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SHORT HISTORICAL
LATIN
GRAMMAR
EDINBURGH
TORONTO
GLASGOW
MELBOURNE
HUMPHREY MILFORD
NEW YORK
BOMBAY
M.A.
SHORT HISTORICAL
LATIN
GRAMMAR
BY
W. M. LINDSAY, M.A.
FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD
SECOND EDITION
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1915
NOV 21
1953
TEACHERS
torical
the anomalies of
Genitive of
legit,
why
tier,
the
magnificentior,
a by-form
how
Comparative
why
circa.
In
of
from
magnificus
lego, legis,
should be
if
While
Comparative Philoin
which
have
recent
added
so much to our
logy,
years
I
of
have
avoided
the technical
Latin,
knowledge
making
vi
Preface
to
knows which
results are
certain
still
subjudice,
and
for
W. M. LINDSAY.
OXFORD
September, 1895.
last
to Latin Philology.
attractive
theories,
called
many
Of new
purpose
<
sacer ',
is
the most
inscriptions
the
DIOVESTOD
<
justo
'.
its
SAKROS
Otherwise Epigraphy
Preface
to
the
Second Edition
vii
For the
letter v there is
hardly ancient
Latin Philology.
been added at the end of the
first
chapter.
of
the Latin
Genitive-form were
his
pupils
this
(in
the Golden
Age
of Latin)
wrong, though
'
who
authorized \
by students of
Romance
first
Philology.
W. M. LINDSAY.
ST.
ANDREWS
September, 1914.
CONTENTS
......
.....
INTRODUCTION
CHAP.
I.
II.
ALPHABET
PRONUNCIATION,
III.
NOUN
IV. ADJECTIVE
V. PRONOUNS
VI.
...
VIII. PREPOSITIONS
73
99
.....
WORDS
INDEX
135
144
155
.169
.183
199
204
207
B. LIST OF SPELLINGS
C.
,,
......79
XI. FORMATION OP
42
VERB
VII. ADVERBS
ix
AND
ACCENTUATION,
CHANGE OF SOUND
PAGE
209
INTRODUCTION
LATIN was the language
of the Latini,
mouth
who
o
inhabited
the Tiber.
Roman
The languages
like.
of
of
provinces,
of
modern
step
'
Vulgar Latin
into
the form of
passed
A.D.), the
modern
caballo,
cheval,
Roumanian
A language
called the
'
cal.
Rome
till
Old Latin, as
Introduction
time,
Golden Age
(5)
'
Classical
(6) Silver
Age
Some
language.
History
the
of
greatest
connected with
are
names of Roman
reforms
of
spelling
or
The
studies of
Grammar and
as well as Poets.
Greece in the last century of the Republic, were prosecuted with the utmost zest for many centuries, the most
M.
Terentius
the
stages of Latin.
to
therefore
for
c.
250
B.C.
onwards are
fairly complete.
xi
Introduction
'
dialectal
inscriptions, there
of
For the
language was.
Romance words
for
'
horse
By
',
just mentioned,
the
'
'
to
Armenian
something
like
back
Introduction
xii
inflexions to
an
Indo- European
'
form, and
may
out of
construct
an
'
Indo-European
Of the
various
alphabet.
members
of the
Thus
have a Passive in -R
vi.
(ch.
(e.g.
in Celtic as in Latin
6),
we
Gaulish matrebos, O.
Ir.
Nouns
correspond to Latin in
-tio,
12).
Brugmann,
NOTE.
Paragraphs in small type
may
be omitted by
An
all
but advanced
students.
CHAPTER
THE ALPHABET
1.
THE Greeks
of Chalcis in
among
colonies
Campania
Euboea had at an
Cumae and
early
The connexion
Greek Alphabet
(Greek)
(Latin)
(Greek)
ABCDEFG H
ABTAE Z H
QRSTV X
P
of
(e)
KA
MN
(oc)
OP
OH
[YZ]
TT d> X (ch) *
But when we go
IKLMN
1.
Euboean
the two
(Early Latin)
(Early Euboean)
(Marly Latin)
(Early Euboean)
A
A
& C
/~ N
f" H
inscriptions,
l>
fc
(()
t>
fc
(!)
f-
f*
I*
P 9
P9
(o)
we
see that
Z B
Z B
TV X
TV X
IKU
I
(/>)
(*)
CD
!<
V (ch),
The Alphabet
CH.
the fact being that the Latins took over bodily from
the Greeks of Campania the written signs by which
these Greeks expressed
of their language.
Now
it is
means
perfectly suitable
of
The
first
alteration
Greek
disuse of the
0, 0,
x-
(0),
These
(0),
our th in
an /5-sound
followed
an^-^eap '),
'
(cf. our
(2)
by an ^-sound
(cf.
our
in/-/$orn').
Since
of
from
its original.
The use of X for x, Y for ch, and the order X, <> Y are features
what are called the 'Western' Greek Alphabets, as opposed to
2-4
C,
Again the
3.
k-
he often seemed
his letter K,
to
Roman
to be pro-
l
nouncing a ^-sound and not a ^-sound. This led to
the use of the third letter of the borrowed alphabet,
for a /-sound,
now
A{
|{,
was a short
of all this
use, C or (
/('-sign
and
n.),
and was at
this sound.
Greek
KvQepvw
2
we
is
In time
Kofj.fj.1,
in
first
it
Roman
Greek
spelling guberno.
Thus on a very old insci'iption, called the Dvenos inscription,
have VI R(O (virgo) and (O$ Ml $ (comis) side by side.
B 2
The Alphabet
CH.
a single sign,
fHEK
(or
became
F.
Thus fee-
of.
fecit
in this
way
would be
(or FE().
first
as
written
like
vinum 9
veni.
The
nearest
u-i-num, u-e-ni.
that the
for this
Romans came
V,
sign ousted
the function of
5.
Of
the
while
ch.
ii.
the
5),
in course of time
come
to express quite
Z,
C or
come
(,
The seventh
voiced
('
Z was
Greek
affected.
of our
s)
But
letter
as \ &c., a
was likewise
lips
19),
assumed on
so that the
AZO
-arum)
(ch.
iii.
first
M,
fell
Roman
in the
a change
is
become the
went
as centuries
Roman
'
-sound
to express the
alphabet to
This
which we can
We
[*
Ruga
was the
He would
of the
(a
name (RVGA,
PAPIZ-.
find
it
This
new
letter
339
B. c.,
name PAPIR-
B. c.)
first
instead of
Carvilius
its
VC A),
In
letter,
of the ^-sound,
in
was nothing
first syllable
of
The Alphabet
by the addition of a
slightly altered
CH.
The expression
of
not the
the ^-sound
later use
finally this
^7-sound.
6.
the
official
Roman
alphabet
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVX.
The
strictly
letters
Roman
speaking
letters.
They
in writing the
French
we
cupressus,
canon \ or the
Spanish loan-word
French loan-word f fa9ade'. They
9 in writing the
were never used in writing Latin words, except occasionally in a few which were wrongly believed to be
Greek loan-words,
write
it
'rhyme'
e.g. lacryma,
inclytus;
instead of 'rime'
to
represents the
writers on
Greek
Grammar
pv6/j,6$.
owing
And though
usually include
them
make
Similarly th t
letters.
much
as
we
an idea that
the Latin
in the
Roman
a distinction between
were
6-8
Achilles, Rhoclus,
t,p,
c,
(cf. tus,
earlier written
with
(paivoXrjs, \dXig),
(cf.
ch.
ii.
6).
connected with
(gf)wascor, (g}natus}.
K was retained
in the proper name Kaeso, written shortly K. and there were oldfashioned people even in Imperial times who in their correspon;
dence always spelt karissime with k, not c (cf. the spellings Kalendae,
kalumnia, and other words where the guttural precedes
was retained as symbol of the
The old five-stroked form of
a).
while the ordinary
proper name Mdnius, and came to be written
form of the letter was used as symbol of Marcus. Legal phraseology
was especially retentive of ofd forms thus the -e of jure dicundo,
interkalaris,
*a
long
i,
and remained
till
(3) indi-
a long
letter, e. g. M!LIA.
by
9)
and
words
(5) in-
en.
