C++ - Chapter 2 - C++ Programming Basics

OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING IN C++
Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed

Computer lecturer
Cisco Certified Academy Instructor
Contents
2
Chapter
Content
Chapter 1
The Big Picture
Chapter 2
C++ Programming Basics
Chapter 3
Loops and Decisions
Chapter 4
Structures
Chapter 5
Functions
Chapter 6
Objects and Classes
Chapter 7
Arrays and Strings
Chapter 8
Operator Overloading
Chapter 9
Inheritance
Chapter 10 Pointers
Chapter 11 Virtual Functions and Polymorphism
Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer
Thursday, November 22, 2012
The Chapter Contents

3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics
Getting Started
Basic Program Construction
Output Using cout
Directives
Comments
Integer Variables
Character Variables
Input with cin
9. Floating Point Types

10.Type bool
11.The setw Manipulator
12.Variable Type Summary
13.Type Conversion
14.Arithmetic Operators
15.Library Functions
1. Getting Started
4
We will use a compiler from Visual Studio 6.0 program.

We can download the Visual Studio 6.0 program, for free,
from these links:
http://www.4shared.com/zip/jxr5H2F-/Visual_Studio_60.html
(Free Register required)

https://rapidshare.com/files/3614028324/Visual%20Studio%206.0.zip
(Register not required)
Open the program by choose:
1. Getting Started
5
The Program Interface:
1. Getting Started
6
Open new Project by choose:
File
New
1. Getting Started
7
From Projects tab, choose Win32 Console Application.

2
1. Getting Started
8
In Project name box, write a name for your project, for example
My Project. Then press OK button.
4
1. Getting Started
9
Press on Finish button to continue
1. Getting Started
10
Press on OK button to finish creating the project.
1. Getting Started
11
Open new File by choose:
File
New
1. Getting Started
12
From Files tab, choose C++ Source File.
10
1. Getting Started
13
In File name box, write a name for your source code file, for example
FIRST. Then press OK button.
11
12
1. Getting Started
14
The compiler is ready now to write your source code.
1. Getting Started
15
Compilers take source code and transform it into

executable files, which your computer can run as it does
other programs.
Source files are text files (extension .CPP) that we will
learn how to write it through our course.
Executable files have the .EXE extension, and can be
executed either from within your compiler, or directly
alone.
A DSW file contains the text of a program being
developed in the Microsoft C++ language. You will use
the file with DSW (Microsoft Developer Studio
Workspace) extension to open the project you created.
2. Basic Program Construction

16
Write the following code that will simply prints a

sentence on the screen.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
cout<<"Hello World. "<<endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
Output:
Hello World.
}
Press any key to continue

17
There are two steps to complete building our first

project:
1. Press F7, or from Build menu choose Build FIRST.exe to
find out errors in our code.
2. Press Ctrl+F5, or from Build menu choose Execute
FIRST.exe to build and execute our project.
1. Getting Started
18
main function
The parentheses following the word main are the
distinguishing feature of a function. Without the
parentheses the compiler would think that main refers to
a variable.
Well put parentheses following the function name. Later
on well see that the parentheses arent always empty.
Theyre used to hold function arguments: values passed
from the calling program to the function.
The word int preceding the function name indicates that
this particular function has a return value of type int.
1. Getting Started
19
Braces and the Function Body

The body of a function is surrounded by braces.
These braces play the same role as the BEGIN and END
keywords in some other languages: They surround or delimit
a block of program statements.
Always start with main ( )
When you run a C++ program, the first statement executed
will be at the beginning of a function called main ( ).
The program may consist of many functions, classes, and
other program elements, but on startup, control always goes
to main ( ).
If there is no function called main ( ) in your program, an
error will be reported when you run the program.
1. Getting Started
20
Program Statements
A semicolon signals the end of the statement. If you
leave out the semicolon, the compiler will often
(although not always) signal an error.
The last statement in the function body is return 0;. This
tells main ( ) to return the value 0 to whoever called it,
in this case the operating system or compiler.
In older versions of C++ you could give main ( ) the
return type of void and dispense with the return
statement, but this is not considered correct in Standard
C++.
You can put several statements on one line, separated
by any number of spaces or tabs.

