.

    References
    Abbasi, A.M., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, M., Qureshi, R., Arshad, M., Jahan, S., Zafar, M.,
    Sultana, S., 2010a. Ethnobotanical study of wound healing herbs among the
    tribal communities in Northern Himalaya ranges district Abbottabad, Pakistan.
    Pak. J. Bot. 42, 37473753.
    Abbasi, A.M., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sarwat, J., Sultana, S., 2010c. Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in
    folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of North-West Frontier Province,
    Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 128, 322335.
    Abbasi, A.M., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., 2010b. Herbal remedies used by the
    inhabitants of Abbottabad District, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 9, 175183.
    Abbasi, A.M., Khan, M.A., Shah, M.H., Shah, M.M., Pervez, A., Ahmad, M., 2013.
    Ethnobotanical appraisal and cultural values of medicinally important wild
    edible vegetables of Lesser Himalayas Pakistan. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 9, 66.
    Afzal, S., Afzal, N., Awan, M.R., Khan, T.S., Gilani, A., Khanum, R., Tariq, S., 2009.
    Ethno-botanical studies from Northern Pakistan. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad
    21, 5257.
    Ahmad, H., 2004. People and Plants Pakistan: Capacity Building in Ethnobotany
    Applied to Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Resources. World Wildlife
    Foundation-Pakistan, University Town, Peshawar, Pakistan.
    Ahmad, K., Ahmad, M., Weckerle, C., 2015. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plant
    knowledge and practice among the tribal communities of Thakht-e-Sulaiman
    Hills, West Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 170, 275283.
    Ahmad, M., Qureshi, R., Arshad, M., Khan, M.A., Zafar, M., 2009. Traditional herbal
    remedies used for the treatment of diabetes from district Attock (Pakistan). Pak.
    J. Bot. 41, 27772782.
    Ahmad, S., Islam, M., Bano, G., Aslam, S., Koukab, S., 2009. Seasonal variation in
    current season and dead biomass of Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss) Stapf in
    highland Baluchistan. Pak. J. Bot. 41, 519528.
    Akhter, N., Rashid, A., Murad, W., Bergmeier, E., 2013. Diversity and use of ethnomedicinal plants in the region of Swat, North Pakistan. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed.
    9, 25.
    Alexiades, M., 1996. Collecting ethno botanical data. An introduction to basic
    concepts and techniques (Ed.). In: Alexiades, M. (Ed.), Selected Guideline for
    Ethno botanical Research: A Field Manual. The New York Botanical Garden, USA
    Sheldon, JW, pp. 5394.
    Ali, H., 2003. Trade of Medicinal Plants in Mingora City. Department of Botany,
    Government Postgraduate College, Bannu.
    Ali, H., Ahmad, H., Yousaf, M., 2003. Trade of local medicinal herbs in Mingora City.
    In: Proceedings of Workshop on Conservation and Sustainable Uses of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Pakistan.
    Ali, S.I., 2008. Signicance of ora with special reference Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 40,
    967971.
    Ali, S.I., Nasir, E., (Eds.) 19702002. Flora of Pakistan, 01-215.
    Ali, S.I., Qaiser, M., 1986. A phytogeographical analysis of phanerogams of Pakistan
    and Kashmir. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 89B, 89101.
    Asase, A., Kadera, M.L., 2014. Herbal medicines for child healthcare from Ghana. J.
    Herb. Med. 4, 2436.
    Badshah, L., Hussain, F., Sher, Z., 2013. Floristic inventory, ecological characteristics

    and biological spectrum of Rangeland, District Tank, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 45,
    11591168.
    Bhattarai, S., Chaudhary, R.P., Quave, C.L., Taylor, R.S.L., 2010. The use of medicinal
    plants in the transhimalayan arid zone of Mustang district, Nepal. J. Ethnobiol.
    Ethnomed. 6, 14.
    Buitron, X., 1999. Ecuador; osu y comercio de plantas medicinales, situacion actual
    y aspectos importantes para su conservacion. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, ReinoUnido.