The Alphabet
orthography. Another change introduced, but without much sxiccess, by the poet Accius, was borrowed
from Greek, viz. the use of g for n before g, c, e. g. aggulus, agcora (cf.
Gk. dyKvpa). Equally short-lived were the additions to the Roman
l
viz.
|-
||
the
Romans
(at least in
words like cujus, jam from the vowel in words like pius, etiam.
For the ?/-sound (often called consonantal i ') they used a long form
of the letter i. This i longa was often projected below the line as
well as above, and from it has arisen our letter j.
The unsound in words like vos they sometimes distinguished from
the vowel in words like tuos. To express the former (often called
consonantal u ') they doubled the letter u, and from this has arisen
our letter w ('double u '). They indicated, for example, Virgil's
in
'
'
'
'
At the time
PL
of tennis
had come in
by
of
(TUOS).
and
Oscan
lived in
CHAPTEE
II
1.
Latin Vowels
is
simple enough.
the
is called the
'
'
sound
open
in English
'
close
is
e.
precisely
the
g.
of
what
(
led
is
'
is
The
'
open
'.
The
to English lips.
English, as
it
'
say ',
fate
',
fail
',
e.
g. the
long
e- vowel
'
know ',
for
in
they
'
',
no', are
(
'
sound, followed by w.
'
'
of
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
say
'.
'
10
CH.
Pronunciation
e- sound
of Fr.
etc
and not
',
Engl. 'say'.
Latin a had however the same quality, when long and
when short, the only difference being in quantity. The
a of pater
is
mater, only
we aim
at exactness,
we must not
our
'
Here
too, if
short a-vowel',
'
is really
'
'
father'.
and an
long a
e,
as
',
we
standing
see, if
we
(
'
compare our pronunciation of words like man ', hat
with the German of 'Mann', er hat'. The German
'
'
vowel
is
'
father
'
or
Germ.
of long
Romans
in keeping
a final
-t
short
16).
syllable,
retained
quantity, of long
1
i,
so that the
'
A. D., for
classes at
Rome
of stdtim so that
it
sounded
like stctim.
11
of Vowels
had the
vincio, or condit
of our
i- sound
Ital. si),
si,
from condio}
unlike the
-it
of
from /??*0f/0,
open
from
'
'
it',
bit'.
The
'
sound of ' the before an
initial
vowel.
of optimum,
'
this
Here
vowels
A
A.
is
E
K
!
I
Fr.
in
',
footpath'.
/in'ete'.
e in
Engl.
Fr.
Engl. a
'
'
of
<
led', 'wet'.
fini
of
Engl.
'.
<
'
in',
finish'.
consonant.
repeated j
(cf.
with open
e)
approaching
to
i)
before rg
(cf.
the spelling
12
Pronunciation
'
Fr. au in
6 Engl. o in
U Germ, u in
chaud
'
not
'.
'.
'
gut
'.
The
1
Engl.
it
call
',
'
'
in
'
&c. was
pull
short u
',
not a
is
which we
y- sound
tune
called
'
en.
u in
insert before
unknown
oo in
an owl. 1
in Latin.)
e.g. the
-sound at
but
all,
is
properly
'.)
Thus the
sound as the
close
'
differ as Ital.
which has
ns,
close
bello
e,
',
and
similarly mollls
of si
'
as the e of legis
illex,
the
must
'
and
e}
stella
and
and
',
alluring
illex,
bellus
of lex
lawless
'
on.
of
nobls
long
'
non
should
stella
pronounced
corolla
'in',
became
in-
(Germ,
'
con
in consul, &c.
fiinf), gos,
it
')
became
con- (more
disappeared in O. Engl.
u.
13
of Diphthongs
rhythm
be
the Latin
vowels their
we were
suffer if
English vowels.
poetical
to pronounce the
But the
full
vowels in
appreciation
when we
attained,
it
of
like
Latin
learn to
dwelling, for
example, on the
first
on the
2.
first syllable
of pater.
The
Diphthongs.
Latin Diphthongs
is
cases.
w-sound
form
and the
may have
combination.
But
by the e-sound.
But
was tinged
by
its
14
CH.
Pronunciation
'
scaeptrum
'
For
protracted or rather doubled).
scaena were approved by purists as the
eh
Interjection
'
',
'
it
came
form of
to be written pre
e (the short
'
'
open eIn
was
later
of
when
the
vowels
times,
sound).
quantity
we
find
e
the
short
confused,
persistently written for ae,
sound substituted for the long. We may suppose that
the
first
'
of our
short a
been already
words
'
men
'
in
'
man
'
bat
'
t
',
which
bet
'
'.
modified
express the
German
long Greek
modified
'
Gk.
2
v,
The a
n.
by the accompanying u
'
}
}
like
Gk.
77
ta
with
o,
and his
rival Clodius
15
of Diphthongs
The
o).
element
first
AE
'path',
'
man
'
of
(not
<?-vowel.
AU
'
'
OE
UI
footpath
EU
as in Ital.
'
'
e-vowel.
ii
rapidly followed
Hui expressed a
i-vowel.
by the
whistle of astonish-
ment.
Consonants.
3.
much
difficulty.
We may
ft,
words before
of civitas, as of cavitas,
and the g of
the gens to change the name Claudius to its plebeian form Clodius,
with the view of conciliating the mob. There is a story of Vespasian
being reproved by a certain Florus for using the pronunciation
Flaurus
'
'.
'
16
of our
we
cavity
'
city
V had
'
the c of our
if
CH,
Pronunciation
and the g of our f ago
',
'
'
agitate
age
',
j the sound
'.
of our
have much
ij
we
and
shall not
the
caw
of a
crow
2
(Phaedrus). Between vowels / was doubled in pronunciation ; ejus, for example, was pronounced ' ey-yus (with
'
open
the
'
e),
littera
of a dog
canina
',
(cf. hirrio,
to growl),
Final
(p.
n.).
R, called
should not be
trilled
r.
is
And
nasal.
only difference
that this was
not a mere poetical convention, but the actual pronunciawe learn from animadverto for anim(um) advert o
tion
(cf.
A Roman
domum
'
itio,
home-
is like Hardy's in
Far from the Madding
owl in a tree happened to be crying Whoo-whooand Joseph, all in a tremble, said Joseph Poorgrass of
Weatherbury, sir.'
2
V was often dropped between vowels, especially similar vowels
e. g. lavcibrum (the old form) became labrum, a bath, si vis became sis,
if you please '.
Cf. our Hawarden pronounced with loss of w.
1
Phaedrus' story
Crowd
whoo
!
'
'
'
'
<
'
'
of Consonants
17
'
'
soft
to use
'
so
pronounce
mus
as Engl.
as Engl. k.
as Engl.
as Engl.
as Engl. g in
as Engl.
J as Engl.
as Engl.
as Engl.
'
ago
',
not as g in
'
age
'.
y.
as Engl.
as Engl.
Q
R
as Engl.
e.
as Scotch or Continental
r,
stronger than r in
'
opera'.
as Engl. s of the
(
use
as Engl.
V
X
as Engl.
noun use
'
',
never as
of the verb
'.
as Engl. w.
4.
Greek Letters.
To
these
18
Pronunciation
letters, y,
only in
z,
tJi,
ph,
c/i,
Greek loan-words
which, as
(ch.
i.
CH.
we have
6).
seen, occur
Y (Greek Upsilon)
pronounced as in our
tJt
ant-heap
',
ph
'
up-hill
cJt,
had
were
ink-horn
',
'.
5. The Pronunciation of V.
The use of the sign v, which
suggests to those who pronounce Latin words as if they were
English words a sound like that of Engl. v for Lat. vos, &c., is not
ancient.
F and u were not distinguished in Latin inscriptions or
for
early MSS., the discrimination in MSS. of the capital form
consonantal u, and of the Uncial (also Minuscule and Cursive) form
U for vocalic
'
<j>,
The
There was at
'
(cf.
all
v before
the accent.
was aunculus
of Consonants
5, 6
of H,
CH
TH, PH,
19
classical
new
shibboleth of fashion led to ludicrous misappliby the uneducated classes, which have been
Chommoda
dicere, et
'
'
dicebat, siquando
hinsidias
'
commoda
(84)
vellet
Arrius insidias.
