L.E.C. - An II - Munteanu

Universitatea 1 Decembrie 1918, Alba Iulia
Facultatea: Filologie
Specializare: Romana Engleza, I.D.D., Anul II
Cadru didactic: asist. drd. Alexandra Munteanu
Disciplina: Limba Engleza Contemporana, Seminar
CONTENTS
THE VERB
1. TENSE AND TIME
1.1 Present Time: Present Simple and Continuous
1.2 Past Time: Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect
Continuous, Used To, Would
1.3 Present Perfect (Simple and Continuous)
1.4 Future Time
2. UNREAL TENSES AND SUBJUNCTIVES
3. MODAL VERBS
4. THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE
5. THE INFINITIVE AND THE -ING FORM
THE ADVERB
1. Adverbs of Manner
2. Adverbs of Time
3. Adverbial Phrases of Duration
4. Adverbs of Frequency
5. Adverbs of Degree
6. Intensifiers
7. Adding and Limiting Adverbs
8. Viewpoint Adverbs
9. Connecting Adverbs
10. Inversion after Negative Adverbs
THE PREPOSITION
1. Relationships in Space
2. Relationships in Time
3. Prepositions + Nouns
4. Prepositions Following Verbs
5. Preposition Following Adjectives

6. Compound Prepositions
7. Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases
THE CONJUNCTION
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
REFERENCES
THE VERB
1. TENSE AND TIME

1.1 PRESENT TIME: Present Simple and Continuous
Put the verbs in brackets at the right tense.
1. Jack is so lazy that he .. (never,get) up before nine oclock.
2. Please move: . (stand) in my way.
3. What on earth (you, try) to draw? It looks odd.
4. What . (make) things fall to the ground? Gravity.
5. In autumn, the trees (lose) their leaves.
6. . (you, know) where my hat is?
7. Listen! Someone .. (sing) over there.
8. I . (think) thats a good idea.
9. We (have) lunch in town tomorrow.
10. In this letter, Jean .. (say) she is very busy.
(M.D. Munro Mackenzie)
Choose the most appropriate words in italics.
1. I havent decided yet about whether to buy a new car or a second-hand one. But I think
about it/ Im thinking about it.
2. All right, you try to fix the television! But I hope/ Im hoping you know what you are
doing.
3. Every year I visit/ Im visiting Britain to improve my English.
4. Its time we turned on the central heating. It gets/ its getting colder every day.
5. Of course, youre Mary, arent you! I recognise/Im recognising you now.
6. Whats the matter? Why do you look/ are you looking at me like that.
7. The film of War and Peace is very long. It last/ its lasting over four hours.
8. I can see from what you say that your mornings are very busy! But what do you do/ are
you doing in the afternoons?
9. Im going to buy a new swimming costume. My old one doesnt fit/ isnt fitting
any more.
10. That must be the end of the first part of the performance. What happens now/
is happening now?
(Michael Vince)
Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.
1. What exactly B?
A) is this job involving
B) does this job involve
2. Who exactly ?
A) does own this car?
B) does this car belong to ?
3. that we have been here for six months already!

A) Do you realise
B) Are you realising
4. Id like to stay longer. But .. just for the weekend.

A) I come
B) Ive come
5. Terry is in bed. He . flu.

A) has
B) is having
6. This new teaching job is really difficult, but .

A) I survive
B) Im surviving
7. What on that notice?

A) does it write
B) does it say
8. Ladies and gentlemen, I this ship HMS Highlight.

A) name
B) am naming
9. Absolutely! I .. with you completely.

A) agree
B) am agreeing
10. . this car. Do you want to buy it?

A) I sell
B) Im selling
Put each verb in brackets into the most suitable present tense.
1.
I .. (hear) that you have been promoted. Congratulations!
2.
British people (drink) more and more wine, apparently.
3.
I hope Sarah will be here soon. I (depend) on her.
4.
Please be quiet! You (continually interrupt).
5.
Hey, you! What .. (you think) youre doing?
6.
Could you come here, please? I . (want) to talk to you now.
7.
Jane is away on holiday so Linda . (handle) her work.
8.
To be honest, I .. (doubt) whether Jim will be here next week.
9.
Youve only just started the job, havent you? How (you get on)?
10. Pay no attention to Graham. He .. (just be) sarcastic again.

Rewrite each sentence so that the meaning stays the same.
1. Whats your opinion of Teds new book?
What do you think of Teds new book?
2. Nigel keeps interrupting me.
Nigel is ..
3. What is the meaning of this word?
What does
4. The number of people who own bicycles is increasing!
More and more people .
5. What about going to that new film at the Rex tonight?
How do .
6. What is the weight of that piece of meat?
How much .
7. Never mind about the price, just buy it!
The price ..
8. Theres a smell of onions in this room.
This room .
9. What is inside the box?
What does
10. Paul has flu.
Paul is ..
Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the words in capitals, and so the meaning stays the
same.
1. Charles and his father are alike. (LOOKS)
.
2. The cost of excursions is part of the price of the holiday. (INCLUDES)
.
3.
I find working here really enjoyable. (ENJOYING)

.
4. I study hard, so I spent a lot of time in the library. (MEANS)

.
5. Whats your opinion of Wendys new painting? (THINK)
..
6. Sunrise is at 4.30 tomorrow morning. (THE SUN)
7. Whats on your mind on the moment? (ABOUT)

.
8. Neil has the bad habit of getting in peoples way. (ALWAYS)
.
9. I am losing my voice. (GOING)
10. How long is that wall? (DOES)

..
Choose the most suitable word or phrase in italics.
1. I work in this office all the year/ all the time.
2. Are you studying French for long/ at the moment?
3. I am not making much money these days/ so far this year.
4. The food tastes worse now/ usually. Youve put too much salt in it.
5. We normally/ forever get in touch with customers by post.
6. Peter is ill but he is getting over his illness currently/ now.
7. Im feeling rather run down lately/ at present, doctor.
8. I always stay on duty since/ until six oclock.
9. People continually/ traditionally prepare coloured eggs at Easter.
10. Fortunately the baby now/ recently sleeps all night.
1.2 PAST TIME: Past Simple ,Past Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect
Continuous, Used To, Would
Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense (past simple or continuous)
1. When the policeman held up his hand, traffic . (stop).

2. While I (write) to aunt Mary, the bell rang.
3. All the time I was trying to write my letter, he (whistle).
4. Whenever he was thinking deeply, he (scratch) his head.
5. I .. (answer) his letter promptly.
6. As it (rain), I remained indoors.
7. As it .. (get) late, I tried to work faster.
8. As soon as I .. (see) him, I recognized him.
9. Jack .. (break) a tooth while he was eating nuts.
10. I .. (not listen) so I didnt hear what you said.
Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense (past perfect simple or continuous)
1. When I counted the change, I found I (swindle).
2. My friend (laugh) so long that his sides ached.
3. The baby went to sleep soon after it (put) in its cot.
4. After I (dig) for two hours, I got a backache.
5. He came back before I (dig) even half the flower-bed.
6. I .. (hardly, begin) my work when in came the Professor.
7. We .. (wait) for an hour when the train arrived.
8. It was only longer after I (hear) his story that I realized it was a joke.
9. I . (not work) long before I smelt something burning.
10. After I (finish) my work, I went to bed.
Supply the simple past or the simple past perfect. Show when both are possible.
1. They .. the gates before I .there. (lock, get)
2. By the time we ., the party .. (arrive, finish)
3. I the shop as soon as I .. the contents of the box. (ring,
check)
4. After we . it on the phone, I him a letter about it.
(discuss, write)
5. We .. a good rest when our guests (have, leave)
6. When she .. the office this morning, Jim, (ring, already go

out)
7. Before we .. Tim to the theatre, he .. a stage play before. (take,
never seen)
8. I .. the carpet when the dog .. in and himself. (just
clean, come, shake)
9. He . to do the job in an hour, but he still . by 10 oclock.
(promise, not to finish)
(L.G. Alexander)
Choose the most suitable words.
1. When you passed the town hall clock, did you noticed/ were you noticing what time it
was?
2. Last night my neighbours were shouting/ would shout for hours and I couldnt get to
sleep.
3. When you lived in London, did you use to travel/ were you travelling by bus?
4. Everyone was having a good time, although not many people danced/ were dancing.
5. - Excuse me, but this seat is mine.
- Im sorry, I didnt realise/ hadnt realised that you were sitting there.
6. Jill didnt eat/ hadnt eaten all day, so she was really hungry at this point.
7. Paul has forgetten to book the tickets Im afraid.
- He was always doing/ would do something like that!
8. It took a while for me to notice, but then I did. Everyone stared/ was staring at me. What
had I done wrong?
9. Nobody bothered to tell me that the school decided/ had decided to have a special holiday
that Friday.
10. I was trying/ tried to get in touch with you all day yesterday. Where were you?
Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word or words in capitals. Do not change the words
in any way.
1. I intended to call you yesterday, but I forgot. (GOING)
I was going to call you yesterday, but I forgot.
2. We used to spend Sunday afternoons working in the garden. (WOULD)
...............................................................................................................
3. Paul had the irritating habit of making trouble. (ALWAYS)

........................................................................................
4. Diana was always as rude as that. (BE)
...............................................................
5. I felt happy about the improvement in Jeans condition. (BETTER)
.........................................................................................................
6. I wasnt very keen on sport in those days. (USE)
.............................................................................
7. I might possibly go to the theatre tonight. (WAS)
...............................................................................
8. I had to go past your house so I decided to drop in. (PASSING)
..................................................................................................
9. Susan booked out before we got to her hotel. (BY THE TIME)
.................................................................................................
10. What did you do at the moment of the explosion? (WHEN)
.......................................................................................
(Michael Vince)
1.3 PRESENT PERFECT (SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS)

Choose the most appropriate tense in italics (Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect
Continuous or Past Simple)
1. I cant believe it, inspector. You mean that Smith stole/ has stolen/ has been stealing
money from the till all this time!
2. You three boys look very guilty! What did you do/ have done/ have you been doing since
I left/ have left the room?
3. Why on earth didnt you tell/ havent you told me about that loose floorboard? I tripped/
have tripped over it just now and hurt myself.
4. Its a long time since I saw/ have seen/ have been seeing your brother Paul. What did he
do/ has he done/ has he been doing lately?
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5. I cant believe that you ate/ have eaten/ have been eating three pizzas already! I only
bought/ have only bought them fifteen minutes ago!
(Michael Vince)
Put each verb in brackets into the most appropriate tense.