    Burlakoti, C., Kunwar, R.M., 2008. Folk herbal medicines of Mahakali water shed
    area, far west Nepal In:. Jha, P.K., Karmacharya, S.B., Chettri, M.K., Thapa, C.B.,
    Shrestha, B.B. (Eds.), Medicinal Plants in Nepal: An Anthology of Contemporary
    Research. Ecological Society, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 187193.
    Bussmann, W.R., 2006. Ethnobotany of the Samburu of Mt. Nyiru, South Turkana,
    Kenya. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2, 110.
    Butt, M.A., Ahmad, M., Fatima, A., Sultana, S., Zafar, M., Yaseen, G., Ashraf, M.A.,
    Shinwari, Z.K., Kayani, S., 2015. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment
    of snake and scorpion bite in Northern Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 168,
    164181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.045i.
    Chaudhary, N.I., Schnapp, A., Park, J.E., 2006. Pharmacologic differentiation of inammation and brosis in the rat bleomycin model. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care
    Med. 173, 769776.
    Cornara, L., Rocca, A.L., Marsili, S., Mariotti, M.G., 2009. Traditional uses of plants in
    the Eastern Riviera (Liguria, Italy). J. Ethnopharmacol. 125, 1630 27.
    Dilshad, S.M.R., Ur-Rehman, N., Iqbal, Z., Muhammad, G., Iqbal, A., Ahmed, N., 2008.
    An inventory of the ethnoveterinary practices for reproductive disorders in
    cattle and buffaloes, Sargodha district of Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 117,
    393402.
    Durrani, M.J., Razaq, A., Muhammad, S.G., Hussain, F., 2010. Floristic diversity,
    ecological, characteristics and ethnobotonical prole of plants of Aghberg
    rangelands, Balochistan, Pakistan. Pak. J. Plant Sci. 16, 2936.
    Estomba, D., Ladio, A., Lozada, M., 2006. Medicinal wild plant knowledge and
    gathering patterns in a Mapuche community from North-western Patagonia. J.
    Ethnopharmacol. 103, 109119.
    Giday, M., Afsfaw, Z., Elmqvist, T., Woldu, Z., 2003. An ethnobotanical study of
    medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 85,
    4352.
    Giday, M., Teklehaymanot, T., Animut, A., Mekonnen, Y., 2007. Medicinal plants of
    the Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara peoples in Northwest Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 110, 516525.
    Gilani, S.A., Qureshi, R., Gilani, S.J., 2006. Indigenous uses of some important ethnomedicinal herbs of Ayubia National Park, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Ethnobot.
    Lea. 10, 285293.
    Gilani, S.A., Qureshi, R.A., Farooq, U., 2001. Ethnobotanical studies of Ayubia National Park District Abbottabad. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 1, 284286.
    Gonza, T.M.R., Casares, P.M., Sanchez, R.C.P., Ramiro, G.J.M., Molero, M.J., Pieroni, A.,
    Giusti, M.E., Censorii, E., de Pasquale, C., Della, A., Paraskeva, H.D., Hadijchambis,
    A., Houmani, Z., El-Demerdash, M., El-Zayat, M., Hmamouchi, M., ElJorhig, S.,
    2008. Medicinal plants in the Mediterranean area: synthesis of the results of
    the project RUBIA. J. Ethnopharmacol. 116, 341357.
    Grade, J.T., Tabuti, J.R.S., Van Damme, P., 2009. Ethnoveterinary knowledge in pastoral Karamoja, Uganda. J. Ethnopharmacol. 122, 273293.
    Hamayun, M., Khan, M.A., Hayat, T., 2005. Ethnobotanical prole of Utror and
    Gabral valleys, district Swat, Pakistan. Ethnobot. Lea., 9.
    Haq, I., Hussain, M., 1993. Medicinal Plants of Mansehra. Hamdard Med. 36, 63100.
    Hazrat, A., Nisar, M., Shah, J., Ahmad, S., 2011. Ethnobotanical study of some elite
    plants belonging to Dir, Kohistan Valley, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak. J.
    Bot. 43, 787795.