21
#include<iostream>
int main( )
{ cout<<"Hello World. "<<endl; system("pause"); return 0; }
#include
<iostream>
int main( )
{ cout<<"Hello World. "<<endl; system("pause"); return 0; }
3. Output Using cout

22
As you have seen, the statement:
causes the phrase in quotation

marks to be displayed on the
screen.
The identifier cout (pronounced C out) is actually an

object. It is predefined in C++ to correspond to the
standard output stream.
The operator << is called the insertion or put to operator.
It directs the contents of the variable on its right to the
object on its left. In FIRST project, it directs the string
constant Hello World. to cout, which sends it to the
display.
3. Output Using cout

23
As you have seen, the endl in statement:

causes the next text output to be displayed on a new line.

We use it here so that the phrases such as Press any key to
continue , inserted by some compilers for display after
the program terminates, will appear on a new line.
We can use another way to display the same output:
cout<<"Hello World. "<<'\n';
or
cout<<"Hello World. \n";
4. Directives
24
The two lines that begin the FIRST program are directives.
#include<iostream>
The first is a preprocessor directive, and the second is a using

directive. Theyre not part of the basic C++ language, but
theyre necessary anyway.
The preprocessor directive #include tells the compiler to insert
another file into your source file. In effect, the #include
directive is replaced by the contents of the file indicated.
The type file usually included by #include is called a header
file.
4. Directives
25
#include<iostream>
In the FIRST example, the preprocessor directive #include

tells the compiler to add the source file iostream to the
FIRST.CPP source file before compiling.
iostream is an example of a header file. Its concerned
with basic input/output operations, and contains
declarations that are needed by the cout identifier and
the << operator.
Without these declarations, the compiler wont recognize
cout and will think << is being used incorrectly.
4. Directives
26
The using directive says that all the program statements

that follow are within the std namespace.
If we didnt use the using directive, we would need to add
the std name to many program elements. For example:
std::cout<<"Hello World. "<<endl;
To avoid adding std:: dozens of times in programs we use

the using directive instead.
5. Comments
27
Comments are an important part of any program. They

help the person writing a program, and anyone else who
must read the source file, understand whats going on.
The compiler ignores comments, so they do not add to the
file size or execution time of the executable program.
A comment can start at the beginning of the line or on the
same line following a program statement.
We can write the comments using any languages we can
easily understand it.
5. Comments
28
The first comment style start with a double slash symbol //

and terminate at the end of the line.
// comments.cpp
// demonstrates comments
#include<iostream>
//preprocessor directive
//using directive
int main( )
//function name main
{
//start function body
//
system("pause");
//statement
return 0;
//statement
}
//end function body
5. Comments
29
Theres a second comment style available in C++. This

type of comment (the only comment originally available in
C) begins with the /* character pair and ends with */ (not
with the end of the line).
This is a good approach to making a comment out of a
large text passage, since it saves inserting the // symbol
on every line.
/* this is a
/* this is an old-style comment */
potentially
very long
multiline
comment
*/
5. Comments
30
You can also insert a /* . */ comment anywhere within

the text of a program line:
func1( )
{ /* empty function body */ }
If you attempt to use the // style comment in this case, the

closing brace wont be visible to the compiler. Since a //
style comment runs to the end of the line, and the code
wont compile correctly.
func1( )
{ // empty function body }
6. Integer Variables
31
Variables are the most fundamental part of any language.

A variable has a symbolic name and can be given a
variety of values.
Variables are located in particular places in the
computers memory.
When a variable is given a value, that value is actually
placed in the memory space assigned to the variable.
Most popular languages use the same general variable
types, such as integers, floating-point numbers, and
characters, so you are probably already familiar with the
ideas behind them.
32
Variable Names
You can use uppercase and lowercase letters, and the digits
from 1 to 9. You can also use the underscore (_).
The first character must be a letter or underscore.
The compiler distinguishes between uppercase and
lowercase letters, so Var is not the same as var or VAR.
You cant use a C++ keyword as a variable name. A
keyword is a predefined word with a special meaning. int,
class, if, and while are examples of keywords.
A variables name should make clear to anyone reading the
listing the variables purpose and how it is used.
33
Integer variables represent integer numbers like 1, 30,000, and