1. Im sorry I . (not come) to class lately. I .. (work)
late in the evenings for the past fortnight.
2. So far we .. (not notice) anything unusual, but we .. (not
pay) very close attention.
3. I wonder if Mary (reach) home yet? She .. (leave) too late to
catch the bus.
4. Here is the news. The Home Office . (announce) that the two prisoners
who
(escape)
from
Dartmoor
prison
earlier
this
morning
(give themselves up) to local police.

5. . (you make up) your minds? What .. (you decide) to do?
Complete each sentence a) to j) with an appropriate ending from 1) to 10). Do not use an ending
more than once.
a)
I havent been feeling very well .
1) time and time again.
b)
I went to the dentists .
2) all my life.
c)
Ive lived here
3) so far.
d) Dont worry. I havent been waiting 4) for the time being.

e) Ive written two pages ..
5) for the past hour or two.
f) I waited outside your house
6) yet.
g) Ive warned you about this .
7) till half past eight.
h) I havent made a decision .
8) for a while.
i)
The repair worked
9) the other day.
j)
I decided to believe you .
10) long.
Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
1. Its a long time since I last went to a football match.
I havent .
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2. This is my second visit to Hungary.

This is the second time ..
3. I paid this bill earlier, actually.
Actually Ive
4. We havent been swimming for ages.
Its ages .
5. Mary started learning French five years ago.
Mary has .
6. I am on the tenth page of the letter I am writing.
So far I .
7. After I arrived here I started to feel better.
Since arriving here, ..
8. Its over twenty years since weve got married.
We have
9.
The last time I saw him was in 1985.

I havent
10. There is a definite improvement in your work.

Lately your work .
Choose the most appropriate phrase or word in italics.
1. Its a long time since/ when I last saw you.
2. Ive seen Bill quite often lately/ from time to time.
3. Have you spoken to the director beforehand/ already?
4. Ive lived in the same house for years/ for ever.
5. Ive read the paper now/ still.
6. Diana has bought a computer two years ago/ since then.
7. Nothing much has been happening by now/ so far.
8. I finished reading her book at last/ this evening.
9. Sue has bought a CD player last week and shes been listening to music ever since/ for a
while.
10. Sorry, but I havent got that work finished already/ yet.
(Michael Vince)
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1.4 FUTURE TIME

Put the verb in brackets into a suitable tense. (shall/will future or any present time)
1. Tomorrow, I will tell him what you . (already, tell) me today.
2. Dont forget to ring up Aunt Jane before you .. (go) out.
3. When Ive finished this, I .. (tell) you a funny story.
4. My work . (do) before the bell rings.
5. What . (you, say) when you see him?
6. When I .. (do) this crossword, Ill go for a walk.
7. I (do) my best when I face that danger tomorrow.
8. This evening, while we . (sit) by the fire, Ill tell you all about it.
9. While I . (have) lunch, I listen to the news.
10. When I have a long white beard, I . (be) much older than I am now.
Choose the most appropriate words.
1. Jack is/ is going to be sixty-five next month so he retires/ will be retiring.
2. Quick, here comes a police car! What will we say/ are we going to say about the broken
window?
3. Helen and Andrew are due to separate/ are on the point of separating.
4. Dont be so impatient! Ill just come/ Im just coming.
5. I have to be back at 3.30 so Im leaving/ I leave before lunch.
6. What do you think youll be doing/ youll do in five years time?
7. Come on, get a move on, or well miss/ well have missed the plane!
8. Will you be working/ Will you work the week after Christmas? I was thinking of visiting
you.
9. By the time Jean gets back, itll be/ it will have been too late.
10. Dont phone after 11.00. Ill be/ Ill have been asleep.
Choose the most appropriate continuation for each sentence.
1. Paulas flight is bound to be late although
A) it arrives at 6.00. B) its due at 6.00. C) its arriving at six.
2. Its no use phoning Bob at the office, he
A) will be leaving.
B) is leaving. C) will have left
3. Everyone says that this year City
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A) are going to win the Cup. B) are winning the Cup. C) win the Cup.
4. I dont feel like visiting my relatives this year so
A) I wont go. B) Im not going. C) I dont go.
5. According to the latest forecast, the tunnel
A) will be finished next year. B) will have been finished next year.
6. You can borrow this calculator, I
A) am not going to need it. B) wont have been needing it. C) am not needing it
7. Im sorry dinner isnt ready yet, but it
A) is going to be ready in a minute B) will have been ready in a minute C) will be ready
in a minute
8. Can you send me the results as soon as you
A) hear anything? B) are hearing anything? C) will have heard anything?
9. You can try asking Martin for help but
A) it wont do you any good. B) its not doing you any good. C) it wont be doing you
any good.
10. Dont worry about the mistake you made, nobody
A) will notice. B) is noticing. C) will be noticing.
Choose the most appropriate word or phrase.
1. Ill be back after a few minutes/ in a few minutes.
2. Im sure that everything will be all right at the end/ in the end.
3. Please call me the moment/ exactly when you hear any news.
4. I should be back by the time/ at the time the film begins.
5. Im sure Fiona will be here before long/ after a while.
6. I cant leave on Tuesday. I wont be ready until then/ by then.
7. By twenty four hours/ this time tomorrow Ill be in Bangkok.
8. Diana will be retiring soon/ already.
9. There will be no official announcements forthwith/ from now on.
10. Bye for now. Ill see you in two weeks time/ two weeks later.
Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the words in capitals. Do not change the word in any
way.
1. What time is the train for Nottingham. (LEAVE)
What time does the train for Nottingham leave?
14
2. What do you intend to do now? (GOING)

..
3. Youll find me waiting outside the station. (BE)
4. Who will be your assistant on this project? (WORKING)
5. Scientists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough. (ABOUT)
6. Maria is pregnant again. (HAVE)

..
7. Ill be home late. (UNTIL)
..
8. No one knows who is going to win the match. (WHAT)
.
9. David is bound to be here on time. (WONT)
..
10. Mary and Alans wedding is next weekend. (MARRIED)
..
(Michael Vince)
2. UNREAL TENSES AND SUBJUNCTIVES

Choose between hope and wish in each sentence
1. I hope/ wish Ill see you again soon.
2. I hope/ wish I knew the answer.
3. I hope/wish the weather improves soon.
4. I hope/ wish you didnt have to go.
5. I hope/ wish youd stop shouting so much.
6. I hope/ wish nothing goes wrong.
7. I hope/ wish it would stop raining.
8. I hope/ wish you can come to my party.
9. I hope/ wish you dont mind.
10. I hope/ wish we could meet next week.
15
Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense.

1. I would say it was time you (start) working seriously.
2. Id rather you (not watch) television while Im reading.
3. I wish I .. (spend) more time swimming last summer.
4. Helen is so bossy. She acts as if she . (own) the place.
5. I wish you (not keep) coming late to class.
6. Suppose a complete stranger (leave) you a lot of money in their will!
7. I wish I . (go) to your party after all.
8. Id rather you (sit) next to Susan, please.
9. The government demanded that the ambassador . (be) recalled.
10. You are lucky going to Italy. I wish I .. (go) with you.
Correct the error or errors in each sentence.
1. I wish I bought that old house.
2. Id rather you dont eat all that bread.
3. Its time I go.
4. I wish I own a motorbike.
5. I wish we are not leaving in the morning.
6. Sue would rather reading than watching TV.
7. Come what comes, Ill be on your side.
8. I hope it would stop raining.
9. Id prefer you didnt wait.
10. I wish I didnt listen to you before.
Complete each sentence with one word.
1. Its . time you learned to look after yourself!
2. I wish you . try listening to me just for once!
3. I .. rather not go by bus, if possible.
4. . that as it may, it doesnt alter the seriousness of the problem.
5. I wish Carol .. be here to see you all.
6. We both wish you .. staying longer.
7. You . as if you had played in the match instead of watching it!
8.
.. they offered you the job of managing director!
9. I really wish we .. married.
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10. I you didnt mind my phoning so late.

Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the words in capitals, and so that the meaning stays the
same.
1. Do you ever regret not going to university? (WISH)
Do you ever wish you had gone to university?
2. I should really be leaving. (TIME)
..
3. Id rather have beer than wine. (PREFER)
4. Jack doesnt know all the answers, though he pretends to. (ACTS)
5. Id love to be able to go with you to the opera. (WISH)

.
6. It would be better if you didnt stay long. (RATHER)
7. The management insisted on our wearing dark suits. (WEAR)

..
8. Why do you have to complain all the time? (WISH)
.
9. I dont want to go to the meeting. (RATHER)
.
10. I wish I hadnt sold that old painting. (PITY)
..
Rewrite each, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
1. It would be nice to be able to fly.
I wish I could fly!
2. I wish I hadnt heard that!
Id rather you .
3.
Everyone wished they had listened more carefully to the lecture.

Everyone regretted .
4. Unfortunately Ive got to work late tonight.

I wish .
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5. Is it better for me to leave?

Would you .
6. Its a pity I cant borrow your car.
I wish you would ..
7. We really must discuss this again.
Its important that ..
8. Its a pity you were driving so fast.
I wish you
9. May the President live a long time!
Long .
10. Jack prefers me not to say anything about the missing money.
Jack would rather ..
(Michael Vince)
3. MODAL VERBS
Use suitable forms of have to only when it is impossible to use must.
1. You . take a taxi if you intend to catch the next train.
2. Since the new boss took over, we .. change our working methods.
3. We .. talk about this again tomorrow.
4. If you .. bring up a large family, you wouldnt have so much money to spend.
5. I was late for work this morning because I .. go to the bank first.
6. I (not) .. speak French since I was at school.
7. I hate .. wait for people who dont know how to keep appointments.
8. He .. get up early tomorrow morning if he wants to see the sunrise.
Supply can, cant, couldnt, was/were able to, managed to. Alternatives are possible.
1. A good 1500-metre runner . run the race in under four minute.
2. Bill is so unfit he . run at all!
3. Our baby is only nine months and he . already stand up!
4. When I was younger, I speak Italian much better than I now.
5. .. she speak German very well? No, she .. speak German
at all.
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6. He draw or paint at all when he was a boy, but now hes a famous artist.
7. After weeks of training, I .. swim a length of the baths underwater.
8. It took a long time, but in the end Tony .. save enough to buy his own hi-fi.
9. Did you buy any fresh fish in the market? No, I . get any.
10. For days the rescuers looked for the lost climbers in the snow. On the fourth day they saw
them and reach them without too much trouble.
Rephrase these notices to give or refuse permission. Begin each sentence with You
1. Thank you for not smoking.
You may not smoke.
2. No camping or picnicking. .
3. Fishing strictly forbidden. ..
4. Campers welcome. ..
5. Private Keep Out.
6. Do not lean out of the window. ..
7. Leave your litter here.
8. No stopping.
Replace will be able to with can where possible in the sentences below.
1. Shell be able to drive by the end of next week.
2. Well be able to go to the seaside tomorrow. .
3. Shell be able to drive you home tomorrow. ..
4. Ill be able to play chess soon.
5. Ill be able to play a game of chess with you tomorrow.
6. You will be able to use my computer during the weekend.
7. You will be able to operate this computer after a bit of practice. .
Supply must be, cant be, or mustnt be.
Write D (=Deduction) or O (= Obligation) beside each sentence.
1. The meeting is at 10 oclock sharp and you late.
2. You . at the station ten minutes before the departure of the train.
3. The children tired already! Weve only been walking for ten minutes.
4. The children thirsty. They havent had a drink for hours.
5. Did you hear that? It . someone walking about in our garden.
19
6. I dont recognize the handwriting on this envelope. It . from anyone we