    Hussain, F., 2003. The Ethno botany of fruit plants and its role in the conservation
    and community development in Drosh valley, Chitral. HCC-OUP.
    Hussain, F., Khaliq, A., 1996. Ethnobotanical studies on some plants of Dabargai
    Hills, Swat. pp. 207215. In: Proceedings of First Training Workshop on Ethnobotany and its Application to Conservation. NARC, Islamabad.
    Ijaz, F., Iqbal, Z., Alam, J., Khan, S.M., Afzal, A., Rahman, I.U., Afzal, M., Islam, M.,
    Sohail, 2015. Ethno Medicinal Study upon folk recipes against various human
    diseases in Sarban Hills, Abbottabad, Pakistan. World J. Zool. 10, 4146.
    Ilker, U., Suleyman, B., Nurettin, Y., Yunus, D., 2009. The investigation and quantitative ethno botanical evaluation of medicinal plants used around Izmir province, Turkey. J. Med. Plants Res. 3, 345367.
    Ishtiaq, M., Mumtaz, A.S., Hussain, T., Ghani, A., 2014. Medicinal plant diversity in
    the ora of Leepa Valley, Muzaffarabad (AJK),Pakistan. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11,
    30873098.
    IUCN Pakistan, 2004. AbbottabadState of the Environment and Development.
    IUCN Pakistan and NWFP: Karachi, Pakistan. xii 136 pp.
    Kayani, S., Ahmad, M., Sultana, S., Shinwari, Z.K., Zafar, M., Yaseen, G., Hussain, M.,
    Bibi, T., 2015. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 164, 186202.
    Khan, A.A., Khan, J., 2011. Market Survey of Useful Plants in the Mountain Region of
    Abbottabad District, Pakistan. World Appl. Sci. J. 14, 510513.
    Khan, K.U., Shah, M., Ahmad, H., Ashraf, M., Rahman, I.U., Iqbal, Z., Khan, S.M., Majid,
    A., 2015a. Investigation of traditional veterinary phytomedicines used in Deosai
    Plateau, Pakistan. Glob. Veter- 15, 381388.
    Khan, M.H., 1998. Biodiversity of medicinal and economic plants in Northern Himalayan Region Azad Kashmir. In: Proceedings of Wild Plant Resources of
    Northern Pakistan at Pak. For. Institute Peshawar, May 1112, 610.
    Khan, S.M., 2012. Plant Communities and Vegetation Ecosystem Services in the
    Naran Valley, Western Himalaya. University of Leicester, England.

    F. Ijaz et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 179 (2016) 208233

    Khan, S.M., Din, N.U., Sohail, Rahman, I.U., Ijaz, F., Iqbal, Z., Ali, Z., 2015b. Ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants of Tehsil Kabal, Distrct Swat, KP,
    Pakistan. Med. Aromat. Plants 4, 14.
    Khan, S.M., Page, S., Ahmad, H., Shaheen, H., Ullah, Z., Ahmad, M., Harper, D., 2013.
    Medicinal Flora and Ethnoecological Knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western
    Himalaya, Pakistan. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 9, 4.
    Khan, Z.S., Khuroo, A.A., Dar, G.H., 2004. Ethnobotanical survey of Uri, Kashmir
    Himalaya. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 3, 351357.
    Khattak, N.S., Nouroz, F., Rahman, I.U., Noreen, S., 2015. Ethno veterinary uses of
    medicinal plants of district Karak, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 171, 273279.
    Kosalge, S.B., Fursule, R.A., 2009. Investigation of ethnomedicinal claims of some
    plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills in India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 121,
    456461.
    Ladio, A., Lozada, M., Weigandt, M., 2007. Comparison of traditional wild plant
    knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J. Arid. Environ. 69 (4), 695715.
    Leonti, M., Casu, L., Sanna, F., Bonsignore, L., 2009. A comparison of medicinal plant
    use in Sardinia and Sicilyve material medicare visited. J. Ethnopharmacol. 121,
    255267.