27. Such numbers are used for counting discrete numbers of
objects, like 11 pencils or 100 students.
Unlike floating-point numbers, integers have no fractional part.
Integer variables exist in several sizes, but the most commonly
used is type int. The amount of memory occupied by the integer
types is system dependent. On a 32-bit system such as Windows,
an int occupies 4 bytes (byte = 8 bits) of memory. This allows an
int to hold numbers in the range from 2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647.
Type int occupies only 2 bytes in 16-bit systems such as MS-DOS
and earlier versions of Windows.
34
There are several numerical integer types besides type int.

The two most common types are long and short. We noted
that the size of type int is system dependent. In contrast,
types long and short have fixed sizes no matter what system
is used.
Type long always occupies four bytes. Thus it has range,
from 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
Type short always occupies two bytes. Thus it has range,
from 32,768 to 32,767.
If you want to create a constant of type long, use the letter L
following the numerical value, as in: long var = 7678L;
35
#include<iostream>
int main( )
{
int var1;
int var2;
var1 = 20;
var2 = var1 + 10;
cout<<"var1+10 is ";
cout<<var2<<endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
//define var1
//define var2
//assign value to var1
//assign value to var2
//output text
//output value of var2
Output:
var1+10 is 30
36
The statement, int var1; ,is called declaration.

You must declare a variable before using it.
However, you can place variable declarations anywhere in
a program.
Its not necessary to declare variables before the first
executable statement (as was necessary in C).
However, its probably more readable if commonly-used
variables are located at the beginning of the program.
37
Output Variations
The statement cout<<"var1+10 is "; displays a string constant.
The next statement cout<<var2<<endl; displays the value of
the variable var2.
The output of the program is var1+10 is 30
As you can see, the output of the two cout statements
appears on the same line on the output screen. No linefeed
is inserted automatically. If you want to start on a new line,
you must insert a linefeed yourself.
cout<<"var1+10 is \n";
cout<<"var1+10 is "<<endl;
or
cout<<var2<<endl;
cout<<var2<<endl;
7. Character Variables
38
Type char stores integers that range in value from 128 to 127.
Variables of this type occupy only 1 byte (eight bits) of memory.
Character variables are much more commonly used to store
ASCII characters.
The ASCII character set is a way of representing characters such
as a, B, $, 3, and so on, as numbers.
Character constants use single quotation marks around a
character, like a and b. (Note that this differs from string
constants, which use double quotation marks).
When the C++ compiler encounters such a character constant, it
translates it into the corresponding ASCII code. The constant a
appearing in a program, for example, will be translated into 97.
ASCII Chart
39
ASCII
Chart
ASCII Chart
40
ASCII Chart
41
42
// charvars.cpp: demonstrates character variables
#include<iostream>
int main( )
{
char ch1 = 'A';
char ch2 = '\t';
cout<<ch1;
cout<<ch2;
ch1 = 'B';
cout<<ch1;
cout<<'\n';
return 0;
}
//for cout, etc.
//define char variable as character

//define char variable as tab
//display character
//display character
//set char variable to char constant

//display character
//display newline character
Output:
A
B
43
Escape Sequences
The character constant \t is an example of an escape sequence.
The name reflects the fact that the backslash causes an escape
from the normal way characters are interpreted.
Escape Sequence
Character
\n
Newline
\t
Tab
\'
Single quotation mark
\"
Double quotation marks
\\
Backslash
\ xdd
Hexadecimal notation
44
Sometimes you need to represent a character constant that

doesnt appear on the keyboard, such as the graphics
characters above ASCII code 127.
To do this, you can use the \xdd representation, where each
d stands for a hexadecimal digit.
If you want to print a solid rectangle, for example, youll
find such a character listed as decimal number 178, which is
hexadecimal number B2 in the ASCII table. This character
would be represented by the character constant \xB2.
8. Input with cin

