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WORK AT HEIGHT

High Incidences of Accidents


while working at Height
Miscellaneous

08%
Transport vehicle

16%
Electrocution

11%
Fall of Object

08%

Fall of Person

57 %

Falls in Construction

Falls are the leading cause of deaths in the construction


industry.

Most fatalities occur when employees fall from opensided floors and through floor openings.

Falls from as little as 4 to 6 feet can cause serious losttime accidents and sometimes death.

Unguarded open-sided floors, periphery and platforms 6


feet or more in height led to many accidents.

Working at Height

Preventing fall of person

Ladders
Scaffolds
Working Platform
Fall Protection System

LADDERS

LADDER
TYPES

PORTABLE

STOCK (SINGLE)

EXTENSION

STEP

TRESTLE

BUILT-UP / FIXED

LADDERS
Construction:
The design of ladder shall confirm to

IS 3696 (Part 2): 1991

Metal ladder shall conform to IS 1977:1975

Aluminium alloy shall conform to IS 617:1975

Side rails (Stiles) of metal ladders shall be of sufficient

cross-section to prevent excessive deflection in use.

Slip-resistant shoes shall be used to avoid danger of


slipping.

Make shift ladders shall not be permitted.

PORTABLE LADDER

Single / Stock Ladder


(IS 3696 1966)

Single section only,


Length not more than 10 m,
Side rails may be parallel or wider
at bottom.
Distance between rungs.
Not less than 250 mm.
Not more than 350 mm.
Must support 4 times the
maximum load.
Width between side rails;
290 mm - up to 3 m Length
+6 mm - for every 0.3m
Length

Extension Ladder

Over-all length not to exceed 18 m;


Sliding section not to exceed two in
number.

Step Ladder
A- shaped, Self-supporting, hinged at upper
end with a spreader arrangement

Wide flat step at one end only &


other acts as a strut.

Overall height not more than 6 m

Do not use the top platform of the


stepladder unless designed.

Min. width 30 cm at top with a spread


of 25 mm for every 30 cm length.

Trestle Ladder
Similar to step ladder, but the other side also
used for climbing and rungs circular in shape.

Height not to exceed 6m;


The rungs not less than 30 mm
dia;
Rungs spaced not more than 45
cm
15 cm per 30 cm Min. width 30
cm at top with a spread of 25 mm
for every 30 cm length.

Built-up/Fixed Ladder
These are built and fastened to the job & not
moved

Rung spacing 300 mm c/c max;


When height exceeds 9m, landing
platform to be provided;.
Cage or well, and multiple ladder
sections, each section not exceeding 50
feet;
Distance between the inner face of the
fixed ladder:
290 mm

Ladders
DO's

Angle should be approximately 750 to the


horizontal (1:4) four up, one down
Stiles to extend at least 1 m above the
step-off point
No rung should be missing
Laced at the level of the platform
Firm & fitted with a non-slippery foothold

Ladders
DO's

Rungs shall be clear of oil/ grease etc.,

Secure the top of the ladder, as needed.

Face the ladder when ascending or


descending.

Hoist materials or attach them to waist


belt.

Ladders
Don'ts

Hang any tool from the rungs


Stand any higher than the third rung from the top
of a ladder.
Keep metal and wet wooden ladders near live
electrical circuits.
Use ladder horizontally as a work platform.
Stretch or reach beyond the side rails of a ladder.
You could lose your balance.

Ladders
Donts

Use make-shift ladders.


Allow more than one person at a time.
Face away from the ladder while ascending or
descending.
Carry a load that will prevent both hands from
holding rung.
Over-reach on a ladder.

Scaffold Safety
Pole/ Post/Standard

Runner/
Ledger

Bearer
Base Plate

Sole Plate
Cross Bracing
Longitudinal Bracing

Independent Scaffold
Pole/Post/Standard
Bearer
Runner / Ledger

Cross Bracing
Sole Plate

Base Plate

Scaffold Specification
(OSHA)

Uniformly Distributed Load

Light Duty

Medium
Duty

Heavy
Duty

25 psf
122kg/m2

50 psf
244kg/m2

75 psf
366kg/m2

1.8m

1.8m

1.8m

3.m

2.4m

1.98m

1.8m

1.8m

1.8m

Transverse distance between Posts

Longitudinal Distance between Posts

Vertical distance between Runners


(Ledgers)

Cross or Transverse Bracing

Cross bracing shall be


installed across the width
of the scaffold at every
third set of Poles and
every
forth
Runner
vertically.
Such bracing shall extend
diagonally from the inner
and outer runners upward
to the next outer and
inner Runners

Pole/Post/
Standard
Bearer
Runner/
Ledger
Cross
Bracing
Sole Plate

Base plate

Longitudinal Bracing
Longitudinal diagonal bracing on
the inner and outer rows of poles
shall be installed at approximately
a 450 angle from near the base of
the first outer post upward to the
extreme top of the scaffold.
Where the longitudinal length of
the scaffold permits such bracing
shall be duplicated beginning at
every Fifth Post.