'
(i.
'
'
'
'
'
</>
usage in a
(dehibeo"),
By
the
number
*ne-hemo)
debeo
from prehendo).
had established themselves
first
century
A. D.
prendo
and
nil
c 2
20
Pronunciation
CH.
(from
ve-
and
mens).
The Pronunciation
of TI, CI, &c. The same wave of Syncope that passed over later Latin, reducing vetulus to veclus (cf. Ital.
'
vecchio), &c. ( 13), made Tityus out of Titius, hodye out of
l
uncya out of uncia, Sec. Through this combination of our
hodie,
7.
'
'
'
'
our.;',
'
decies,
like
in
KHN2ON for
Welsh
positions,
censum,
(first to fifth
e. g.
KPH2KHN2
for Crescens
Latin loan-words
centuries)
Welsh cwyr
(Lat.
in late spellings like rinti for viginti (the precursor of Ital. venti), trienta for trlglnta, cannot be dissociated from
g
where
it is
7-9
of L,
E;
21
of Syllables
8.
tell
us that
had a 'pinguis'
or 'plenus sonus' in
two
cases, (1)
and an
'exilis' or
'
in combinations like
tenuis sonus
',
(1) at
fl, cl, e.
g. flavus, cldrus
Catullus.
'
',
'
'
is
given to Latin
Italian, to Lat.
li
II,
e. g.
caballo,
before a vowel
(&/),
'
<
miglia (cf. our million '), bigliardo (our billiards ').
Metathesis of r (and Z) was as common in bad Latin as in bad
e.g.
for d
where
it
'
9. Syllable -Division.
A caution too must be given
about the pronunciation of Latin Syllables, which
should follow the Italian more than the English fashion.
22
Prommciation
Each
syllable should be
nant,
CH.
And
end
the second.
be-ne, not
'
'
penknife
so on. 1
and
',
',
',
(making a spondee).
ag-ri
of
Double
into
and single
l\
ss,
after
Thus
a diphthong or long vowel, II, after a diphthong.
'
'
the explanation of
caussa, glossa, a difficult word ', or
a difficult word (Gk yXSxra-a), formossus, paullum, the
'
the Imperial
with
Age
between long
vilicus, a farm
II
willle,
became
at the beginning of
So
and another
bailiff,
from
i, e.
g. milia, Plur. of
villa,
and with nn
in
in Latin.
Thus we have
Nom,
Sg.
'
suffix -s (ch.
'
iii.
is
not found
es,
thou
we
10
23
Orthography
vi.
19)
es-,
(cf.
hoc-ci-ne)
from the
all
and
s,
a vowel also.
syllable of such
reduced to single
came
of Plautus
s,
c,
we
syllable,
and even in
the classical time hoc (and after its example hie, ch. v. 3)
is found
as a syllable long by position, pronounced,
Doublet '-forms
initial
an
initial
'
a consonant,
an
'
12.
Final d,
common
con-
'
before
in Latin.
when an
initial
consonant followed. In
hand.
d-less
e.
g.
me tamen, hau scio, and the first three often before a vowel
too, e. g. me enim as well as med enim.
By the classical
time the d-less forms, me, te, se, have driven the d-forms
off the field, but the form hand continued to assert itself.
10.
Orthography.
24
Pronunciation
CH.
with
due
noun
'
use
'
3).
The
spelling
to the
-itis),
cent. A. D.,
an *-sound
to be sounded with
by which
had become indistinguishable in
2)
e)
late
1)
9)
6)
is
(Ital.
became
(pronounced 'nuncyus').
Accentuation of
11
Word
25
Often a wrong
(cf.
derived from
was written
x.
se,
'
'
sylvan ) ; cena
at
a
time
as
coena, through confusion
appears
very early
with Gk. /coi^oy; comminus (cum and manus) was wrongly
silva see ch.
i.
cf Engl.
sepulchre,
The
Accentuation.
11.
Accent
simple that
so
it
the quantity of the penultimate syllable regulates accentuation, as the quantity of the final in Greek.
When
upon
it
when
decores.
decores,
short,
This
is
on
the
antepenultimate,
is
also
the
natural
e.
g.
English
there/ from
*illice, nostrds,
'of
Acute
'
illinc
from
26
Accentuation of Sentence
*illim-ce.
CH.
earlier,
even
Vergili, tuguri.
writers on
grammar under
iii.
must be
if
6),
(cf.
what
is
12 on
called
uttered separately,
assigned to
a sentence.
it,
earlier
was followed
may
Valerii,
nostrds).
'
Vergilii,
in the speech of
Further, some
Sentence- Accentuation
other
777)69,
words in
for example,
if
say
qiialis,
est qualis
stat, tails
word
or
enclitic
sentence were
in
27
Accentuation of Sentence
11
fj,,
npos
or our
ere,
'
on
'
emphasized, as in
for
for
for
him
'
',
with him
',
with
',
Gk.
(cf.
',
with the
unless the
Pronoun
'),
meus-
dominus, mea-domina (Ital. Madonna), (3) the Demonstrative Pronouns, when unemphatic, e.g. ille-dominus
this
padre
Span.
',
Ital.
'il
el
(5)
cave-facias.
in
the languages
f
j'aimerai' from Lat. amare-lia(be)o, j'ai fait'
from Lat. ha(be)o-factum. The subordination of many
e.g. Er.
in a
Compound Verb,
And
spell-
were
'
of England'.
The
I.-Eur. Enclitics
We
saw above
(cf.
(
Gk.
re,
*fe in
T}-
from
*f fe).
Law
28
modern
Italian,
its
en.
minit
is
'
'.
was
And
like all
though not
languages with
to the
same extent
as
'
to shout
'
',
'
gridare
'
',
'
balsamum, albero' from arborem). The Latin stress-accent
left traces of itself at all
periods of the language in the
Syncope, the Weakening, and the Shortening of unaccented vowels, three processes which have so materially
altered the appearance of the language that they must
be treated in detail in separate paragraphs.
12. Syncope of Unaccented Vowels. For a century
or
Law
',
as
law of accentuation
it is called,
'
first syllable.
all
Paenul-
Every word
Long
periods of the
1
language, a secondary accent as well as the main accent,
1
Cf. any English long word, say
characteristical
which has
the main accent (') on the antepenultimate, the secondary Q on the
'
',
first syllable.
12
Law
29
Law
Paenultima
first
The change
syllable.
to the
e.g. tempest&tibus
(like
Law
words
is
to
word
'
for
servant
was reduced
to ind-j in-,
e.g.
indugredi as ingredi;
member
first
from
liostis
of a
(2) of the
Compound,
a stranger
'
;
princeps for
and decem
(3)
of
of a
the
syllable of
Compound Verb,
the
Reduplicated Perfect
where the
30
Change of Sound
CH.
became
sacerdos
accent as ul (older
became
ve
ofo>
for
sacellum.
ol)
mfacuUas, &c.
syllable like
6F-i<*>),
ft
after
and the
in pronunciation
'vowels
Nor should we
.).
refer to
Syncope such
is
tween the
and the
parasitic * of mina, a
we may compare
'Knif ', or the
Greek loan-word,
Fr.
'canif',
fj,vd,
with which
German
loan-word,
first
On
this
9.
ending -culiis,
Later instances of Syncope, after the time when the
Paenultima Law had come in, are calfacio, for cale-facio,
originally cale-facio
lammma
from
from
objurigo (Plaut.).
12
31
Syncope
for
though
it
was only
in a
form valide
which the
full
found in Plautus.
is still
Syncope of the
final syllable
of
for
Campanian ',
mimics
Oscan pronunciation in
this
was
for example,
and Plautus
Campa"ns genus
Surorum iam
Mult<5
'
friend
Campans
endurance/
'
',
however
is
syncopated in Adjs.
Appendix
countryman
Plautus,
trds, &c.,
is
1).