    Leonti, M., Sticher, O., Heinrich, M., 2003. Antiquity of medicinal plant usage in two
    Macro-Mayan ethnic groups (Mexico). J. Ethnopharmacol. 88, 119124.
    Lewington, A., 1990. Plants for People. Natural History Museum Publications,
    London.
    Luitel, D.R., Rokaya, M.B., Timsina, B., Munzbergova, Z., 2014. Medicinal plants used
    by the Tamang community in Makwanpur district of central Nepal. J. Ethnobiol.
    Ethnomed. 10, 5.
    Lulekal, E., Asfaw, Z., Kelbessa, E., Damme, P.V., 2013. Ethnomedicinal study of
    plants used for human ailments in Ankober district, North Shewa Zone, Amhara
    Region, Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 9, 63.
    Matin, A., Khan, M.A., Ashraf, M., Qureshi., R.A., 2001. Traditional Use of Herbs
    Shrubs and Trees of Shogran Valley, Mansehra, Pakistan. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 4,
    11011107.
    Mesn, F., Demissew, S., Teklehaymanot, T., 2009. An ethnobotanical study of plants
    used by people in Zegie Peninsula, Northwestern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 5, 28.
    Mitherman, L.C., Janisse, J., Mathur, A., 2005. The use of folk remedies among
    children in an urban black community: remedies for fever, colic, and teething.
    Pediatrics 3, 297304.
    Moerman, D., 1998. Native American Ethnobotany. Portland Timber Press, Oregon,
    Portland.
    Monteiro, M.V.B., Bevilaqua, C.M.L., Palha, M.D.C., Braga, R.R., Schwanke, K., Rodrigues, S.T., Lameira, O.A., 2011. Ethnoveterinary knowledge of the inhabitants
    of Marajo' Island, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Acta Amaz. 41, 233242.
    Muhammad, G., Khan, M.Z., Hussain, M.H., Iqbal, Z., Iqbal, M., Athar, M., 2005.
    Ethnoveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad city (Pakistan). J. Ethnopharmacol. 97, 241246.
    Mukherjee, P.K., Nema, N.K., Venkatesh, P., Debnath, P.K., 2012. Changing scenario
    for promotion and development of Ayurveda way forward. J. Ethnopharmacol.
    143, 424434.
    Mukherjee, P.K., Wahile, A., 2006. Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicines. J. Ethnopharmacol.
    103, 2535.
    Noor, M.J., Kalsoom, U., 2011. Ethnobotanical studies of selected plant species of
    Ratwal Village, District Attock, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 43, 781786.
    Pamungkas, R.N., Indriyani, S., Hakim, L., 2013. The ethnobotany of homegardens
    along rural corridors as a basis for ecotourism planning: a case study of Rajegwesi village, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. J. Biodivers. Environ. Sci. 3, 6069.
    Pei, S., 2001. Ethno botanical approaches of traditional medicine studies: some
    experiences from Asia. Pharm. Bot. 39, 7479.
    Phillips, O.L., Hall, P., Gentry, A.H., Sawyer, S.A., Vasquez, R., 1994. Dynamics and
    species richness of tropical forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91.
    Qureshi, R., 2002. Ethnobotany of Rohri Hills, Sindh, Pakistan. Hamdard Med. 45,
    8694.
    Qureshi, R.A., Ahmah, I., Ishtiaq, M., 2006. Ethnobotany and phytosociological
    studies of Tehsil Gugar Khan district Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Asian J. Plant Sci. 5,

    233

    890893.
    Qureshi, R.A., Ghufran, M., Gilani, S.A., Abbas, G.Y., Batool, A., 2009. Indigenous
    medicinal Plants used by local women in Southern Himalayan Regions of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 41, 1925.
    Qureshi, S.J., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, M., 2008. A survey of useful medicinal plants of
    Abbottabad in Northern Pakistan. Trakia J. Sci. 6, 3951.
    Saqib, Z., Mahmood, A., Malik, R.N., Mahmood, A., Syed, J.H., Ahmad, T., 2014. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in Kotli Sattian, Rawalpindi district,
    Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 151, 820828.