Pole/Pos
Standard
Bearer
Runner/
Ledger
Cross
Bracing

Sole Plat

Base plate

Tying to Structure
(OSHA)
Tied Post

Tied Post

The entire scaffold shall be tied securely against the building at


intervals not exceed 30 feet horizontally and 26 feet vertically.

Plan Bracing
(IS 3696 (Part 1) 1987)

In places, where tying to structure is not possible Plan Bracing can be provided
as shown

Tying to Structure

Tie through Opening

Scaffold fixed to Form ties

Cross or Transverse Bracing

Tie around a Column

Tubular Frame Scaffold


(OSHA)

Designed to support 4 times the maximum


rated load.
Braced by cross bracing or diagonal braces
or both.
Set on adjustable bases or plain bases.
If load bearing capacity of soil less base to be
set on sole plate.
Each such joint to have a coupler two
stacking pins
Secured to the structure at Intervals not to
exceed 9m (30 feet) horizontally and 8m (26
feet) vertically.
Scaffolds above 38m (125 feet) height shall
be designed by a Professional Engineer

Mobile Scaffold

Mobile Scaffold

When free-standing height not exceed four times


the minimum base dimension.
To support four times the maximum intended
load.
All wheels shall be provided with a positive
locking device
To be braced by cross bracing or diagonal braces
or both
Platforms shall be tightly decked secured against
displacement.
Platforms shall be provided with guard rail

Mobile Scaffold

The force to move the scaffold to be applied as


close to the base as practicable
To be moved only on level floors free from
obstructions and openings.
The wheels to be provided with rubber or similar
resilient tires
Workmen not to be allowed to ride on mobile
scaffold.
All materials to be removed before mobile scaffold
is moved.
Wheels to be locked while scaffold in use.

Scaffolding
Erection

Scaffolding
Erection

By skilled workmen with the supervision of a


competent Supervisor.
Cordoning the area.
Lifting of frame and other parts by the use of
Derrick & Pulley arrangement
Ladder shall be used for climbing up and down.
Red Tag shall be provided to caution that the
scaffold is under erection

Scaffolding
Erection
At the end of the day, if a scaffold is going to be left
half-erected, it is essential to lower all the loose
scaffold materials down and ensure that the scaffold
is braced adequately to the building/structure.
Double Lanyard Safety Harness shall be used by all
workmen engaged in scaffold erection works.

Dismantling of Scaffolding

Dismantling only by Skilled Workmen


Cordoning of the area
Red Tag to be displayed
Lowering of the materials by the use of Derrick and
Pulley arrangement
Each tier shall be completely dismantled and the
material lowered to the ground before beginning to
dismantle the next tier
Materials not to be dropped

Dismantling of Scaffolding
Double lanyard safety harness to be anchored to a
strong structure or lifeline before attempting to
loosen stuck or jammed parts
At the end of the day, if a scaffold is going to be left
half-dismantled, it is essential to lower all the loose
scaffold materials down and ensure that the
scaffold
is
braced
adequately
to
the
building/structure
All the dismantled materials shall be stacked in the
appropriate manner at the designated place

Scaffold Tag System

Date of Inspection:

Signature of Competent Person

Date of Inspection :

Signature of Competent Person

Scaffold Tag System


Red Tag
This tag indicates that the scaffold is under
erection or dismantling or has not been
inspected or is not safe for use (by anyone
other than scaffold gang).
Green Scaffold Tag
This tag indicates that the scaffold is
complete & it has been inspected by
competent person and is safe for use.
GREEN scaffold tag is valid for one week
from the date of last inspection.

WORKING PLATFORM

Work-Platform

Working Platform

Designed to support the weight of the personnel and


equipment to be used.
Fully decked with scaffold boards.
Scaffold boards to be secured against displacement.
Erected on stable scaffold.
Provided with a ladder or any other safe means of
access.
Provided with guardrail:
Height of the top rail between 900 mm to 1200 mm.
Toe guard to be of minimum 100mm height.