',
(Gk. aypoy),
6).
(ch.iii.
sacer
now
-m
like acer,
&c.
is
Final
antidit patientia,
of
The
-ffis
which the
SAKROS
Syncope
(see
c
our
-(f)s
in nos-
'
for
Nom.
case corresponds to
-tis
'
contracted
Change of Sound
32
CH.
for *tott
(cf.
tdti-clem).
In Plautus the
cf Kill.
.
(pnfer
opus
15),
256
dice,
is
anything of a
monstra, praecipe,
est, dice.
14.)
in the
porrigo,
where
Adjectives in
-%dus,
this termination
is
33
Syncope
combine, (2) when in whole classes of words Syncope was prevented or effaced by the analogy of unsyncopated forms. With
these exceptions it seems to have been the rule in Early Latin that
I in the syllable after the accent always suffered
e,
syncope, unless
of
aridere,
Forms
used by
Lucilius, and both borrowed no doubt after the old Accent Law
altrinsecus
'
e. g.
ardere, ardorem,
But
was
always the tendency to Syncope, and a word like aridus would, we may
be sure, in the careless utterance of every-day speech be pronounced
ar'dus, though circumstances might operate in preventing this form
34
Change of Sound
CH.
3.
vowel
of four or
final, e.g.
some
for
in use about the beginning of the literary period, but soon became
These words, as we saw above ( 12), had in the time of
optumus.
from vlridis, domnus for dvminus, vedus for vetulus, are a feature
of colloquial or Vulgar Latin, and were not as a rule established
in the language till the later Empire
though valde, older vcilide
virdis
(Plaut.),
&c., to disyllabic
which has
so transformed the
languages, e.g. Ital. piazza, Span, plaza, Fr. place from Vulg. Lat.
7).
*ptotja, L&t. platea, &c. (see
14.
aijo
1
The a
rival
original
cnl'uymini
Declension
(pronounced
of
has
explained by the
(pronounced culminis\
culinen are to be
columen, col(u}minis
citlmini), &c.
it
35
14
Greek
This change
/.
and
like dyao),
andy
(e.g.
compound
become
is
not
is
an
by the
known
effect of
in
the
we
find e instead of
a labial
rapio;
e.g*.
-u,
before
r,
men-,
or
is
the vowel
e.g.
2,
still
peperi from
found in the
pario, but
classical
memim from
a consonant-group,
before
and before
e.g.
age
the root
remex from
Even
from
claudo.
from jploro.
Unaccented
when an
and
u,
especially
into #
e.g. in
Labial
syllable it
1
legit
So
So
remains after
became I,
e. g.
i,
e. g. ebrietas, societas,
parietem.
matris Gen.
mare for *mari, triste for *tristi(ch. iii. 8), and perhaps of any short
r
vowel. If a consonant is added, -e becomes again, e.g. ills but illic
(used for
ilk
in the Dramatists).
Hence si cine,
D 2
36
Change of Sound
(cf.
Gk.
OLKOS))
en.
e.
Augustan Age,
In the Imperial Age the fashion of
preserving in Compounds the vowel of the Simple Verb
later equus,
came
in, so
10).
now
Accent was, at
Preposition to the
Verb
written
e.g. demorat
is
from the
'
renege').
whence
iii.
4).
On
the
other hand, the analogy of the simple word with accented root- vowel
would often save the vowel of the Compound from being changed,
e.g. vades etsubvades,
is
not weakened
it is
a vowel to
its
accented quality.
This
'
'
Recomposition
was stimu-
accented vowels
is
more the
rule than
it is later, e.g.
the weakening
ftoc-(ce)
-ne
ni,
37
Details of Vowel-weakening
15
the Oblique Cases of arborem, fulguris, &c., as on the other hand the
in the Nom.
analogy of the Oblique Cases has substituted $ for
integer
of the
the
Compounds,
spicio, plico.
(cf.
Umbr.
Propartio-,
Lat.
Propertius).
4).
Hence we have
infringof confringo,
offrango. The
that leaves velim,
*confrengo, &c., as
compounds
of I on a preceding vowel
velle beside wlo, volt (
8),
gives us 0. Lat. famelia as the earlier stage of fnmilia, the Collective
of famulus, O. Lat. *famolos. The Latin tendency to assimilate the
in
10)
was
Compounds
Plautus exsolatum,
mama ('Unimamma
',
in
MSS.
of
incolomis, (2)
for
(ch.
i.
4).
38
Change of Sound
cc?df).
dederont, nequinont
nequeunt',
CH.
Gen. Sg.
Other examples of the change in classical forms are
before a consonant-group
inlex from 0. Lat. lacio, I allure,
(2)
(cf.
IT
conetituo),
(1)
genetrix
from pars perennis from annus incestus from custus fefelli from
miles (older miless,
9) from stem milit- remex Nom. from ago,
before r
aequipero, impero, pauper, all from paro ; cineris Gen.
;
(beside cinis Nom.), (3) n, i before a Labial : incipio, decipio, and other
of capio, surripui (also surpuf).' U remains in nuncupo,
Compounds
which seem
occupo, contubernium,
the
to be old
of vinolentus, somnolentus (cf. sanguinolentus) may be due to confusion with rino lentus, &c., (4) i in other short syllables
dimidius
o
from medius,
Ace.), Hecuba, 0.
epislula
},
trutina
and
epistola (trnvroXri),
talentum,
(rpvravrf},
and balneum
(Plaut.)
to
case of accented
e. g.
Pttnius
(i'Aatoj'),
(&a\avtiov).
from
lira,
when
plenus, Jilius,
i in
hiatus,
'a suckling', fromf&o.
Anltelus
from ^an-enelus, the a of Iwlo, from
lit.
(older anhellue*)
*(inslo,
tnachina (Dor.
we have
as
('Etfajfi?;),
Defiro is
seen, did not suffer change.
a furrow, not delero ( 10). The change
in deUnio (beside delenio), suspicio (Noun) is found also in the
Long Vowels,
of
Lat. Hecoba
Profeslus is a
compound
of festus
its
(cf. ffriae),
nefastus).
Compounds with
benefacio, arefacio
e. g. persalsus
per,
cf.
Lucr.facit are),
Compounds
(like
16
UiwwHtwl
Shortening of
(beside
so that Lucilius
difficilis^
was right
Quo
'
Av, ov become
'
quam
u, e. g. eluo
from
lavo,
.">{)
Perfcisum
\'<>irds
denuo for
cle
ceteri,
dicis.
noco.
a short vowel
through
the
in
syllable
1)
syllables of
final
was
et
especially
rested on the
e.g.
in
disyllabic
when
to
syllable of
like
cave-facia*
usually
now given
Vowels
is
'
the
first
initial
phrases
words whose
short.
the
(
following word,
11).
The name
to this
Law
hibit
this
Law
of Breves Breviantes
close connection
which has
effected the
Bene, male
s'ibi.
The
never show
f,
finals of these
words,
though
40
CJianye of
Sound
CH.
us that the
-e of
pronounced long only by pedants, and the reduction of cale/#cz0(conceivably writtenastwo words) to calfado points to
Verbs in the
first
shortening of
*terra),
(ch.
iii.
Nouns
final -d of
(e.g.
terra, originally
In the absence of
certain
stress,
final
consonants
but -dr }
Before
final
-m
too,
which was
but
-at, -et,
-U in Plautus.
in pronunciation dropped, 3
1
There is however a doubt whether the salutation have was really
Imper. 2 Sg. of avere, to be eager. It may be a Carthaginian
word.
2
We find a similar difficulty in giving the o of note as long
'
a sound as the
o of, let
us say,
'
node
'
'.
3
The dropping or weakening of final consonants in Latin was
another result of the Stress-Accentuation. We find on plebeian
inscriptions ama for amat, fecerun for fecerunt, &c. In the earlier
poetry it is the rule, not the exception, that final s before an initial
consonant does not lengthen a preceding short vowel by 'position ',
but Cicero (Orator 48. 161) tells us that this pronunciation was in
his time considered subrusticum '. It occurs only once in Catullus,
'
Shortening of Unaccented
16
41
Vowels
Any
vowel.
is
qm
and no doubt
contributed
One
for mention,
syllable
tn
in siquidem,
and
te,
'
pared to our shortening of 'sheep', know', &c., when a syl-
lable
is
added,
e.