know.
7. Your handwriting clear, otherwise no one will be able to read it.
8. You .. a nuisance when youre a guest in someones house.
9. Dont panic! We . late for the train. It doesnt leave till 10.05.
10. We late for the train or well miss our connection.
Put in must have been, cant/ couldnt have been, have to/ had to (be), didnt have to (be).
1. He knows a lot about flying planes. He . a pilot when he was young.
2. Vera at the supermarket this morning. I didnt see her there.
3. John at the bank till 10, so he only arrived here five minutes ago.
4. When (she) at the hospital? Early this morning.
5. We had enough foreign currency left at the end of the holiday, so I to buy
any more.
6. Monica knew exactly what to do. I . tell her twice.
7. There are so many nice things for tea, I think you . expecting us.
8. There an accident on South Street because the road is closed off.
9.
You waiting long. After all, Im only five minutes late.
10. When I was a boy we .. sitting at our desks working before the boss got in.
Supply mustnt or neednt/ dont have to/ havent got to.
1. You work such long hours. You wont earn any more.
2. They wear a uniform. Its not obligatory.
3. She . leave the office last. She can go when shes ready.
4. You really .. waste money like that. It worries your parents.
5. Visitors .. enter the laboratories without permission.
6. We always wear protective clothing in the factory.
7. You . go to the party if you dont want to. Nobodys forcing you.
8. He .. do the job today, as long as it gets done some time this week.
9. Surely we leave home yet. Its far too early to go to the station.
10. Passengers.. smoke in the toilets.
Supply neednt have or didnt have to and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1.
I .. the plumber. I learnt later that John had already phoned him. (phone)
20
2.
I .. the plumber. I knew John had already phoned him. (phone)
3.
You your umbrella after all. It hasnt rained. (bring)
4.
The forecast was for fine weather so I knew I my umbrella. (bring)
5.
I these clothes. I didnt know they had already been washed. (wash)
6.
I .. a meal last night because we went out and the food I prepared was
uneaten.(cook)
Respond to these statements with shouldnt have done that or oughtnt to have done that.
1. I had to stop on the motorway. .
2. John read your letter.
3. Frank and Jane sat in the sun all day. ..
4. Jane left the front door unlocked.
5. I borrowed your car this morning.
Fill in the blanks with forms of used to or the past progressive.
1. We .. for long walks in the country when we were kids. (go)
2. I .getting up early when I was young. In fact, I still dont like it. (like)
3. . you . eating vegetables when you were young? (like)
4. I . drive to get to work, but I dont any longer. (have to)
5. I never . Sundays, but I do now. (enjoy)
6. I .. a bath when you phoned me. (have)
7. She .. an employee at the post office before she started her own business.
(be)
8. There open field all round our town when I was a boy. (be)
9. John and I abroad last year. (work)
10. it .. here yesterday? (rain)
What do the sentences below express? Choose a, b, c, or d.
a courage b lack of courage c challenge d outrage
1. You dare raise your voice!
2. I dare you to put a spider in her desk.
3. How dare you speak to me like that?
4. Hes the only person wholl dare (to) stand up to her!
5.
I wanted to ask for some time off, but I didnt dare.
21
6. Jills friends dared her to bring her pet snake to class.

7. I darent ask for any more money.
8. He lost his job because he dared (to) speak out.
9. Dont you dare do anything like that in public again!
10. I darent have said so at the time, but I was very bored.
Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences.
Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c (subjunctive).
1. Marion proposed that a gift for Jim who would soon be leaving the
firm. (we/ buy)
2. The travel agent recommended that .. driving abroad during the holidays.
(we/ avoid)
3. I suggest that .. this matter during the meeting. (he/not raise)
4. All I ask is that .. the rules. (they/ not break)
5. What does he advise . ? (she/ do)
6. Its not good demanding that our performance. Were doing our best. (we/
improve)
7. I would only request that good care of this flat while youre living in it.
(you/ take)
8. Her solicitor insisted that she .. in signing the contract. (not/ delay)
9. I suggest a taxi if we want to get to the meeting on time. (we/ take)
10. He asked that to visit his children once a week. (he/ be allowed)
(L. G. Alexander)

1. I dont think you could/ should tell anyone yet.
2. I couldnt/ shouldnt possibly leave without paying.
3. That mustnt/ cant be the hotel Jane told us about.
4. There are times when the traffic here can/ could be really heavy.
5. We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could/ must be better.
6. You couldnt/ shouldnt really be singing here.
7. You could/ may be older than me, but that doesnt mean youre cleverer.
8. I might/ should suppose your job is rather difficult.
22
9. Im afraid that nobody should/ would help me in that kind of situation.

10. No member of the association must/ shall remove official documents from these premises
without written permission.
same.
1. I expect this beach will be deserted. (SHOULD)
This beach should be deserted.
2. The climb is possibly dangerous. (COULD)
.
3. Arthur is sometimes really irritating. (CAN)
..
4. You cant borrow my car! (WONT)
..
5. How about going to the theatre instead? (COULD)
.
6. Do you want me to turn off the oven, or not? (SHOULD)
7. I dont think Harry is likely to resign. (WOULD)
8. Im sure this isnt the way to Norwich. (CANT)
9. It would be all the same if we gave up now. (MIGHT)
10. Please turn off the light before leaving. (SHOULD)
1. That cant have been/ shouldnt have been Nick that you saw.
2. You had to give me/ might have given me a hand!
3. I caught a later train because I had to see/ must have seen a client.
4. I suppose Bill should have lost/ might have lost his way.
5. I didnt refuse the cake, as it must have been/ would have been rude.
6. I dont know who rang, but it could have been/ must have been Jim.
7. It was odd that you should have bought/ would have bought the same car.
8. I asked them to leave but they couldnt/ wouldnt go.
9. Its a pity you didnt ask because I could help/ could have helped you.
10. Its your own fault, you cant have/ should have gone to bed so late.
23
same.
1. It wasnt very nice of you not to invite me to your party! (MIGHT)
..
2. Thank you very much for buying me flowers! (SHOULDNT)
3. It wouldnt have been right to let you do all the work on your own. (COULDNT)
4. I dont believe that you have lost your keys again! (CANT)
.
5. Mary was a talented violinist at the age of ten. (PLAY)
.
6. Perhaps they didnt notice the tyre was flat. (MIGHT)
7. The results are expected tomorrow. (KNOW)

.
8. They escaped possible injury when the car crashed. (HAVE)
..
9. A visa wasnt necessary after all. (NEED)
.
10. Apparently somebody has borrowed the cassette player. (HAVE)
.
(Michael Vince)
4. THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE

1 Basic forms of the passive
Rewrite these sentences in the passive.
1. They owe a lot of money to the bank.
A lot of money is owed to the bank.
2. They had proved that there is no life on the moon.
It .
24
3. You can buy videos like this one anywhere.

..
4. Someone has to write the history of the European Community one day.
.
5. Someone may have already written the history of the European
Community.
..
6. When we arrived home, we found that someone had broken one of our
windows.
7. They have sold their car to pay their debts.

..
8. They hold a meeting in the village hall once a week.
(L.G. Alexander)
2. The passive with progressive forms
Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words provided.
1. The manager always welcomes new employees.
New employees are always welcomed by the manager.
2. They are building a new supermarket near the church.
A new supermarket .
3. They fought the battle in 1623.
The battle
4. Someone was cleaning the windows while I was there.
The windows .
5. Someone has moved my desk!
My desk
6. They are taking the refugees to a camp outside the village.
The refugees ..
7. Someone has signed all the documents before I arrived.
All the documents
8. They were questioning us and searching our vehicle at the same time.
25
We and our vehicle .

