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Linear equations
Definition?
examples ?
a1x + a2y = b
Linear systems
Consistent
Definition?
examples ?
solution of
the system ?
InConsistent
4 x1 x2 3x3 1
3x1 x2 9 x3 4
Every system of
linear equations
has either:
No solutions
Exactly one
solution
Infinitely many
solutions
M
am1 x1 am 2 x2 K amn xn bm
An arbitrary system of
linear eqs in mn unknowns
HOW TO SOLVE ?
Augmented matrix
for the system
Multiply a row
through by a nonzero
constant
Interchange two rows
Add a multiple of one
row to another row
Replace the
given system
by a new
system that has
the same
solution set but
is easier to
solve.
Elementary
Row
Operations
Examples:
1. Given that k is a constant, which of the following are linear equations?
2. Find the augmented matrix for each of the following systems of lin. Eqs; and
find the solution!
More examples? Exercise set 1.1 ; page 6
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 3
Reduced row
echelon form
propertie
s
If a row does not consist entirely of zeros, then first nonzero number on
the row is a 1. (leading 1)
If there are any rows that consist entirely of zeros, then they are
grouped together at the bottom of the matrix
In any two successive rows that do not consist entirely of zeros, the
leading 1 in the lower row occurs farther to the right than the leading 1
in the higher row.
each column that contains a leading 1 has zeros everywhere else
Gaussian
elimination
Gauss Jordan
elimination
PROCEDURE?
Back
Substitution
IN a LECTURE !!!
M
am1 x1 am 2 x2 K amn xn 0
Homogeneous
Linear Systems
Trivial Solution
Consistent.
WHY???
?!?
Non-Trivial
Solution
EXAMPLES ???
See Exercise Set 1.2; page 20.
Transpose of
a Matrix?
Trace of a
Square Matrix?
MATRIX
Definition ?
FORM ?
Entries ?
A square matrix of order n?
Main diagonal?
Equality of two matrices?
Matrix
Operations:
Sum
A+B
Difference
A-B
Partitioned Matrix
a11
a
21
am1
a12
a22
a1n
a2 n
am 2
amn
- if m = n ?
Scalar
product
cA
Matrices
Product
AB
EXAMPLES:
Consider the matrices:
3 0
4 1
A 1 2
B
0 2
1 1
1 4 2
C
3 1 5
1 5 2
1 0 1
D
3 2 4
5.
6.
7.
8.
6 1 3
E 1 1 2
4 1 3
tr(4ET D)
(CTB)AT
DTET-(ED)T
(-AC)T + 5DT
Definition ???
Powers
Transpose
MATRIX
1.4.9;
1.4.10.
Inverse
Properties??
Stated In Theorem
Related Theorems:
1.4.4;
1.4.5;
1.4.6.
Properties :
Stated In
Theorem1.4.7;
1.4.8.
Speci
al:
Definition ???
Zero Matrices
Identity Matrices
EXAMPLES:
A1
, (7 A) 1
, (5 AT ) 1
,
5 2
3 5
1 2
I 2 A
1 2
4 5
1 0 1
Def: matrix
obtained by
performing a single
elementary row
operation on Inxn
Elementa
ry matrix
Examples:
In a
lecture!
!!
Th.1.5.1:
E2 1 L Ek 1 Ek L E2 E1 A E11E2 1 L Ek 1 I n
c
A E11 E2 1 L Ek 1 I A E11E2 1 L Ek 1
A1 E11 E2 1 L Ek 1
c
1
A Ek L E2 E1 A1 Ek L E2 E1 I n
2 7
1. Consider the matrices: A 2 7 1 , B
8 1 5
3 4
Find elementary matrices E1, E2, E3 and E4 such that:
a. E1A=B
c.
b. E2B=A
d.
3 4 1
5
1 , C 2 7 1
.
1
2 7 3
E3A=C
E4C=A
2. Find the inverse of the given matrix is invertible and check your answer by
multiplication.
0 0 2 0
2 6 6
1 0 1
1 0 0 1
A 2 7 6 , B
1 1 1 , C 0 1 3 0
2 7 7
0 1 0
2 1 5 3
More examples in Exercises Set 1.5; page 56.
Ax = b k
x k = A -1b k
A b1 b2 L bk
4 x1 7 x2 b1
x1 2 x2 b2
where:
(a) b1 = 0, b2 = 1
(b) b1 = -4, b2 = 6
(c) b1 = -1, b2 = 3
(d) b1 = -5, b2 = 1
x3 b2
to be consistent?
2 x1 x2 3 x3 b3
Answer:
In a lecture!!!
Special
square
matrix
Diagonal
matrix
Symmetric
Matrix
Triangular
Matrix
Upper
Triangular
Lower
Triangular
PROPERTIES?!?