'
'
g.
but changed
its
shep-herd
',
11).
tu dabi'
probably in the earliest of his extant poems (cxvi. 8)
supplicium. How far the colloquial Latin forms amatust, &c., for
amatiis est, &c., are connected with this slurred pronunciation of
final s is not clear. When the ending is is, we find in the older
Dramatists -est and not -ist, at least in the case of Adjectives, e. g.
:
was written in
est
'
he
is
able
',
23.)
Amatwn
est
CHAPTER
III
THE NOUN
Declension. The I.-Eur.
1.
Noun had
three Genders,,
Plural
(cf.
Athenis, 'for
'
iv.
5),
and
in the
Pronoun
On
Duals).
early inscriptions,
o)
is
of
used, e.g.
'.
Of the Cases
Nom.
is
used instead
find,
e.g. pner
6).
43
Declension
moflo, cito,
though
1).
The
came
in
at
ended originally in
it
originally in
-i,
later -e,
name
of Ablative
(e.
as
g\ Cartlia-
gine, at
The
-?
for
Nom.
by the
we
(Gen. Sg.) and the suffix -dm (Gen. PL), but also the
This
the stem from pater- to pair-.
modification of
By
added
'
to
'
suffix.
to
which the
of paler
was
case-suffixes are
The Noun
44
CH. in
Homer we
find the
By
Heteroclite
'
Declension
is
is
An
example of
I.-
of
sion of (1)
in the
retains
this
ancient type.
iter,
2
cases, e.g. itineris Gen., itineri Dat., (2) senex,
11) in
an old
an old man,
the Nom. Sg. and the stem seni-
settee-
(cf.
senee-io,
3
(or sen-) in the other cases, (3) supcllex, furniture, a Fern.
Noun
(or rather
xi.
Nom.
and
its
N-stem.
(for *sanguin-s}
Nom.
(i.
837, &c.)
and sangws
2
The stem itinerNom. iter- and the N -stern
jecoris.
from
jecur.
'
Gender
2
lego as eoctilis, cookable,
The
from
45
coqu-o)
numerous S-stems
like the
(ch. xi.
2), forte,
willingly.
sjjoiite,
(ttcis
in
35),
instar
an
Inf., instar(e)
(cf.
ii.
16), used as
certain
exemplar(e) ch.
a Noun.
2.
Gender.
while the
name
is
fiuvius
in
(ventus),
(cf. ainnis) is
Greek because
The Noun
46
en. in
Thus the
Genders of Latin.
of dies
may
which
it
is
the termination
The
Fern,
feminine.
-ies are
(render
was
originally
associated
with
change
was masculine.
turion's assistant',
Similarly ayricola,
'
'
freld-tillage
why A-stems
(i.e.
First Declension
Latin, e.g.
names of
the
trees like
Noun
culine
mains.
show a tendency
domtis,
a Second Decl.
The confusion
may
In Latin
to pass into
of mas-
be illustrated by the
neuter, uterum
6).
The
heteroclite declension of
Number
locus, with*
47
Neuter Plural
loca, is
Thus
stem.
a Fern. Sg. meaning a cola district ', was used as the Plural of
loca, originally
lection of spots
'
'
Sg.
if
it
Col-
were
a Plural of
'
//T/poy,
Number.
Some nouns
Nouns
are
Number.
the
Abstract
Plural
is
workmen;
troops), occasionally
auxilinm,
help,
anxilia,
auxiliary
sense to the
in certain
tenebrae,
(cf
Gk.
and
in
names
'
head-carriers
',
Often a
Noun
the Plural, e.g. acdcs, Sg. a single room, hence ( a temple ',
PI. a house (cf. Homer's $o/zoy and 86p.oi). Liberi is Plur.
The Noun
48
'
of the Adj.
liber,
CH. in
consists of A-stems.
',
(Greek
and
masculine
man who
in our
in this sense
0i>y?j),
when
tills
it
relationship
',
It
became
the fields
'
was feminine,
or
',
is
seen
'
-s
O-
and paricida.8) or
But
if
A-stem Nominatives
beside Fern.
in -a in Latin, they
The word
is
spelt
a double consonant
first
in
in
which
49
First Dedeiixiou
no trace of
is
-a.
common
is
originally in
in feminine
Nouns
-els',
an ending which
lit.
'head
of
the
household
Masculine
'.
Roman
vowel
(ch.
16), -ai
became
-al,
'
doublets
'
;
-al is
the
Ennius'
Examples are
to insert archaic
forms in their
lines
'
Andronicus
Terras,
fortunas,
1070
The Noun
50
CH. in
aulai Aen.
many
examples, e.g.
of Lucretius
84-6)
(i.
To Martial
Latin poetry
it
(xi.
'
short)
Gk.
and
in
early inscriptions
we
first
find
element
both these
classical -ae.
-ae at the
-ae.
Examples of Locatives
Grammar and
Latin writers on
(called Genitives by the
their
militiae, at
for
'next
This was at
a Genitive.
first
An
-an/,
early Latin
'
Genitive in
-at's' is
a fiction.
<<.
IK
51
First Declension
Gk. y&pav),
(cf.
in Latin (ch.
ii.
16),
became
short.
This
-del.
originally
was dropt
though we
final
every
find
used
it
ii.
(ch.
(as
olli
for
illi
in
The Nom.
PI. in Latin, as in
original ending
-as for
Second Declension,
pronounced in the
viz.
But
-a*
remained
Quot
laetitias insperatas
modo mi
inrepsere in siiium.
deamm
(see ch. x.
The
have
19; ch.
Homeric
ii.
16, 14),
then
6ed<t>v 3
by the Greek,
we
Plural)
became
-eis (ch.
we
-5>v,
find another
ii.
14), then
ending -abus
-is
(cf
(ch. x.
.
11).
which
In old Latin
this
E a
filial/ 11$
(but
The Noun
52
CH. in
filiis
dropped
oxen
',
but have
'
it
shoon').
will
be:Sing.
Nom.
which became
-d,
Gen.
-a.
(1)
-as,
retained mfamilia*.
(2)
-dl,
which became
-ai, -ae.
Dat.
-at,
which became
-ai, -ae.
Loc.
same as Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
-del,
Nom.
-ai } -ae.
Gen.
which became
-ti.
Plur.
Dat.
|
Loc.
(1) -dbus
(2) -ais,
Ace.
which became
-as.
Abl.
their
Greek
Atnd-um
ampJiorum, drachmum}.
(cf.
of slaves, freedwomen,
and the
like,
And
we
in epitaphs
The
poetic caelicolum
is
77
by
had the long, open
a Graecism.
5,
vowel-sound of Latin
words
53
Second Declension
ae-,
see eh.
ii.
Most Gk.
2).
same way
Plautus
as he declines fides,
(like fidei,
Sing, in
expression of a
Troirjrrjs
in -ov.
-i
in
by the
was the
But words
-I
true
like
Nouns
6.
Nom.
(with Nom.,
Sg. in
-os,
class.
The few
a distaff (Gk. TroAo? Masc.), nurus, a daughter-inlaw (Gk. vvos), and names of trees ( 2) like mains, an
coins,
Noun
lauri,
is
in Latin,
&c.).
curiously
much
as
is
'.
a direct
Ennius
The Noun
54
some
at
early
preceding- the r
the
period
OH. in
8#
final
the
if
syllable
not *agro*t
'
sacer erit'.
os
was
the dialectal
name
Numisius)-,
ges-si,
g.
numerus
(cf .
was retained
It
e.
the final
r,
Sup. yes-turn)
bearing another
'
'
complaisant
ferus,
umerus,
erus.
to the rule is
socniSy
an O. Lat. by-form of
abiit socrus (socerus
and
volturis (?).
Uterus
socer
(Men. 957)
was
Jove's acorn')
is
20)
in
pan -per.