9. They will post our letters when the ship arrives at the next port of call.
Our letters .
10. They are opening the case again because theyre not satisfied with the verdict.
The case
(L. G. Alexander)
3. The use of by + agent after a passive
Supply passive forms with by + agent where necessary.
1. When Jasper Morgan died his collection of pictures (sell) .. to raise
enough money to pay his taxes. Tremendous interest in the sale (show/ the
general public) .. .
2. The music that (compose/ Beethoven) .. towards the end of his
life is very different from his early music. The music (write) in
extremely difficult conditions.
3. Many beautiful old buildings in cities (replace/ modern ones) If this
replacement (not control) it isnt very long before a city loses
its character.
4. The passive with verbs of saying and believing
Begin these sentences with It, There or a name/ a noun + passive construction.
1. It is expected that the prices will rise again this month. (expect)
2. . that all the passengers had died in the crash. (fear)
3. .. to be an expert in financial matters. (suppose)
4. .. to have committed the crime. (think)
5. .. that the sea level is rising. (think)
6. to be a lot of coal in the Antartic. (think)
7. to be honest and reliable. (consider)
8. to be thousands of people waiting to renew their passports. (say)
9. . that thousands of new jobs will be created in the computer
industry. (say)
10. . to be a fall in house prices, but I havent noticed it. (suppose)
5. Form of the causative
26
Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Theyve just had their living room (decorate).
2. Your car engine sounds dreadful. You ought to have it (look at).
3. Have you had your eyes recently? (test)
4. His going to have his hair at the weekend. (cut)
5. Can I have this letter .., please? (photocopy)
This letter is so important, Im going to have it by a lawyer. (write)
(L.G. Alexander)
6. The causative compared with the active and the passive
Supply the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. What are you doing? I .. the car. (clean)
2. Wheres your car? It .. at the moment. Ill collect it in an
hour. (clean)
3. I never find time to clean the car myself, so I .. (clean).
4. Did you decorate the room yourselves? No, we . (decorate)
5. We cant use the living room. It at the moment. (decorate)
6. You . . They look quite worn. (must/ repair your shoes)
7. My shoes .. . It wasnt an expensive job! (just repair)
8. The heel came off my shoe and I .. it myself. (repair)
9. Id like this film.., I said. Certainly, the assistant said. (develop
and print)
10. Can I use the photocopier this document? I asked.
(photocopy)
(L.G. Alexander)
7. Get in the causative.
Use get in place of have in these sentences.
1. I must have this report photocopied and send off straightaway.
2. There are finally having .. their central heating repaired.
3. Well be having the job done by a local builder.
4. Why dont you have .. that suit cleaned? Its filthy!
5. Have your hair cut!
(L.G. Alexander)
27
Decide in each sentence whether only one or both verbs in italics are suitable.
1. Jean had/ got her handbag snatched.
2. Unfortunately my uncle was/ got killed in the war.
3. In work slowly, but I have/ get my jobs done in the end.
4. I must have/ get these trousers altered.
5. It took all day , but I eventually had/ got the washing-machine repaired.
6. Several people were/ got left behind when the bus drove off.
7. We have had/ got all our money stolen, so we needed help.
8. Why dont you have/ get the cooker seen to?
9. Paul was/ got injured after he had been playing for only five minutes.
10. Helen had/ got her house painted last year as usual.
(Michael Vince)
5. THE INFINITIVE AND THE ING FORM
1. The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive
Using the verbs in brackets, supply the appropriate forms of the infinitive: be doing,
be done, do, have been doing, have been done, or have done.
1. I dont know what Marks doing. He may in his room. (study)
2. Shes a slow worker! I could . the job twice in the same time
shes taken. (do)
3. Why were you waiting here? You should . round the corner.
(wait)
4. I promise you your order will .. today. (send)
5. How was that table scratched? It must .. when it was being
moved. (do)
Supply suitable infinitive forms for the verbs given in brackets.
1. Lets . go the cinema. (go)
2. Lets . out long. (not stay)
3.
Dont lets .. home yet. (go)
4.
Let XYZ a triangle. (be)
5.
Let me .. that letter for you. (post)
6.
They didnt let her .. jeans. (wear)
7.
He made me the mess. (clear up)
28
8.
Lets , shall we? (go out)
9. That T-shirt makes you look younger. (look)

10. I was made .. floors. (scrub)
Join or rewrite the sentences below using the words given.
1. I found this book. The librarian helped me.
The librarian helped (me) (to) find this book.
2. I have to fill in this job application form. Can you help me?
Can you
3. You mustnt worry so much. I can help you.
I can help
4. People know him to be a very generous man.
He
5. Hes a ruthless businessman. He is known for that.
Hes known .
6. Shes never on time.
Ive never known .
(L.G. Alexander)
2.
The bare infinitive or the -ing form; the to-infinitive

Join these pair of sentences, deciding when to use a bare infinitive or ing.
1. She crossed the road. I saw her.
I saw ..
2. She was crossing the road. I caught sight of her.
I noticed ..
3. Somethings burning. I can smell it.
I can smell ..
4. They sang a song. I listened to them.
I listened ..
5. She was shouting at the children. I heard her.
I heard
6. The robbers were waiting near the bank. They were seen.
The robbers were seen
29
3. Verb (+ noun/ pronoun) + to-infinitive

Rewrite these sentences to begin with the words in italics.
1. Hed like to buy a car. He cant afford it.
He cant afford to buy a car.
2. I didnt passed my driving test. I failed.
..
3. Hell pay for all of us. Hes offering.
..
4. Can you move the desk on your own? Can you manage .?
5. He wants to join the army? Hes just applied.
7. Apologize to her? I refuse. ..

Complete these sentences so that they refer to other people.
1. I dont want to speak to the manager. I want you to speak to him.
2.
She doesnt expect to pay. She expects ..
3. I dont want to write to them. Id like .

4. I dont want anyone to know about it. Id hate ..
5. You wont listen to me. How many times do I have to ask..?
6. I cant do the job myself. I need .
7. We cant move it. Perhaps you can help .
Complete these sentences using an object + to-infinitive after the verbs.
1. Take out a loan. My bank manager advised me to take out a loan.
2. She didnt peel the potatoes. You didnt tell .
3. We work hard. Our teacher taught ..
4. The soldiers fired. The officers ordered ..
5. You can apply for free travel. This certificate entitles ..
6. The public should not approached this man. The police have warned
..
7. My wife and I play tennis. My boss invited ..
4. Adjectives and nouns + to-infinitive
Rewrite the sentence or join the pairs of sentences beginning with the word(s) given.
1. He was foolish. He left the firm.
He was foolish to leave the firm.
2. You want to ask for more money. You would be stupid if you dont.
You would be ..
30
3. Ring me later. Would you be so good?

Would you ..?
4. Open the window. Would you be good enough?
Would you ..?
5. He worked out the answer. It was clever of him.
It was .
6. They dont take any part in local life. Its silly of them.
Its ..
Rewrite these sentences beginning with a noun phrase.

1. I decided to wait, which was wise. My decision to wait was wise.
2. He refused to help, which surprised us. His
3.
She failed to get into college, which disappointed her parents. Her
4. Im pleased to be with you. Its a .

5. They were eager to help, which pleased me. Their.
6. I
was
determined
to
pass
the
test
and
..
(L. G. Alexander)
5. The -ing form
Supply gerund forms for the words in brackets.
1. is fun. (dance)
2. I enjoy . (read)
3. He does a lot of . (read)
4. I did some .. this morning. (shop)
5. Im against .. (box)
6. Try to work without . a noise. (make)
7. Quick . saved us. (think)
8. Your to help hurt him. (refuse)
9. No . .(park)
10. No.(trespass)
11. He owns by Hockney.(paint)
31
that
helped
me.
My
12. He owns several . by Hockney. (paint)

13. Who does the . in this house? (cook)
14. This . is hard to read. (write)
15. Hes good at bikes. (repair)
16. fruit is good for you. (eat)
(L.G. Alexander)
6. Verb + the -ing form
Supply any suitable verb in a suitable form.
1. Our neighbours are very considerate. They avoid a lot of
noise.
2. Just imagine . in a country where it is always warm and sunny?
3. The police questioned me at some length and I didnt enjoy .
4. What does the job involve? It involves .. the engine apart.
5. I missed an interesting programme on TV last night. I really mind
it.
7. Adjectives, nouns and prepositions + -ing
Join the following sentences. (Adjective + participle)
1. John gets bored. He watches TV all the time. .
2. Sylvia
is
frantic.
She
is
getting
ready
for
the
wedding.
3. I got tired. I waited so long for an answer.

4. Janes occupied. Shes making lists. ..
5. Were busy. Were decorating the house. ..
Complete this sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. He left without (pay)
2. Dont punish him for . (shout)
3. Im interested in .. (act)
4. Were bored with . cards. (play)
5. I advise you against .. that. (do)
6. Excuse me for .. you. (disturb)
8.
The to-infinitive or the -ing form?
32
(L.G. Alexander)
Supply the correct forms. Give two forms where both are possible.
1. You must begin .. harder. (work)
2. I was beginning .. I was wrong. (think)
3. She continued .. all through the film. (talk)
4. I had just started when the waiter took my plate away! (eat)
5. We intended to the concert, but we were both ill. (go)
6. Im intending . him tomorrow. (see)
7. You omitted . me about it. (tell)
Supply the correct form (to-infinitive or ing) of the verbs in brackets.
1. I remember .. Paris when I was very young. (visit)
2. Please remember .. the door on your way out. (lock)
3. Did you remember . Jim last night? (phone)
4. I shall never forget taken to see the Moscow State Circus.
(be)
5. Dont forget .. how many are coming on Saturday. (find out)
6. I forgot . to the chemists on my way home. (stop)
7. We all tried. him, but he just wouldnt listen to any of us. (stop)
8. If you want to stop coughing, why dont you try . some water?
(drink)
9. She got annoyed because her husband stopped .. in every shop
window. (look)
10. Just stop .. and listen for a moment. (talk)
(L.G. Alexander)
ADVERBS
1. Adverbs of manner
33
1.1 Adverbs with or without -ly

Supply the right adverb.
1. Hes a bad driver. He drives . .
2. Shes a hard worker. She works . .
3. Hes a fast runner. He runs .. .
4. Im a better player than you. I play . .
5. This is an airmail letter. Send it .
6. He made a sudden move. He moved . .
7. She gave a rude reply. She replied .. .
8. The train is early. It has arrived .. .
9. Shes glad to help. She helps. .
10. Hes a quick thinker. He thinks .. .
11. Shes an eager helper. She helps .. .
12. My name is last. I come .
13. The plane is very high. Its flying .. .
14. Be careful. Act . .
15. The bus was late. It came .
16. She was brave. She acted .
17. The house was near. We went . .
18. What a wide window! Open it
19. I get a monthly bill. I pay .
20. Make your best effort. Do your .
1.2 Hard/ hardly
Choose the right adverb in each sentence
1. Farm workers have to work very .. during the harvest. (hard/ hardly)
2. Farm workers earn enough money to pay their bills. (hard/ hardly)
3. I got off first in the race but managed to come . (last/ lastly)
4. and , Id like to thank all those who made my success possible. (last/
lastly)
5. Weve been receiving a lot of junk mail (late/ lately)
6. The postman brings my mail so I rarely see it before I go to work. (late/
lately)
7. Im sure the boss thinks very . of you. (high/ highly)
34
8. If you want to succeed, you should aim (high/ highly)

9. I dont think you were treated very .. (just/ justly)
10. Ive .. been offered a job in Mexico! (just/ justly)
11. Please dont go too the edge of the platform. (near/ nearly)
12. I . fell off the edge of the platform! (near/ nearly)
1.3 Adjectives which end in -ly

Change the adjectives into adverbs or adverbial phrases in the following sentences.
1. That was a cowardly thing to do. You acted in a cowardly way.
2. That was a quick response. She responded ..
3. The music was very loud. The band played far too ..
4. That was a silly thing to do. You acted
5. The orchestra gave a lively performance. They performed .
6. She a slow runner. She runs .
7. The singers gave a bad performance. They performed .
8. She cant control her motherly feeling. Even though hes 40, she looks after him.
9. Shes a lovely teacher. She handle young children .
10. She delivered a careful speech. She spoke .
11. He looks pale and sickly. He always greets me .
12. You dont have to be so unfriendly! You neednt look at me .
(L.G. Alexander)
2
Adverbs of time
2.1 Points of time

Fill in the missing points of time.
1
yesterday
today
tomorrow
this morning
at noon
this afternoon
this evening
tonight
..
this Monday
35
..
this January
..
this week
..
10 .
this week
..
2.2 Still and yet

Rewrite these sentences supplying still or yet. Sometimes both are possible.
1. The children are at the cinema. The children are still at the cinema.
2.
I havent met your brother. .
3.
Jim works for the same company. .
4.
Has she phoned you? . No, not ..
5.
The new law hasnt come into force.
2.3 Already and yet

Rewrite these sentences using yet or already.
1.
Have you had breakfast? Ive had it, thanks. Ive already had it, thanks.
2.
I havent received an invitation to the party. .
3.
I have received an invitation to the party. .
4.
Have you finish eating?
5.
Havent you finish eating?
Adverbial phrases of duration
3.1 Since, for and ago

Correct the following sentences by adding since or ago.
Since when have
1. When have you been interested in jazz?
2.
I saw your mother a week.
3. I started work here seven months.