45
// fahren.cpp
// demonstrates cin, newline
#include<iostream>
int main( )
{
int ftemp;
//for temperature in fahrenheit
cout<<"Enter temperature in fahrenheit: ";
cin>>ftemp;
int ctemp = (ftemp-32) * 5 / 9;
cout<<"Equivalent in Celsius is: "<<ctemp<<'\n';
return 0;
Output:
}
Enter temperature in fahrenheit: 212
Equivalent in Celsius is: 100
8. Input with cin

46
The statement cin>>ftemp; causes the program to wait for

the user to type in a number.
The resulting number is placed in the variable ftemp.
The keyword cin (pronounced C in) is an object,
predefined in C++ to correspond to the standard input
stream.
This stream represents data coming from the keyboard.
The >> is the extraction or get from operator. It takes the
value from the stream object on its left and places it in the
variable on its right.
8. Input with cin

47
Expressions
Any arrangement of variables, constants, and operators that
specifies a computation is called an expression.
Thus, alpha+12 and (alpha-37)*beta/2 are expressions.
Precedence
Any Arithmetic operation proceeds according to an
established precedence of operations. Thus, Precedence is
the order in which operators are evaluated.
Precedence Summary
48
#include<iostream>
int main( )
{
int a=4, b=6, c=3, d, e, f, g;
d = a + b * c;
e = (a + b) * c;
f = a * b / c;
g = a * (b / c);
cout<<"d = "<<d<<'\t';
cout<<"e = "<<e<<'\n';
cout<<"f = "<<f<<'\t';
cout<<"g = "<<g<<'\n';
return 0;
}
Output:
d = 14 e = 30
f=8 g=8
Precedence Summary
49
The operators higher on the list have higher precedence

than those lower down.
Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before
those with lower precedence.
Operators on the same row have equal precedence.

50
Floating-point variables represent numbers with a decimal

place like 3.1415927, 0.0000625, and 10.2.
They have both an integer part, to the left of the decimal
point, and a fractional part, to the right.
Floating-point variables represent what mathematicians call
real numbers, which are used for measurable quantities such
as distance, area, and temperature. They typically have a
fractional part.
There are three kinds of floating-point variables in C++:
type float, type double, and type long double.

51
Type float
38
Type float stores numbers in the range of about 3.4x10
to 3.4x1038, with a precision of seven digits. It occupies 4
bytes in memory.
Type double
The larger floating point types, double, is similar to float
except that it requires more memory space and provide a
wider range of values and more precision.
Type double requires 8 bytes of storage and handles
numbers in the range from 1.7x10308 to 1.7x10308 with a
precision of 15 digits.

52
//circarea.cpp
//demonstrates floating point variables
#include<iostream>
//for cout, etc.
int main( )
{
float rad;
//variable of type float
const float PI = 3.14159F;
//type const float
cout<<"Enter radius of circle: ";
//prompt
cin>>rad;
//get radius
float area = PI * rad * rad;
//find area
cout<<"Area is "<<area<<endl;
//display answer
return 0;
Output:
}
Enter radius of circle: 0.5
Area is 0.785398
Press any key to
continue
22, 2012
Thursday,
November

53
Exponential Notation
You can write floating-point constants using exponential notation.
Exponential notation is a way of writing large numbers without
having to write out a lot of zeros.
For example, 1,000,000,000 can be written as 1.0E9 in
exponential notation. Similarly, 1234.56 would be written
1.23456E3. (This is the same as 1.23456 *103).
The number following the E is called the exponent. It indicates
how many places the decimal point must be moved to change the
number to ordinary decimal notation.
The exponent can be positive or negative. The exponential
number 6.35239E5 is equivalent to 0.0000635239 in decimal
notation. This is the same as 6.35239 *105.