Nom. and
-?.
in the
-is,
ComIO-
as well
Gen.
-iy
in
names
are written
55
Second Declension
The termination
cli. ii.
of the
Gen. Sg.
One
satisfactorily explained.
like lucri facer e
to make a
(
40
(p.
(On
w.).
10.)
7
profit of
(lit.
make
of
became
in
this termination
earliest period
El
and
sees in
Gk.
of
?.
e/eeT,
Varro,
in the title.
to use -n as the
-oi (the
long diphthong
its
-o
position
in
cf
the
in
-e,
(l
Faliscan Zextoi
is a
4).
we
find the
Nom.
occasion-
'},
not a Genitive.
56
Tlw
CH. in
Notiif
A. P. 292).
(On the variation of e with o in I.-Eur.
declension and conjugation see ch. x.
12.)
17)
in -ed (class,
e}
<
e.
facillirne
facilumed
The Nom.
Masc. of
Plur.
g.
4).
like OVTOL),
ii.
The 0-diphthong
14).
is
we
-s
find
an
added
to this
(see ch.
iii.
5)
illlsce (class,
ilfi),
we
Nom.
Plur. in -a
had originally
-a,
Nom.
Sg. of the First Declension ( 4) had become short before the literary period.
(On the origin of the Neut. Plur. in -a from a Fern.
like the -a of the
PI.
few Genitives
like
2).
(ch.
was retained
in a
ii.
14) in Latin,
ing -orom (class, -drum), originating in the Pronoun Declension, where it followed the analogy of the -drum of
A-stems
4) (e.g. Ulorum
like
ilfarum), spread
from
57
Second Declension
deumfidem
milk),
(sc.
One
a thousand
The
Gk.
',
OIKOLS),
11).
(of) sesterces
which became
Carmen
7.
-eis (ch.
ii.
to be regarded
sestertia.
Saliare, in the
came
as a Neuter Singular
word
priviclois, i.e.
The Ace.
PI.
pnvwulis, with
ending is
-os,
from -6ns.
Nom. M.
which became
-6s,
-us.
(dropped in
N.
-dm,
RO-stems,
which became -urn.
Gen.
-l }
Dat.
-01,
which became
-<?.
Loc.
-cl,
which became
-I.
Ace.
Voc.
-<?.
Abl.
-del,
also the
Gen.
suffix of
which became
e.g. ager).
lO-stems.
-urn.
-6.
of one of the Scipio family in the phrase duonoro optumq uiro, i.e.
'
than Gen.
PI.
last
word
is
58
TJlP
'Xwtit
HI
CJT.
Plur.
Nom. M.
-d,
Gen.
Gen.
which became
-oiy
N.
which became
-dm,
(2)
-ois,
which became
also.
then
-eis,
-Is.
Ace.
-ds
Voc.
same
Abl.
On
8.
-v.
(1)
then to Adjectives
Loc.
then
-ei y
-a.
the old
(from -ons).
Nom.
as
1.
them
into one.
have a Gen.
PI. in -KM,
-*
Grammar
PI. in -iitm,
(earlier *ld)
Cons. -stems
joined
an Ace.
-e (earlier -2).
'
But,
Abl.'
e.
g.,
And Consonant-stems
The Gen.
Plur.
is
sometimes show
distinction
retained.
ij
e.
g. vest-i-s,
Third Declension
(Arpinatis, Plant.),
59
i-wbci-
ii.
12).
The Consonant-stems
e.
g.
to stretch
of a root
',
to
and
(4)
'
lit.
crawling
e.
'
lit.
rudens,
e. g. cinis
S-stems,
<?0).
rattling
(stem cims-),
The
0n>0*
',
Sol.).
(sc.
tellus
?
(stem tellm-\
has found its way
into the
glamour
philtre
(5)
').
g.
frater,
e.
L-stems,
-tris, conditor,
g.
The
gw
g of this root
(cf. ninguit}.
Latin (ch.
2
-loris,
meaning
c
lit.
a love-onis,
R-stems,
(6)
fur, furis.
of Masc.
(7)
few
is
-s to
used.
18),
v in
x.
A word
sal, sol.
*ven8-num
like
for
caro, -nis,
e.
whence venenwn
',
n-t-i-,
m e n-tt-
'
will not do
(ch. xi.
12).
Roman
!
60
Tlic
of Masc.
Examples are
Noun
CH. in
ch.
Gk.
i'Spi
with Lat.
Cons. -stems,
allec,
for *ayes-nos),
in -es, see
The
-e
crtis,
tristis,
tristis,
aes
caput,
(I.-Eur. ayes-
(On
.),
i'Spis,
of Neuter
triste),
14
ii.
cf.
Fern.
aenus
Noms.
13.)
of Neut. I-stems
animalis)
the a before
calcar
then
'
lit.
spur,
Icicle,
lac,
owing
became
way, R-stems
Nom.
in -5
Gk.
e.
g. card, flesh,
(Gk. -a>v),
a portion of anything ', then ' a portion of
(connected with Gr. Kipa>, to cut), homo, said to
'
originally
'
flesh
(On
this e
and 5
12.)
In Old Latin
we have
a by -form hemo
(cf.
Third Declension
61
The Gen. Sg. ending of Cons. -stems was (1) -es, (2) -os.
Of these the former was adopted in Latin, and became
ii.
There are
14), e.g. reg-u.
the latter in early spellings on inscriptions
traces of
nomimis for
like
class, nominis,
hominus for
class, kominis.
an
second cent.
inscr. of the
-ei
and
B. c.
we
find partus).
of Cons.-stems
in class. Lat.
-e
i.
was perhaps
e.
-I,
e.
g. regi,
g. turn.
-ai }
and
(On
7.)
e.
g. turrim.
all
parfam.
When
10).
which became
-I
e.
-ul,
g. turn.
(class.
Lat.
gin-e, as the
instead of an Ablative,
e.
-*
g. reg-e, Cartlia-
as Dat.,
e.
g. yepovr-i.
e.
Volturus in spinis
g. for I-stems
the
On
'
Trochaic' line
Antoni
The Noun
62
majon and
Bacch.
be a combination of the
TheLoc. Sg.
which
had
may
pair.
would become
Loc. as
in early inscriptions
-eel
ending- of I-stems
in Latin
in early Latin
'contione') on the S. C.
CH. in
-i
-e.
was
-ei, class.
-I,
e.
g. luci, in
an Ablative, e.g.
in the country,
country.
e,
13).
But there
is
-is (ch.
in
ii.
Latin
stem with any but the I-stem ending. 1 I-stems sometimes show -eis, class, -is, properly the ending of their
Ace. PI. (see below).
In the Gen. PL -dm (Lat. -out, then -urn, ch. ii.
16,
14) was added to the stem, so that reg-um, turn-urn are
correctly
formed examples of
a Cons.-stem
and an
Plautus' canes
partiurn.
10;.
Pliny
63
Third Declension
though as a
The
Cons.-stem.
this case
Noun
is
Gen.
PI. is the
an I-stem or a
distinction
in
regular
of the I-stems to
form
their Dat.,
e.
g. rey-i-Lns instead
The Ace.
PI.
from
wyes, turrix.
-ins, e. g.
came
and
By
Empire
tin-rex,
this distinction
paries,
and the
like,
Nom.
9.
I.
Consonant-stems.
Sing.
Nom. M.,
F. (1)
(2)
-s.
Vowel lengthened
e.
in
R- and N-stems,
-eSj
which became
Dat.
-ei
Loc.
-i
Ace.
-cut
Abl.
(see Loc.).
-is.
-e
m).
-ai).
Hie Noun
64
CH. in
Plur.
Mv
Nom.
F.
was
used).
N. -k
Gen.
-dm,
(the I-stem
-uni.
Ace.
-es
Abl.
-e
ns).
I-stems.
Sing.
Nom. M.,
N.
F.
-ix.
-i 3
which became
Dat.
Loc.
-ei
(from
Gen.
Ace.
-im.
Abl.
-iff,
-eyi),
which became
which became
-i.
-i.
Plur.
Nom. M.j
N.
Gen.
-6 6-
(from -eyes).