4. I saw her last week and havent seen her.
5. I havent been home 1987.
6. How long did you become a director?
Correct the following sentences by inserting since or for.
1. They lived here five years before moving.
2. They have lived here 1984.
36
3. Ive known him six years.

4. Ive been expecting a letter weeks.
5. Ive been expecting a letter last week.
6. Ive enjoyed jazz I was a boy.
Rewrite the following sentences so that the meaning stays the same.
1. I havent written any letters for a year.
The last time
2. We last visited Oxford four years ago.
We havent ..
3. I havent been mountain-climbing for two years.
I last ..
4. Ive worked in this bank for seven years.
Seven years
5. Its a week since Ive started to revise for my exams.
I .
(Mariusz Misztal)
3.2 Till and by
Supply till or by:
1.
Were driving to York. If there isnt too much traffic on the road we shall reach
York 8. If theres a lot of traffic we shall be on the road .. 10. In any
case, we cant possibly get there .. 6.
2.
John: Lets go for a drive tomorrow. Can you be ready . 9?

Mary: Im afraid I cant. I have lessons lunch-time. In fact, I shant finish
half past one.
3.
Jack: Theyve been working on that building for three years. I thought it was
going to be finished last Christmas.
John: At the rate they are working, it wont be finished next Christmas, or
the one after.
3.3 For and in

Supply for or in:
37
1.
My father walked half an hour every morning before breakfast. He walked

to his office .. half an hour.
2.
Weve just driven from Istanbul. We got here seven and a half hours, in
spite of the rain. It has been pouring the last three hours of the journey.
3.
It used to take several months to sail round the world. Now astronauts can go
round the world .. a matter of minutes.
(R.A. Close)
3.4
For and during

Put in for or during.
1. It rained . three days without stopping.
2. I fell asleep .. the film.
3. I went to the theatre last night. I met Lucy . the interval.
4. Martin hasnt lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil four years.
5. Production at the factory was seriously affected.. the strike.
6. I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything the days.
7. I waited for you . half an hour and decide that you werent coming.
8. Sue was very angry with me. She didnt to me .. a week.
9. We usually go out at weekends, but we dont often go out . the week.
10. Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work six
months.
(Raymond Murphy)
3.5
During and while

Put in during or while.
1. We met a lot of people we were on holiday.
2. We met a lot of people our holiday.
3. I met Mike .. I was shopping.
4. . we were in Paris, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel.
5. . our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries.
6. The phone rang three times we were having dinner.
7. The phone rang three times . the night.
8. I had been away for many years. .. that time, many things had changed.
9. What did they say about me .. I was out of the room?.
10. Jack read a lot of books and magazines . he was ill.
38
(Raymond Murphy)
Rewrite the following sentences so that the meanings stays the same.
1. Its many years since weve had a really snowy winter.
We .
2. I didnt hear the news until the next day.
It wasnt
3. Its two weeks since Betty went to India.
Betty
4. You moved here in January, didnt you?
Youve ..
5. The last time they visited us was two months ago.
They havent .
4
(Maruisz Misztal)
Adverbs of frequency
4.1 Position of adverbs of frequency in affirmatives and questions

Rewrite these sentences using any suitable adverb of frequency in each one.
1. I am late. I am generally late.
2. I was late for work . .
3. I can tell the difference between the two.
4. I would have been able to find a job like yours.
5. You tried hard enough. ..
6. You got good marks at school. ..
7. Are you late? ..
8. Have you lived in this town? ..
9. Did you get good marks at school? .
4.2 The position of adverbs of frequency in negative statements
Write these sentences again using the adverbs in brackets. Make changes when
necessary.
1. Public transport isnt reliable. (always) ..
2. He wasnt late when he worked here. (often)
3. She doesnt arrive on time. (usually)
4. She doesnt arrive on time. (sometimes) ..
5. We dont worry if the children are late. (normally) .
39
6. You dont phone. (hardly ever) ..

7. You dont complain. (generally) .
8. Youre not at home when I phone. (sometimes)..
4.3 Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
Answer each question in full putting the adverb a) in the middle and b) at the beginning.
1. Do you ever bring work home from the office? (often)
I often bring work from the office.
Often , I bring work from the

office.
2. Does John leave house before his wife does? (normally)
3. Have you ever forgotten to lock the back door? (frequently)
4. Do you know when to wake up? (usually)

..
5. Are you the one who pays the bills? (generally)
6. Is the traffic heavy in the morning? (often)

..
7. Do you ever have power cuts? (sometimes)
We
8. Are there complaints about the service? (often)
..
(L.G. Alexander)
4.4 Rarely - not very often hardly ever - seldom
Rewrite the following sentences using the adverbs of frequency above

1. I dont go to the opera very often.
I
2. I hardly ever watch TV.
I dont ..
3. I hardly ever eat sweets.
I
4. Hardly ever have I been as angry as I was on that day.
40
I have ..
5. We rarely spend our holidays abroad.
We hardly.
(Maruisz Misztal)
Adverbs of degree
5.1 The two meanings of quite

Answer these questions in full with quite, and say whether quite means less than or
completely.
1. What was the film like? (good) The film was quite good. (less than)
2. How was the exhibition? (amazing) ..
3. Whats Pam like? (wonderful) ..
4. How was the play? (awful)
5. How was your holiday? (quite enjoy)
6. Do you eat snails? (quite like)
5.2 Fairly
Add quite and fairly. Mark as complimentary, less complimentary or completely.
1. She sings quite/ fairly well.
(complimentary/ less complimentary)
2. The dinner is .. spoilt.

3. I feel .sick.
4. Shes clever.
5. I think hes . mad.
6. Youre .incredible! ..
5.3 Rather
Add quite and rather to each sentence, where possible. Say if they mean inclined to
(be), less than or completely.
1. Im afraid Janes health is . poor.
2. Dont worry! Your son is . all right!

3. Your work has been .. unsatisfactory. ..
4. Im afraid an appointment tomorrow is . impossible. .
5. Last nights documentary was interesting. ..
41
5.4 Much, any, far and a lot as adverbs of degree

Add much, any, far or a lot and give alternatives where possible.
1. Im not .. good at maths.
2. Youre .. quicker than me.
3. This is .. more expensive.
4. This is .. the best way to enjoy yourself.
5. I cant go faster.
6. Those two recordings arent different.
7. I dont .. like people who show off.
8. I .. prefer swimming to cycling.
9. This machine isnt use.
10. Youre .. thinner than when I last saw you.
(L. G. Alexander)
6. Intensifiers
6.1 Very, too and very much
Supply very, too, or very much in these sentences. Two answers are possible.
1. I hear Jack has been ill.
2. I cant go . faster than Im going.
3. Go slower. Youre driving .. fast for me.
4. She didnt think my work was . good.
5. I cant afford that. Its . expensive.
6. If you think that, you are mistaken.
7. This project has . interested our firm.
8. I didnt enjoy the meal..
9. Susans paintings have been .. admired.
10. I always try and buy the .. best.
6.2 Adverbs in place of very: extremely, fast, awfully/ terribly, highly, badly
Use suitable adverbs in place of very.
1. The traffic is . slow today.
42
2. Im confused by the new regulations.

3. I . appreciate all youve done for me.
4. We are .. interested in your proposal.
5. That radio talk wasnt .. interesting.
6. I was . awake all night.
7. I was . hurt by her answer.
8. Old Mr Ford is . boring!
9. Im annoyed about this.
10. Your success has been deserved.
(L.G. Alexander)
6.3 Amplifiers and downtoners
Put in the sentences below amplifiers from the list.
a lot, far, much, utterly, bitterly, entirely, deeply, badly, fully, quite, altogether, extremely,
totally, completely, perfectly
1. They believed in the leaders integrity.
2. He has ignored my request.
3. I can see why youre anxious about it.
4. She agrees with you.
5. We deplore his tactics.
6. I enjoy the play.
7. I must refuse to listen to your grumbling.
8. She will reject such views.
9. I forgot about her birthday.
10. He paid for the damage.
11. I need a drink.
12. He must have regretted his mistakes many times.
13. I prefer the old methods.
14. His results will have exceeded his expectations.
15. We miss our old friends.
Put in the sentences below downtoners from the list
43
mildly, practically, just, as good as, at all, sort of, a bit, quite, in the slightest, more or less,
little
1. They forced him to resign.
2. They ruined the school.
3. As he was walking along, he stumbled and seemed ill.
4. I enjoyed the party, but Ive been to better ones.
5. He resented their interference.
6. They have always disliked him.
7. Shell be out for a few minutes.
8. I dont like his attitude.
9. We dont mind.
10. He realizes what trouble he has caused.
11. They dont support her.
(Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere)
7. Adding and limiting adverbs

7.1 Even, just ,only and simply
Write sentences to show how you interpret these statements.
1. Only I understood his lecture.
I understood his lecture, but no one else did.
2. I only listen to his lecture. ..

3. I understood his lecture only. .
4. Set the table simply. ..
5. I just understood his lecture. .
6. I understood just his lecture. .
7. I understood his lecture just! .
7.2 Too and not either
Add too or either.
1. I like walking and I like cycling, .
2. I met John and I met his wife, .
3. I dont swim and I dont run, ..
4. He runs a restaurant and a hotel, .
5. I cant knit and I cant sew, ..
44
6. Dont drink tea and dont drink coffee, ..