Working Platform

Midrail to be provided halfway between the


platform and the top rail
Toe guard shall be of minimum 100mm height
Posts and rails shall be capable of withstanding a
force of at least 900N applied at any point, or
withstanding any load likely to be applied
Barriers to be provided on open edges, holes and
openings in the platform.
The minimum width of Working Platform shall be
as follows,

Only Workmen: 600 mm


Men, tools & materials: 900 mm
Men, tools, material & wheel barrows: 1200 mm

Scaffold Board

Few Donts

Crane Suspended Platform

Crane Suspended Platform

Man-cage to be limited unless there is no safer means of


access to an elevated work area.

Use of Crane Suspended Platform for carrying out welding


works shall be avoided, as this may lead to damage of
crane hoist rope.

Not to be loaded above 50% of the lifting capacity

Have a minimum safety factor of ten for the load line (wire
rope) of the crane.

Crane Suspended Platform


To be designed by a Structural Design Engineer. The man
cage shall be designed so as to:

Support self weight and at least 5 times the maximum


intended load.

Keep tools, materials, and equipment from falling by


having a standard guardrail system that is enclosed
from the toe board to the mid-rail.

Have rotation-resistant rope with a minimum safety


factor of ten.

Keep the platform free from sharp edges, which may


cause laceration to the occupants

Adequate headroom for workmen

Crane Suspended Platform


Hitch:

Provided with four leg bridle hitch connected


to a master link or shackle so that the load is
evenly positioned among the bridle legs

Hooks must provided with Hook Latch.


Mousing is prohibited.

The designated slings not to be used for any


other purpose than hoisting personnel.

Crane Suspended Platform


Use:

Training to those, who will travel


Safety belt hooked to the crane hook
Tagline to control the movement

Unguarded Edge

Unprotected sides and edges must have guardrails or


equivalent

Floor Openings

This opening could be made safe by using a


guardrail, or strong cover

Improperly covered Floor Openings

Cover completely and securely


If no cover, can guard with a guardrail

Few Donts

Few Donts

Few Donts

Few Dos

Fall Protection

Safety Belt
Lanyard

Max Free
Fall Allowed
1.8 m

Full Body harness /


Waist Safety Belt

For more than 2.0 m height

Lanyard to be anchored to a fixed


point
Free-fall not to exceed 1.20 m
Lanyard not more than 2 m.

Anchorage
Point

2 m or
more

Ground Level or Level


of adjacent surface

Full Body Safety Harness


(IS 3521 :1999)

Working near floor Edge & Opening

Rope Grab Fall Arrester


Ladder

Full Body
Harness
Class -L

Rope
Grab Fall
Arrestor
Vertical
Life Line

Rope grab fall arrestors used during vertical


movement
such
as
ascending
or
descending Scaffold towers, vertical ladders
etc.

Rope Grab Fall Arrester

Rope grab fall arrestors used to protect fall


of workers during vertical movement such
as ascending or descending Scaffold
towers, vertical ladders etc.

Life Line

20mm diameter polypropylene rope or 8 mm wire


rope
Anchorage capable of supporting at least 2264 kgf
Anchored to strong points
The sag of the life line shall not be more than 15
degree
Life Line
Anchorage
Point

Lanyard

Support

Full Body harness /


Waist Safety Belt

Usage of lifeline

Retractable Type Fall Arrester

Retractable Fall Arrester


Retractable fall arrestors shall be
used in places where high risk of fall
of workmen persists.
This fall arrestor can be directly
anchored to the anchorage or can be
used in conjunction with a lifeline

Safety Net
Safety net protects

Person from falling


Protect person working below
Safety net distance should not exceed 7.5 m
Net shall extend

up to 1.5 m
2.40 m

1.5 to 3.0 m
3.00 m

> 3.0 m
4.00 m
Person from falling
Tie cord at every 1 m
Border rope to withstand 5000 lbs (2268kg)
Drop test - 180 kg from 1 m above the working
area

Boatswain Chair
Suspension Anchorage

Fall Arrest
Anchorage Point

Suspension rope

Rope Grab Fall


Arrestor with
vertical lifeline
Full body harness with
Suspension seating
arrangement

Boatswain Chair
Suspension Rope

Rope with a locking snap-hook.

Not less than 36 mm polypropylene rope or

Any synthetic rope of equivalent strength

For hot works steel wire rope of minimum


10mm diameter shall be used
Fall Arrest Anchorage Point

Anchorage capable of supporting at least


2264 kgf

Boatswain Chair
Testing

Tested at least once a fortnight by a


competent person

Testing to be done by raising the working


platform 300 mm above the ground
loading it with at least 3 times the
maximum weight intended load

Thank You

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