-iuin.
Loc.
F.
-la.
-ifjds
Ace.
-is
(from -Ins).
(same as Dat. ; Loc.).
Abl.
10.
They
-ibu*.
are Diphthong-stems
Nouns
must be treated
lov- }
like
Jov- (I.-Eur.
Ids,
separately.
is
ou-^
found in
dies
Hos
13).
I.-Eur.
65
Fourth Declension
io ; ii
g being
18), but a
is
represented
dialect.
Its
13
6, u,
Gen. PI.
(ch. x.
its
showing u
&c.,
see
1.
e.
11.
iv.
ch. xi.
13), into
res,
The Noun
66
The U-stems
Declension form.
CH. in
artus,
e.
Roman
The proper
Nom.
woman '), an
287
10), -ids,
like
The
his
great predecessor,
Julius Caesar, paid great attention to matters of Gram-
mar, and
is
said to
the vulgarism
isse
have cashiered an
officer for
This domos,
of
Augustus
if
using
it
to suit
be anything
some theory
of his own,
(ch. x.
11).
Genitive, used
itself
against
in
all
of the
Gram-
67
Fourth Declension
11
marians,
and
Quintilian
in
the
century A. D.
Genitive as senatus.
first
senatl to be as good a
In the Dative, beside -ui, there is an occasional use
of -u, which seems to be the Locative ending (cf.
declares
noctu, in
11).
16.)
-um
(the
-iibiis
ii.
14),
lit.
'
a thousand
(of)
paces'.
(cf. arcibus,
In
to
bows '
to citadels').
is
difficult
cornu, &c.,
to justify.
e.
g. cornum, Lucr.
F 2
transit.
ii.
388
68
The Noun
12.
Scheme
cu. in
Nom. M.
-us.
N.-w,
Gen.
(1) -us
(from
(3)
-i,
-eus).
(2) -uis
the O-stem
suffix).
suffix.
Dat.
Loc.
-u
Ace.
-urn.
Abl.
(from -ewai).
also as Dat.).
-u.
Plur.
Nom. M.
N.
Gen.
(1)
(2)
(see Ace.).
-ita.
Ace.
suffix.
-2to (from
-tibhos).
Abl.
least
some
cases.
But
-e, e.
AbL
it is
We
have
(1)
Verbal Noun-stems
sorde
and Gen.
Latin sordium)
PI.
with
similarly
69
Fifth Declension
112, is
speeio, species.
(2)
Verbal Nouns in
-ies
from
rabies
rabo, scabies
from
derived from
not
-o,
scabo, pernicies
-io, e.
from a
g.
lost
temperies, derived
from Adjs.,
mollis,
e.
g.
segnities
from
seynis, amicities
from amicus.
(4)
and
spes,
To
these
may
be added
phanei
(-ni).
in Plautus (see
5).
Gen.
comes
spes,
which however
PL
speres, as if it
the I-stem
vis,
in -ies belong as
given by Ennius a
were an S-stem (cf. mres Nom.
1).
is
Nom.
PI. of
much
effigia,
in the literature
itself.
In
Abl. Sg.,
e.
-i'is
e.
g. materiae, -id in
e.
the
g. moUitiis,
The Noun
70
and
the
so
number
which
of
Nouns
specie Abl.).
in -ies
of cases to
CH. in
the
rt-forms.
e)
in Latin/
greater
has been
it
Fifth
the
part of
stems
(ef.
plebes
and
pl&bs),
e.
g.
tale
Abl. 2
Eequie Abl. (for requiete), requiem Ace. (for requietem), may be due to the false analogy of the Nom.
Sg. requies (for *reguiet(i)t)*
The formation of the Cases
is
closely modelled
on the
circumstances, ficUi
Jltlel
(in
e.
its
long
in other
g.
pknii
This
2
Many so-called Nominatives in -esare really Nominatives Plural
of I-stems, e. g. ambages, nubes (with a by-form nubis}, saep'es (with
a by-form saeps). Some feminine animal-names seem to be dialectal,
e. g. fclcs,
janes
[LIBRARY]
TT&
is
palumbes.
declension.
In 0. Lat.
71
Fifth Declension
13
and
ing
it
to
then to
-iei,
facii, pernidi
-ie,
as well, chang-
-vowel, which
show the
-iei
ending
progenii, &c.
ending -n to
this
-ii
might
was the distinguishing mark
and Julius Caesar, we are told,
(i.
208)
dii
of the
'
day
or del
'
<
Munera laetitiamque
The
-el
faml
of
and the
ficlei,
like,
dei.
also appears as
with a
(Lucilius), tribunns pleli,
Jide in
Horace
(C.
iii.
7. 4)
by -form in
-l }
e.g.
-<?, e.
g.
Constantis juvenem
fide.
The ending of the Dat. Sg. was not (as our Grammars
and the Grammars compiled under the Roman Empire
It
identical with the Gen. Sg. ending, eJ.
it)
never disyllabic in the earlier poetry ; though how it
should be written, whether e (e. g. Jide, Hor. prodiderit
represent
is
commissa
*
(earlier el) is
fide) or
not certain.
The
first
we
tury
A. D.
Even
tells
us that
The Noun
72
purists
preferred facie
CH. in
In
to faciei.
this
difference
between the Gen. and the Dat. ending the Fifth Declension follows the First (see
Of the
other cases
PI. in -ebus,
found in
Scheme
14.
4).
Sing.
Nom.
Gen.
-es.
-es.
(1)
(2)
-es (cf. 1
-erum
(cf. 1
Decl. -drum).
Decl. -as).
Dat.
-e (?).
-ebus
Ace.
-es
Abl.
-e
from
-ed.
(cf. 1
Decl.
(from -ens).
(same as Dat.).
-di
CHAPTER
IV
THE ADJECTIVE
Distinction of Gender.
1.
It
is
impossible to draw
much
as
Adjectives as Nouns,
e.
g. veteranus exercitus,
tiro exercitus
Gen. of
ille (ch. v.
of the Adjective
is its
Noun.
To
8).
distinguishing feature
g. I.-Eur.
nova, novum.
ch.
iii.
6).
an Adjective, veteranus M. a
is
F.,
newom
(cf.
iii.
2),
(ch.
was associated
way, so that,
form.
The ending
e. g.,
-ia (e. g.
Gk.
1
In German the Strong' Declension of the Adjective (where the
Adj. is not preceded by the Def. Article) is a trace of the Pronoun
Declension.
'
74
CH. iv
TJte Adjective
may have
e.
to the function of
gender
the Adjective
(3
payys)
KvOa>v,
e.
g. brevis
(cf.
Xevcra-cw Eurip.)
though an
ii.
by a phonetic law
of Latin ns (ch. x.
12)
too,
Noun
The
allec)
duplex.
O-stem Adjectives
in Latin even better than in Greek, for the Greek usage
of the Masc. form of Compound O-stem Adjs. as a Fern.,
e.
g. fio8o8aKTV\o$ 'Hoos-,
is
up
in
unknown
in Latin, 3
and in
when they
(f )TOJ, a year),
seems to have taken its adjectival use from the phrase vinum
one-year wine' (cf. anniculus 'a year old').
and
veins
'
2
'
'
PoSoSa/crvXos
Dawn
8
was perhaps
Rose-finger
really a
noun
in apposition to
'Hd>y,
'.
triresmosque naueis
triremosque
75
Comparison
2, 3
inermis,
and
-e}
-is,
borrowed from
liilanis^
the
French
(e.
finer
soon became
g. triste),
Romans
just as we
hilaris.
form
Comparison.
and Superlative of Adjectives were
(weak grade -is-, ch. x. 12), -isto- (e. g. Gk. f]8ia)
The
2.
the Comparative
-yes-
Gk.
Ace. for *r)8ioo-a, Engl. sweets, with r from s
rj8i<TTos, Engl. sweet^), and to some extent also -tero;
In Latin
and -temo- (-emo-) (Gk. f)8vTepo$).
for
was
used
the
Comparative, e. g.
(-is-)
(-ero-)
12)
but -temo-
and
is
found only in
-tero- is used to
dexter (Gk.
see ch. xi.