7. I dont know and I dont care,
8. I know John well and I like him, .
7.3 Also and as well

Add also to these sentences.
1. She can act and she can sing. .
2. I have had a rest and I have had a shower. .
3. He writes novels and he writes TV scripts. .
4. He has been arrested and he will be tried. .
5. You should have phoned and you should have written. ..
(L.G. Alexander)
8. Viewpoint adverbs
Mark the viewpointers (a-i) that are expressed in this text.
I was agreeably. surprised to learn that I had passed my history exam. Between
ourselves, .I was expecting to fail. After all,.. I hadnt done any work
and, naturally, I didnt think I deserved to pass. So when the results came, I
was expecting the worst. As a general rule,.. you get what you deserve and this
is certainly .. true of exams. Frankly,.. I deserved to fail, but, I not only
passed, I even got very good marks. This only shows that luck can help; at any rate,
it helped in my case. In my view,.. it just shows that passing exams is
not always a matter of hard work.
a) I am making a generalization
f) I am sure
b) the reason for this was
g) the important thing is
c) I dont want you to repeat this
h) Im being honest
d) I was pleased
I) Im expressing my opinion
e) as was to be expected
9. Connecting adverbs
Mark the connecting ideas (a-h) that are expressed in this text.
45
According to a lot of people I know, there are few things more terrifying
than having to speak in public. The only way to succeed is to follow strict rules. First of
all, you should be well - prepared. Second, you should have a few
jokes ready. As well as that, .. you should have rehearsed your speech, preferably
in front of a mirror. In comparison with .. being hit by a bus, public speaking isnt
that bad, but its bad enough. However, .you can make things easier for yourself
by being ready. Alternatively, ..you can do nothing and make a fool of yourself.
To sum up,. success depends entirely on you.
a) I am introducing a list
b) I am making an addition
c) I am pointing to a contrast
d) I am stating an alternative
e) I am summarizing
f)
I am making a second point
g) I am making a comparison
h) As stated by
(L.G. Alexander)
10. Inversion after negative adverbs
Choose the most suitable words in italics.
1. Jim promised that he would never/ never would he tell anyone else.
2. Not until it was too late I remembered/ did I remember to call Susan.
3. Hardly had we settled down in our seats than/ when the lights went out.
4. Only after checking three times I was/ was I certain of the answer.
6. At no time I was aware/ was I aware of anything out of the usual.
Rewrite each sentence, starting as shown, so that meaning stays the same.
1. It was only when the office phoned me that I found out about the meeting.
Not until ..
2. The facts were not all made public until later.
Only
3. The response to our appeal was so great that we had to take on more staff.
Such
4. Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder.
Not only .
46
5. The police didnt at all suspect that the judge was the murderer.
Little ..
6. The snowfall was so heavy that all the trains had to be cancelled.
So
7. The bus driver cannot be blamed for the accident in any way.
In ..
8. Its not common for there to be so much rain in March.
Seldom ..
9. As soon as I got into the bath, someone knocked at the door.
No sooner ..
10. Just after the play started there was a power failure.
Hardly
11. The Prime Minister has hardly ever made a speech as inept as this.
Rarely .
12. We had only just arrived home when the police called.
Scarcely
13. Press photographers are banned from taking photographs backstage.
On no ..
14. The way so much money has been spent to so little purpose must be a record!
Never before ..
15. You shouldnt answer the door when Im out in any circumstances.
In . (Michael Vince)
PREPOSITIONS
47
1. Relationships in space
Fill each gap with to or from:
1. The prisoner escaped . the hills.
2. He escaped .. prison.
3. The police rescued him . the river.
4. They saved him . drowning.
5. My father has retired . bed.
6. He learnt English . books.
Fill each gap with onto or into whenever possible; otherwise with in or on.
1. Were getting Paris.
2. Were arriving Rome.
3. Who is waiting the platform?
4. Who is coming the platform?
5. Take a seat . taxi.
6. Dont take everything . the taxi.
7. Help me lift this suitcase . the seat.
8. Youre sitting . my hat.
9. Were driving the city.
10. Are we staying the city tonight?
Fill each gap with a suitable preposition (one or more than one word)
1. Rivers flow .. the mountains .. the sea.
2. The Nile flows .. the Mediterranean.
3. Tristan da Cuhna is an island .. the South Atlantic. Not many people live
.. it.
4. Step this ladder but be careful you dont fall . it.
5. Wait the gate but dont go the house till I come.
6. Look out! Theres a car racing us.
7. I need some money. I must draw some the bank.
8. You can park your car round the corner, just .. the grocers.
9. Cars are not allowed .. the shopping area on Saturday mornings.
Fill each gap with a suitable preposition:
48
1. When I go .. school, I go . the London Road for half a mile. I pass the
museum .. my way. I stop . the traffic lights. When the light turns
green, I go . the road, . a gate and . park. I go .. the park and
of it . a gate .. the other side. I arrive . my school at five to
eight and stay school till twelve.
2.
At night, ships sea carry a red light . the port (left) side and a green
light the starboard (right). Suppose we are standing .. the deck of a
ship and see two lights, one red and the other green, one the other. If the red
one is . the left, the lights indicate that there is a ship going .. the same
direction as we are. If the red one is .. the right, they tell us that the ship
coming . us.
3. Some boys were throwing stones. They began by throwing stones a rock.
The one said, Lets see how far we can throw. My last stone went that pine
tree. The eldest boy said, Oh, mine went a long way .. that! The youngest
said, Mine didnt get anywhere . it. Then someone suggested, Now well
see if we can get every stone to fall that circle.
(R.A. Close)
2. Relationships in time
Supply at, on or in.
1. Ill meet you .. 10.30 .. Monday, June 14.
2. Were taking our holiday July.
3. I always finish work early . Fridays.
4. Who knows what the world would be like the year 2030?
5. You dont want anything to go wrong .. your wedding day.
6. the 19th century many children died before they were a year old.
7. We got up dawn and reached the summit noon.
8. the age of 14 I realized I would never become a brain surgeon.
9. The birds dont find much to eat in our garden . winter.
10. What will you be doing . the holidays?
(L.G. Alexander)
Fill each gap with after, before, from, since, to or till.
49
1. The museum is open in the morning ten .. one. Is it open again ..

lunch? Yes, it stays open . four.
2. I get up at six and have breakfast at eight. I read . seven and then walk
seven eight. Walking . breakfast gives me an appetite.
3. Im hungry. I havent had anything to eat last night. Bring me something to
eat now. I cant wait lunch time.
4. Jack: How long have you known Mary? John: Oh, Ive known her .. May.
Jack: Hadnt you met her .then? John: No, never.
5.
John told Jack that he had known Mary .. May. He had never met her
spring.
(A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet)
Supply for or before:

1. We have been learning English . January. It is now October. So we
have been studying it .nine months.
2. Where have you been? We have been waiting for you .. two hours.
We have been standing here ten oclock.
3. Its not 7 oclock. We shant be in York . 8. We shant be there .
another hour yet.
4. Mary: Dont wait for me. I shant be ready a couple of hours, not
.. half past one.
5. Jack: Do you think they can finish that building .. next Christmas?
John: No, it will be as it is now months and months.
3. Prepositions + nouns (Prepositions dependent on nouns)
Complete the sentences below with one of the following nouns plus a preposition.
basis
cruelty
genius
objection
campaign excuse
grudge
opposite
choice
fall
knowledge strain
control
freedom
news
trouble
1. If you had a . marrying for love or marrying for money, which would
you do?
2. What is the .. timid? Is it bold or brave?
50
3. The African elephant will be extinct within twenty years if an international

the ivory trade is not started immediately.
4. Do you have any . my parking my car in front of the house?
5. The . chewing gum is that it loses its flavour too quickly.
6. I know you have a cold, but thats no not doing your
homework.
7. If you have to deal with oversea clients, a foreign languages is
very useful.
8. Perhaps the three most important human rights are .. hunger,
fear and persecution.
9. In our class, we can do as we like: our teacher has no .. us at all.
10. The RSPCA is concerned with prevention of animals.
11. Overweight people should not jog, because it puts a great their
hearts.
12. Since the salmonella scare there has been a considerable .. the
consumption of eggs.
13. Einstein was a real .. mathematics, but he couldnt add two and
two together correctly!
14. In the dispute between the union and the management, new proposals have been
put forward that should at least provide a . discussion.
15. Vandalising public property is the only way some youngsters can express their
. society.
16. Did you know that short people dont live as long as tall people?
No, I didnt. Its . to me!
Nouns following at
Complete the words within brackets by filling in the blanks in the following
sentences.
1.
The car came round the corner at full . [ _ P _ _ _ ]
2.
Im not exactly sure how old he is, but at a ..Id say about fortyfive. [ _ _ E S _ ]
3.
He was a very good shot and could kill an elk at a . of 300 meters.
[_I_T____ ]
51
4.
We decided to leave at .. in order to get there before midday. [ D _

__ ]
5.
He was very reluctant to do it at .., but in the end he agreed. [ _ _ _

_T]
6.
Although we had not met before, my host made me feel completely at

. [ _ _ M _ ]
7.
Despite what people might hope, women are still at a .. when it

comes to getting a top job. [ D _ _ _ _ V _ _ T _ _ _ ]
8.
The normal price was 25$, but since I knew him, he let me have them at a
. . [ D _ S _ _ _ _ _ ]
9.
Working in a bank isnt the most exciting job in the world, perhaps, but at
it pays the rent. [ _ E A _ _ ]
10. In Britain, it is very common to put the cat out at . . [ _ _ _ H _ ]

11. Between 1939 and 1945, Britain was at with Germany. [ _ _ R ]
12. At .., after being turned down by ten publishers, he managed to get
his novel accepted. [ _ _ S _ ]
13. Im afraid Ms Simpsons not here at the . Could you call back later?
[__M_N_]
14. There was a large notice in the school cloakroom that said: COATS ARE LEFT
HERE AT YOUR OWN . . [ R _ _ _ ]
15. He went out to India to experience at first the Indian way of life. [
_ A_ _ ]
(Peter Watcyn-Jones, Jake Allsop)
4. Prepositions following verbs (Prepositions dependent on verbs)
Complete the sentences below with one of the following verbs plus a preposition.
(Make any changes to verb tenses that may be necessary.)
apologise
correspond
hear
pray
arrive
die
knock
rhyme
belong
distinguish
leave
suffer
complain
experiment
lose
vote
1.
Did you Tom and Sally? Theyve decided to emigrate to New

Zealand.
2.
If you dont agree with the proposal, you can always it at the
meeting.
52
3.
It was almost midnight when we the station.
4.
Some people find it difficult to . an American and a Canadian.
5.
The priest said he would .. us.
6.
Although he had survived the battle, the soldier later his wounds.
7.
For years, his wife had varicose veins.
8.
Do you think people should be allowed to .. animals?
9.
I dont know why, but I really hate .. cards. It puts me in a bad

mood all day.
10. He .. the manager about the poor service at the restaurant.