54
The const Qualifier

const float PI = 3.14159F;
The keyword const (for constant) precedes the data type of a

variable. It specifies that the value of a variable will not change
throughout the program.
Any attempt to alter the value of a variable defined with this
qualifier will elicit an error message from the compiler.
The #define Directive
The line #define PI 3.14159 appearing at the beginning of your
program specifies that the identifier PI will be replaced by the
text 3.14159 throughout the program.
However, you cant specify the data type of the constant using
#define.
10. Type bool

55
Variables of type bool can have only two possible values:

true and false.
In theory a bool type requires only one bit (not byte) of
storage, but in practice compilers often store them as bytes
because a byte can be quickly accessed, while an individual
bit must be extracted from a byte, which requires additional
time.
As well see, type bool is most commonly used to hold the
results of comparisons.
The true/false values are often called Boolean values.
11. The setw Manipulator

56
You can think of each value displayed by cout as occupying a

field: an imaginary box with a certain width.
The default field is just wide enough to hold the value. That is, the
integer 567 will occupy a field three characters wide, and the
string pajamas will occupy a field seven characters wide.
The setw manipulator causes the number (or string) that follows it
in the stream to be printed within a field n characters wide,
where n is the argument to setw(n).
The declarations for the manipulators (except endl) are not in the
usual iostream header file, but in a separate header file called
iomanip. When you use these manipulators you must #include this
header file in your program.

57
// width1.cpp
// demonstrates need for setw manipulator
#include<iostream>
int main( )
{
long sd1=83, sd2=78, sd3=91;
cout<<"Name "<<"Degree"<<endl;
cout<<"Ahmed "<<sd1<<endl;
cout<<"Ali "<<sd2<<endl;
cout<<"Mohamed "<<sd3<<endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Name Degree
Ahmed 83
Ali 78
Mohamed 91

58
// width1.cpp
// demonstrates need for setw manipulator
Output:
NAME DEGREE
Ahmed
83
Ali
78
Mohamed
91
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
// for setw
int main( )
{
long sd1=83, sd2=78, sd3=91;
cout<<setw(8)<<"NAME"<<setw(10)<<"DEGREE"<<endl;
cout<<setw(8)<<"Ahmed"<<setw(10)<<sd1<<endl;
cout<<setw(8)<<"Ali"<<setw(10)<<sd2<<endl;
cout<<setw(8)<<"Mohamed"<<setw(10)<<sd3<<endl;
return 0;
}

59
Output:
#include<iostream>
*****NAME**DEGREE
#include<iomanip>
// for setw
****Ahmed*******83
********Ali*******78
int main( )
*Mohamed *******91
{
long sd1=83, sd2=78, sd3=91;
cout<<setw(8)<<setfill('*')<<"NAME;
cout<<setw(10)<<setfill('*')<<"DEGREE"<<endl;
cout<<setw(8)<<setfill('*')<<"Ahmed";
cout<<setw(10)<<setfill('*')<<sd1<<endl;
cout<<setw(8)<<setfill('*')<<"Ali";
cout<<setw(8)<<setfill('*')<<"Mohamed";
return 0;
}

60
Output:
#include<iostream>
NAME
DEGREE
#include<iomanip>
// for setw
Ahmed
83
Ali
78
int main( )
Mohamed 91
{
long sd1=83, sd2=78, sd3=91;
cout<<setw(8)<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<"NAME;
cout<<setw(10)<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<"DEGREE"<<endl;
cout<<setw(8)<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<"Ahmed";
cout<<setw(10)<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<sd1<<endl;
cout<<setw(8)<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<"Ali";
cout<<setw(8)<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<"Mohamed";
return 0;
}
12. Variable Type Summary

61
62
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OBJECT-ORIENTED

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed

The Big Picture

C++ Programming Basics

Loops and Decisions

Objects and Classes

Arrays and Strings

Thursday, November 22, 2012

The Chapter Contents

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

9. Floating Point Types

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

We will use a compiler from Visual Studio 6.0 program.

(Free Register required)

(Register not required)

Open the program by choose:

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

The Program Interface:

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

Open new Project by choose:

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

From Projects tab, choose Win32 Console Application.

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

Press on Finish button to continue

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

Press on OK button to finish creating the project.

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

Open new File by choose:

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

From Files tab, choose C++ Source File.

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

The compiler is ready now to write your source code.

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics

Compilers take source code and transform it into

Ahmed Mohamed Sayed Ahmed - Computer lecturer

Thursday, November 22, 2012

2. Basic Program Construction

Chapter 2: C++ Programming Basics