    Sargn, S.A., Akicek, E., Selvi, S., 2013. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants
    used by the local people of Alaehir (Manisa) in Turkey. J. Ethnopharmacol. 150,
    860874.
    Schlage, C., Mabula, C., Mahunnah, R.L.A., Heinrich, M., 2000. Medicinal plants of
    the Washambaa (Tanzania): documentation and ethnopharmacological evaluation. J. Plant Biol. 2, 8392.
    Shah, G.M., Ahmad, M., Arshad, M., Khan, M.A., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., 2012. Ethnophyto-veterinary medicines in Northern Pakistan. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 22,
    791797.
    Shah, G.M., Jamal, Z., Hussain, M., 2013a. Phytotherapy among the rural women of
    District Abbotabad. Pak. J. Bot. 45, 253261.
    Shah, N.A., Khan, M.R., Ahmad, B., Noureen, F., Rashid, U., Khan, R.A., 2013b. Investigation on avonoid composition and anti-free radical potential of Sida
    cordata. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 13, 276.
    Shah, N.A., Khan, M.R., Nadhman, A., 2014a. Antileishmanial, toxicity and phytochemical evaluation of medicinal plants collected from Pakistan. Biomed. Res.
    Int. 2014, 384204.
    Shah, N.A., Khan, M.R., Naz, K., Khan, M.A., 2014b. Antioxidant potential, DNA
    protection and HPLCDAD analysis of neglected medicinal Jurinea dolomiaea
    roots. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, 726241.
    Sher, H., Hussain, F., 2009. Ethnobotanical evaluation of some plant resources in
    Northern part of Pakistan. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8, 40664076.
    Sher, H., Hussain, M.A., 2007. Sustainable Utilization and Economic Utilization of
    Some Plant Resources in Northern Pakistan. Acta Bot. Yunnanica 29, 207214.
    Shinwari, M.I., Khan, M.A., 1999. Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla Hills National Park. Islamabad. J. Ethnopharmacol. 33, 5260.
    Shinwari, M.I., Khan, M.A., 2000. Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margalla Hills
    National Park, Islamabad. J. Ethnopharmacol. 69, 4556.
    Shinwari, Z.K., Gilani, S.S., 2003. Sustainable harvest of medicinal plants at Bulashbar Nullah, Astore (Northern Pakistan). J. Ethnopharmacol. 84, 289298.
    Signorini, M.A., Piredda, M., Bruschi, P., 2009. Plants and traditional knowledge: an
    ethnobotanical investigation on Monte Ortobene (Nuoro, Sardinia). J. Ethnobiol.
    Ethnomed. 5, 6.
    Smita, R., Sangeeta, R., Kumar, S.S., Soumya, S., Deepak, P., 2012. An ethno botanical
    survey of medicinal plants in Semiliguda of Koraput District, Odisha, India. Bot.
    Res. Int. 5, 97105.
    Tardio, J., Pardo-de-Santayana, M., 2008. Cultural importance indices: a comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of Southern Cantabria (Northern
    Spain). Econ. Bot. 62, 2439.
    Teklehaymanot, T., Giday, M., 2007. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used
    by people in Zegie Peninsula, Northwestern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 3,
    112.
    Ullah, S., Khan, M.R., Shah, N.A., Shah, S.A., Majida, M., Farooq, M.A., 2014. Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 158, 412422.
    Upreti, Y., Asselin, H., Boon, E.K., Yadav, S., Shrestha, K.K., 2010. Indigenous use and
    bio-efcacy of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district central Nepal. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 6, 3.
    Vendruscolo, G.S., Mentz, L.A., 2006. Estudo da concordancia das citacoes de uso e
    importancia das especies e famlias utiliza das como medicinais pela comunidade dobairro Ponta Grossa, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 2, 367382.
    Vitalini, S., Tome, F., Fico, G., 2009. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Valvestino
    (Italy). J. Ethnopharmacol. 121, 106116.
    Wolda, H., 1981. Similarity indices, sample size and diversity. Oecologia 50,
    296302.

    S-ar putea să vă placă și