11. Would you sat that the British House Of Lords the American Senate?
12. Who do you know who this book .?
13. Can you think of a word that numb?
14. I think theres someone the door.
15. He the organisers for this bad behaviour at the conference.
16. We .. Paris next week. Well probably stay there for a fortnight.
Bellow are thirty-five verbs arranged alphabetically. Place each one of them under the
correct preposition (five under each). When you have finished, see if you can make up
sentences containing each of the verbs plus prepositions.
abstain
consist
expel
quarrel
appeal
cope
flee
rely
approve
decrease
glance
respond
believe
dedicate
hint
subscribe
benefit
delight
indulge
sympathise
bet
depart
invest
take advantage
coincide
depend
marvel
tread
collaborate
dispose
object
wink
concentrate
dream
point
AT
.
..
OF
.
TO
..
..
..
53
..
FROM
ON
WITH
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
IN
..
..
.
.
.
same.
1. Peter always trusts me with his secrets. (IN)
Peter always confides in me.
2. A true story forms the basis of Marys novel. (ON)
3. I dont understand the reference of this phrase. (TO)
4. There were a lot of people on the bus. (WITH)

.
5. You were in my dreams last night. (ABOUT)
.
6. Danny was asked to leave the school for bad behaviour. (FROM)
..
7. This house brings home to mind. (OF)
54
..
8. Tina rewrote the French book in Spanish. (FROM)
9. Christmas and roast turkey go together in my mind. (WITH)
10. I think a rest would do you good. (FROM)
(MichaelVince)
5. Prepositions following adjectives (Prepositions dependent on adjectives)

Fill in the blanks with one of the following prepositions: of, in, for, to, with, at, on.
1
I am interested . learning another language.
Please dont get mad me. I was only trying to help.
He is capable being an excellent student.
I am accustomed . watching television every day.
This floor plan is similar . the one in the other house.
I am tired .. watching television. Lets go out.
I hope you are not angry me being late.
John is still dependent .. his parents.
This material is inferior.. the kind we had last year.
10 Jack became very excited .. receiving a promotion.

(Mihai M. Zdrenghea, Anca L. Greere)
Complete the sentences below with one of the following adjectives plus a
preposition.
addicted
bad
eligible
involved
adequate
capable
expert
jealous
angry
disqualified
full
notorious
aware
distracted
inspired
sympathetic
Do you think politicians are telling lies?
Dont ask me to add up the bill. Im really .. mathematics.
55
This piece of music was by Beethovens Moonlight Sonata.
The flat wasnt very big, but it was perfectly .. our needs.
Never become .. cigarettes!
Although he wouldnt admit it, everyone could see that he was ..his
wifes success.
He was .. the race for taking drugs.
My neighbour is ..pruning fruit trees.
Who else was .. the crime? the policeman asked the suspect.
10 He was nearly sixteen before he first became .. the opposite sex.

11 He tried to work but was . the noise from the traffic.
12 Life is surprises, isnt it?
13 Pop groups are smashing up hotel rooms.
14 The teacher was her students for not doing their homework.
15 Although they said they were ..our case, they were not prepared to
support us officially.
16 Only unmarried women are membership.
6. Compound prepositions (Prepositional phrases)

Complete the prepositional phrases below by choosing a word from the following
list. When you have finished, try to make up sentences using each of the phrases.
a cost
good terms
the accompaniment
agreement
means
the benefit
aid
peace
the compliments
answer
pity
the influence
behalf
reference
work
compensation
1. at . on
2. at .. of
3. at .. with
4. by . of
5. for .. of
6. in of
56
7. in with
8. in . to
9. in for
10. on .. of
11. on .with
12. out of for
13. to .. of
14. under . of
15. with .. to
16. with .. of
7. Idiomatic prepositional phrases
Complete the sentences below with one of the following prepositions. Some may be
used more than once.
at
get
out of
by
in
under
from
on
up to
1. The boss didnt punish Kim for coming late. He must be his good
books.
2. Hes almost dying; Im afraid hes his last legs.
3. Theres nothing else she can do now the matter is completely her
hands.
4. People told one another the news. It was passed .. word of mouth.
5. Since he won Wimbledon, everyone wants to interview him. Hes
great demand.
6. Although the police suspected him, he could prove that he was working when the
crime was committed, so now he is ..the clear.
7. Shes very busy at the moment; shes . her eyes in work.
8. He came from a very poor family, so he learnt . first hand what it
was like to be hungry.
9. The police arrived just in time; they came the eleventh hour.
10. She rarely goes to cinema just once .. a blue moon.
11. They lived on L25 a week. They lived . a shoestring.
57
12. Hell never pass his exam not . a month of Sundays.

13. The goods were not sold openly but were available .. the counter.
14. He hasnt won yet not . a long chalk.
15. She never once needed to consult the manual; she had all the information
her fingertips.
16. People arrived slowly, two or three at a time. They arrived .. dribs and
drabs.
17. Stop wasting time! Get to my office the double.
18. I hate spiders. I get . a cold sweat just thinking about them.
19. Hes not lying. Everything hes told us so far is the level.
20. I know everything there is to know about Roman Britain. I know the subject
.. A to Z.
CONJUNCTIONS
1. Coordinating conjunctions
1.1 Addition, contrast, alternatives: And, but, or
Complete the following sayings. Use and, but or or

1. You can take a horse to water, you cant make him drink.
2. Sink . Swim.
3. You scratch my back Ill scratch yours.
4. To be not to be
Rewrite the following sentences if possible, omitting subjects, and linking
clauses with and.
1.
An earthquake struck South America yesterday. It caused some damage.

The damage occurred in a thinly-populated area.
An earthquake struck South America yesterday and caused some damage.
58
2.
The 20th century has seen the development of antibiotics. Penicillin was developed
in the 1940s. It has saved thousands of lives.
3.
Rain will spread into all areas. Snow may fall on high ground. Dried weather is
expected tomorrow.
..
4.
The manager invited workers representatives to the meeting. He explained the

position to them. They had a long talk with him.
.
5.
Susan and I went on a trip to Romania. We saw a lot of interesting sights. I spent
two days in Italy on the way home.
6.
Some delegates arrived by train. Others came by car. A few arrived by taxi.
7.
A new nature reserve has been created in North Luanza. This is a unique area for
wildlife. It has to be protected.
(Donald Adamson)
2. Subordinating conjunctions
2.1 Comparison: as if
Use the following sentences to make sentences with as if
it has just been cut
Im going to be sick
he hadnt eaten for a week
she was enjoying it
she had hurt her leg
he meant what he was saying
he needs a good rest
she didnt want to come
1. Mark looks very tired. He looks as if he needs a good rest.

2. Sue was walking with difficulty. She looked .
3. I dont think he was joking. He looked ..
4. The grass is very short. It looks .
5. Peter was extremely hungry and ate his dinner very quickly.
He ate
6. Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert.
She didnt look ..
7. Ive just eaten too many chocolates. Now Im feeling ill.
59
I feel
8. I phoned Emma and invited her to the party but she wasnt very
enthusiastic about it.
She sounded ..
Make sentences beginning with It looks as if/ It sounds as if
You had a good time
theres been an accident
they are having an argument
Its going to rain
she isnt coming
well have to walk
1. Sandra said she would be here an hour ago. You say: It looks as if she isnt
coming.
2. The sky is full of black clouds. You say: It .
3. You hear to people shouting at each other next door.
You say:
4. You see an ambulance, some policemen and two damaged cars at the side of the
road.
You say ..
5. You and a friend have just missed the last bus home.
You say
6. Sue and Dave have just been telling you about all the interesting things they did
while they were on holiday.
You say ..
(Raymond Murphy)
2.2 Contrast: although, whereas; although/ though/even though; in spite of/ despite
Although versus but (coordinating conjunction)
Look at the notes below. Make sentences with a similar meaning using
a)
but b) although.
Change the order if necessary.

1.
Sally isnt very tall/ Sally is good at basketball

(a) Sally isnt very tall, but she is good at basketball.
(b) Although Sally isnt very tall, she is good at basketball.
2.
Mongolia does not have a large population/ Mongolia is a large

country.
60
(a)
(b)
3.
Jane like to sing/ Jane is not a very good singer.

(a) .
(b) .
4.
my cars runs very well/ I did not pay a lot of money for my car.
(a) ..
(b) .
5.
Van Goghs paintings are now worth millions/ Van Gogh did not sell
any paintings during his lifetime.
(a)
(b)
6.
we did not play well/ we won the match

(a)
(b)
7.
a lot of novels are published every year/ very few novels become
bestsellers
(a)
(b)
8.
there remain diseases for which there is no cure/ smallpox has been
eradicated
(a) ..
(b) ..
Whereas versus although

Join the ideas using whereas or although
Soccer is played with a round ball
a) cats are solitary by nature
Whales and dolphins are not fish
b) rugby is played with an oval ball
Mercury is a metal
c) in Australia it starts in September
English is a Germanic language
d) they spend their lives in water.
Many people believe in astrology
e) future vehicles may use hydrogen.
Dogs are pack animals
f) people know it is harmful.
In Britain, spring starts in April
g) it is a liquid at room temperature.
Present-day cars run on petrol
h) French is descended from Latin
61
Smoking is still a common habit
j) it lacks any scientific proof

(Donald Adamson)
Although/though/even though and in spite of/ despite

Join the sentences using although.
I didnt speak the language
Id met her twice before
I had never seen her before
he has a very important job
It was quite cold
we dont like them very much
The heating was on
weve known each other for a long time
1. , he isnt particularly well-paid.

2. ., I recognised her from a photograph.
3. She wasnt wearing a coat .
4. We thought wed better invite them to the party .. .
5. .., I managed to make myself understood.
6. , the room wasnt warm.
7. I didnt recognised her .. .
8. Were not very good friends . .
Complete the sentences with although/ in spite of/ because/ because of
1. it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
2. a all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
b. we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3. a I went home early . I was feeling unwell.
b I went to work the next day I was still feeling unwell.
4. a She only accepted the job . the salary, which was very high.
b She accepted the job the salary, which was rather low.
5. a I managed to get to sleep . there was a lot of noise.
b I couldnt get to sleep .. the noise.
(Raymond Murphy)
2.3 Reason: Because, since, as

Underline the best answers. Sometimes both forms are possible.
Some people believe that Mozart died because/since he was poisoned.
John, as/because you speak French, I wonder if I could ask you some words?
62
We have a surprise for you. Because/as you have helped us so often, and for so many
years, we would like to give you a present.
Since/As everyone is here, we can begin the meeting.
Because/Since we were young and inexperienced, we made a lot of mistakes.
Please allow Johnnie to leave school 15 minutes early, as/because he has a dentists
appointment.
Ill tell you why she lost her job! She was dismissed since/because she was lazy and
inefficient!
I failed in the exam precisely as/ because I didnt have time to study.
I ask the question Who will pay? merely as/ because we have received no financial
details at all.
Following our letter of 16th April, since/because we have not heard from you, we
assume that you have no objections to the proposal that was made to you.
(Donald Adamson)
2.4 Result: So (versus so that, because, etc.)
Rewrite the following sentences using the words given in brackets.
1. We had finished our work so we went home. (as)
As we had finished our work we went home.
2. Lise and Colin are having a party because theyve got engaged. (so)
..
3. Since this is the tourist season, accommodation may be expensive. (so)
4. She wanted to read Dante in the original language, so she learnt Italian. (because)
5. Im not going to the disco because I dont like disco music. (so)
..
6. You know what is in the letter so I wont read it to you. (since)
..
7. I wasnt present when the accident happened, so you cant blame me. (as)
8. Meg is really angry because she wasnt invited to the wedding. (so)
.
9. Jim had won 50$ in a lottery, so he bought drinks for everybody. (because)
63
10. Were here, so lets enjoy ourselves. (since)

.
Complete the sentences with so before a result, so that before a purpose.
1. The company is giving a prize
a) . it can get good publicity
b) .. we should try to win it.
2. Harold has gone to Italy
a) .. he cant deal with your inquiry
b) .. he can meet some industrialists.
3. Tim bought a large house
a) his parents could come and live with him.
b) he had no money to spend on a car.
4. Mary got a bicycle
a) . she doesnt need to use her car so much now.
b) . she wouldnt have to use her car so much.
(Donald Adamson)
2.5 Time: While, as, until, before, when, whenever
While versus as
Complete the following sentences with as or while and a suitable form of the verb in
brackets. More than one answer may be possible.
1. Sam ..(open) the door he heard a short ring out.
2. the police . (investigate) the crime they received letters
making accusations.
3. Youll have time to be sorry for your crime you (rot) in
prison! shouted Gladys.
4. Harry .. (said) his yacht round the world, his wife was
planning to kill him.
5. The details became clearer . detectives . (begin) to examine
the scene of the crime.
6. .. the light of his torch .. (move) round the room, a terrible
sight met his eyes.
64
7. Look behind you . you . .(drive) to see if anyone is following

you, warned the detective.
8. All these events took place the couple .. (stay) at their
London home.
Before versus until
Complete the sentences below with as, while, before or until.
1. Suddenly, we were getting into the bus, the rain came on.
2. Dont wait up for me itll be midnight I get back.
3. I wont be satisfied Ive worked out the answer to this puzzle!
4. the teacher was out of the class. Some pupils wrote a message on the
board.
5. We cannot buy any more equipment this year .. new funds arrive.
6. Theres time to get a sandwich from the cafeteria the next class begins.
7. You can talk to the guests .. Im doing the cooking.
8. .. the clock struck midnight, everybody wished each other a Happy New
Year.
(Donald Adamson)
When, whenever and as (= while, because)
Use when, whenever or as to fill the gaps in the following.
1. (Because) there were no buses we had to take a taxi.
2. he grew older his temper improved. (His temper got better every year.)
3. .. he grew older (he reached the age of, say, 40) his temper improved.
4. the doors opened the crowd began pouring in. (They didnt wait for the doors
to open fully.)
5. .. it became dark (after dark), he left his hiding place.
6. .. the sun went down, great bars of red covered the western sky.
7. .. he left the house (while he was still in the doorway) he suddenly remembered
where hed seen her before.
8. . he left the house (after leaving it) he turned right.
9. . we have a puncture (every time we have one) she just sits in the car while I
change the wheel.
65
10. we approached the town (came gradually near to it) we wondered whether
thered be room in the hotel.
(A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet)
2.6 Condition: If, provided (that), in case, if not, unless

If versus provided and in case
Complete the sentences below with if, provided, or in case.
1. Linda agreed to lend us her car, we paid her for the petrol.
2. We must take first-aid equipment with us any member of the group
gets injured.
3. I am totally against the plan to widen the road! the road is widened,
cars will simply go faster there will be no improvement in safety!
4. Farmers expect to have good crops .. there is rain during the next month.
5. the teacher finds out what youve done hell be really angry.
6. Listen! I want to make the matter absolutely clear to you, . theres any
misunderstanding. I cant stand Bill and I wont work with him!
7. I advise you to carry your passport with you at all times . you need to
give proof of your identity.
8. You have nothing to fear from the police . you tell the truth.
9. Will you taken on the job of secretary? Yes, on one condition Ill do it,
. someone helps me with typing out letters.
10. The walkers decided to take warm clothing .. the weather worsened.
If not versus unless

Here are some sentences that were spoken at a party. Choose the best way of
completing each sentence. Sometimes both (a) and (b) are possible.
1. Im sure Jim is going to have a nervous breakdown
a) if he doesnt learn to relax
b) unless he learns to relax
2. Shed look lovely (a) unless she wore (b) if she didnt wear such old fashioned
clothes.
66
3. Ill be your friend for life (a) if you dont tell Gisella (b) unless you tell Gisela that
you saw me with Annabel last night.
4. Ive told Joe to keep away from my girl-friend. (a) If he doesnt, (b) Unless he does,
Ill punch his face in!
5. Their lawyer says that they intend to take me to court (a) unless I pay (b) if I dont
pay the bill immediately.
6. Should I accept his offer? Definitely! Youd be throwing away a great opportunity
(a) if you didnt accept it (b) unless you accepted it.
7. Itll be your own fault (a) if you dont win (b) unless you win the contract to build the
new hospital.
8. Why did you tell Marie about me and Bill? (a) If she doesnt want to speak to me
again (b) Unless she wants to speak to me again Ill blame you.
(Donald Adamson)
Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.
1. You are allowed into the club only if youre a member.
..
2. Im going to the party only if you go too.
Im not going .
3. The dog will attack you only if you move suddenly.
4. Hell speak to you only if you ask him a question.
5. The doctor will see you today only if its an emergency.

.
As long as, provided/ providing and unless
Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.
1. You can use my car unless/ as long as you drive carefully.
2. Im playing tennis tomorrow unless/ providing its raining.
3. Im playing tennis tomorrow unless/ providing its not raining.
4. I dont mind if you come in late unless/ as long as you come in quietly.
5. Im going now unless/ provided you want me to stay.
6. I dont watch television unless/ as long as Ive nothing else to do.
67
7. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool unless/ provided they are with an
adult.
8. Unless/ provided they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the
swimming pool.
9. We can sit here in the corner unless/ as long as youd rather sit there by the window.
10. A: Our holiday cost a lot of money.
B: Did it? Well, that doesnt matter unless/ as long as you enjoyed yourselves.
(Raymond Murphy)
68
References
Adamson, Donald. 1997. Practice Your Conjunctions and Linkers. Londra: Longman
Alexander, L.G. 1990. English Grammar Practice. Essex: Longman
Close, R. A. 1969. Prepositions. London: Longman
Budai, Laszlo. 1997. Gramatica engleza. Teorie si exercitii. Bucuresti :Teora.
Hall, Eugene. 1995. Building English Sentences. Adverbul. Bucuresti: Teora.
Leech, Geoffrey. 1997. English Grammar and Usage. Essex: Longman.
Mackenzie, M. D. Munro. 1972. Using English Essential Tenses. London: Evans Brothers
Misztal, Mariusz. 1996. Test Your English Grammar. Bucuresti: Teora
Murphy, Raymond. 1994. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press
Schibsbye, Knud. 1978. A Modern English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Thomson, A.J.; Martinet, A.V. 1997. A Practical English Grammar. Exercises. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Vince, Michael. 1994. Advance Language Practice. Oxford: Heinemann English Language
Teaching.
Watcyn-Jones, Peter; Allsop, Jake. 1990. Test Your Prepositions. London: Penguin Books.
Zdrenghea, Mihai M.; Greere, Anca L. A Practical English Grammar. 1997. Cluj-Napoca.:
Clusium.
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Universitatea 1 Decembrie 1918, Alba Iulia

5. Preposition Following Adjectives

1. TENSE AND TIME

B) does this job involve

B) does this car belong to ?

3. that we have been here for six months already!

B) Are you realising

4. Id like to stay longer. But .. just for the weekend.

5. Terry is in bed. He . flu.

6. This new teaching job is really difficult, but .

7. What on that notice?

8. Ladies and gentlemen, I this ship HMS Highlight.

9. Absolutely! I .. with you completely.

10. . this car. Do you want to buy it?

I .. (hear) that you have been promoted. Congratulations!

British people (drink) more and more wine, apparently.

I hope Sarah will be here soon. I (depend) on her.

Please be quiet! You (continually interrupt).

Hey, you! What .. (you think) youre doing?

Could you come here, please? I . (want) to talk to you now.

Jane is away on holiday so Linda . (handle) her work.

To be honest, I .. (doubt) whether Jim will be here next week.

10. Pay no attention to Graham. He .. (just be) sarcastic again.

I find working here really enjoyable. (ENJOYING)

4. I study hard, so I spent a lot of time in the library. (MEANS)

7. Whats on your mind on the moment? (ABOUT)

10. How long is that wall? (DOES)

1. When the policeman held up his hand, traffic . (stop).

6. When she .. the office this morning, Jim, (ring, already go

3. Paul had the irritating habit of making trouble. (ALWAYS)

1.3 PRESENT PERFECT (SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS)

Put each verb in brackets into the most appropriate tense.

(give themselves up) to local police.

I havent been feeling very well .

1) time and time again.

I went to the dentists .

Ive lived here

d) Dont worry. I havent been waiting 4) for the time being.

5) for the past hour or two.

f) I waited outside your house

g) Ive warned you about this .

7) till half past eight.

h) I havent made a decision .

The repair worked

9) the other day.

I decided to believe you .

2. This is my second visit to Hungary.

The last time I saw him was in 1985.

10. There is a definite improvement in your work.

1.4 FUTURE TIME

B) is leaving. C) will have left

3. Everyone says that this year City

2. What do you intend to do now? (GOING)

4. Who will be your assistant on this project? (WORKING)

5. Scientists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough. (ABOUT)

6. Maria is pregnant again. (HAVE)

2. UNREAL TENSES AND SUBJUNCTIVES

Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense.

.. they offered you the job of managing director!

9. I really wish we .. married.

10. I you didnt mind my phoning so late.

5. Id love to be able to go with you to the opera. (WISH)

7. The management insisted on our wearing dark suits. (WEAR)