^e^repoy has
8), as
and
7).
Superlatives
form Adverbs,
we have -temo-
'
'
same function;
Postumus
may
be a
Comparative
ii.
16), iwfimus
*magwmu8
ii.
12),
its
76
The Adjective
en. iv
diiomtt
opes.,
and
benevolus
),
op- of opto.
The
&c.).
like magnifieus,
Comparison
magnijicentior, magnificenlissimus
while
'
fruylj
'
for bearing
fit
The
with
its
anomaly
Ter. Adelpli. 770
in
(ch. vi.
come from
3),
which
is
dis
(Gk.
quidem
dives (but
Demea),
esses,
ditior,
'
fill
the Comparison of
*ploisomos,
ii.
suppression (ch.
causes the
cf.
its
irXrjprjs, TrXeioov
from
*Tr\r]-y()i>v i
TrXeTo-ros
from
another form of
are
nequissimus
mag-.
coinages for
O.
Lat.
lit.
Comp. and
'
'
a no-how
Greek, oWy.
Thus on
Odor
Potis,
and
Nequior
the
it
has
a Scipio epitaph
Hone oino ploirume cosentiont
:
Duonoro optunio
Romai
fuise uiro,
fuisse
Numerals
4,5
Of
Numerals.
4.
ch.iii.
and
23),
units
is
'
able
in
77
',
e.
g. potis
sum
Numbers
-a, -urn ;
duo
(a
Dual form,
an I-stem, tri-)
The Numeral Adverbs
(class.
TTOO-IS,
of
Gk.
f)fj,i- }
while
as
our
'
sand-blind
'),
an
Adjective
climidius
(from dis
sesqui-,
sestertius,
(cf .
drittehalb).
5.
Scheme
Card.
Germ,
78
CH. IV
TJie Adjective
Card.
from *quenque
5. qulnque
Adv.
Ord.
qum(c)tus.
(I.-
qulnquie(n}s.
TreVre).
and sweks,
6.
7.
8.
sextus.
sexie(ri)s.
Gk. ?).
Gk. OKTU).
novem (I.-Eur.
m, Gk.
septimus.
septie(n}s.
vus
(ch.
octie(ri)s.
x.
8).
newe n,
Gk.
nonus.
.ev-vea}.
10.
20.
d&em
(I.-Eur.
dek e m, Gk
v'tgintl
Gk.
Att.
30. triginta,
decimus.
decie(n)s.
vlccsimus, older
tfcie(ri)s.
vicensumusfor
j
*vicent-hnni(s.
t-KOffi).
lit.
'
three decades
',
&c.
100. centum (I.-Eur. (d)k
lit.
'
a decade
'
mtom,
of de-
[sc.
cades], Gk.
1000.
vrittte.
illle,
originally
1
Sing. I-stem,
e. g.
Neut.
mille
e. g.
tria milia
Distributive
ter-ni
and
suffix -no-,
root plek-,
'
to fold'
(Lat. im-plico,
'
simplex (like Scotch aefauld
and Proportional
e.
g. simplus.
e.
(On
e.
whence
from the
(
'
pel-,
honest
to
fill
'),
'),
8.)
formed
',
TrXe^o)), e.g.
one-fold, for
mill!.
one
-pleas f
Gk.
', i.
'
g. h-ni,
is
trecentum.
specified, e. g.
CHAPTER V
THE PRONOUNS
1. Personal. Ego represents an I.-Eur. ego (Gk. eyo>).
This was the I.-Eur. form used for the 1 Pers. Sing.
Pronoun when subject to the verb, while another stem
was employed
for the
This me-
is
miJil (often
nihil, ch.
med
ii.
(ch.
Nom. and
9).
The use
of dif-
is
one of
3).
much
the same
as the Dat.
way
'
place
'
lit.
a friend of mine
sionally a Gen.
of
Nouns
(ch.
My
formed with
iii.
-es,
in this line of
1), viz. mis, as
'
cum
Ennius
concordibus aequiperare,
men
like-hearted to me.'
80
Pronouns
TJie
We
have thus
en.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
milii
ii.
16).
On
the second
Ace.
me
Abl.
Suffix -d,
14.
tibi).
(really Abl.).
ch.
Tu
ii.
below on
4;
iii.
ii.
9).
Homeric form
phatic) te-.
may
be a
relic of
sibi,
ti-bi
hie
3).
The
Pronoun
and
like
paestic line
tis
MSS.
beside tuL
is
an ana-
fl-s,
81
Personal
Nom.
Gen.
tui
unchanged).
(Gen. Sg. Neut. of tuns, meaning literally
'
Dat.
of thine').
tibi
(from
to
te-
word, ch.
Ace.
te (really
Abl.
te
(from
*te-bei},
ti- t
ii.
Abl.).
ted).
(Gk.
v$>i
Dual,
from I.-Eur. n
s),
f^iets
is
Nos is perhaps
the other stem we- (wo-) (Engl. we).
Ace.
and
not
Nom.
older
no-beis, adds
No-bls,
properly
to *nobei
(cf.
*te-bei, *se-bei)
For
-s.
the Genitive, besides the Gen. Sing. Neut. of the Possessive, nostri3 e. g.
amicus
'
nostri,
lit.
'
a friend of ours
the
(in
',
with
-is
&c.
of Second Declension
Hymn
Nouns
of the
(ch.
iii.
6), (2) of
Arval Brothers
Nom.
Gen.
nostri,
82
Pronouns
Tlie
no-bei-s,
with the
-1m of
suffix
ti-bi, si-bi
Ace.
CH.
-s).
nos.
u-yzeTy,
for the
Nom.
Gen.
vestrij
The
vo-bei-s).
when
but we have no
unaccented, se-)
similarly declined
Old Lat. Gen. *sis, like mis and tis, and (a common
is
Gen.
Dat.
sibi
and
same forms
Neut. of suus,
lit.
'
of his
'
',
of
theirs').
(from *se-bei, as
tlbi
from
*te-fjei t
on which
see above).
Ace.
se (really Abl.).
Abl.
se
2.
cb. xi.
ch.
ii.
(from
sPd).
Possessive.
Meus
is
I.-Eur.
meyos
(ch. x.
tewos
(ch. x.
From
13;
4;
the
same type
by
83
Possessive
cujns y
-mn.
-a,
iii.
1)
An
'
Meliboei?
'
is
by Lucretius
iii.
1025)
Postquam lumina
sis oculis
bonus Ancu'
reliquit.
sas,
sOs for
3),
but
it is
we
(a dactylic
'
like our w,
was pronounced
Hexameter)
so 1
PJ. nos-ter,
suffix
2 PI.
8).
Or
else
G 2
ii.
16) suo.
84
TJie
Pronouns
CH.
for
Pronouns
Both the Possessive Adjectives and the Personal Pronouns are often strengthened by the addition of the
Particles -met, -pte (on which see
pte, suo-pte.
ii.
13), a
-te,
mea-
and becomes
Ace.
te
give here
',
and
Adverb
ce- of ce-do,
Pronoun
he
'
(gho-) of Lat.
Particle in
Jti-c
Greek
ho-c appears as a
Latin Conjunctions like
dum are all descendants of I.-Eur.
(O.
Lat.
Jie-c),
ov-\i, i/ai-^t.
The
full
is
perhaps pre-
served in me-castor, me-hercle (from *me-herde), unless these ai-e AcPlautus uses meus with a Second
cusatives, me Castor juvet,' &c.
Decl. Noun whose Nom. is used for a Vocative, e. g. Asin. 664 da,
'
me"us ocellus,
mea
rosa,
mi anime, mea
uoluptas.
85
Demonstrative
in the preceding
are
(1)
Nom.
ally confined to
(to-)
which seems to have been originSg. Masc. and Fern., a stem te-
Masc.,
77,
This stem
Masc., &c.).
is
eum ',
as in this line of
and
Ennius
earn
',
sos
'
eos
',
sum
Then
(inde
But
loci)
in classical Latin
only as
e.
(see below),
where
it
is
ol-
&c.
is-te,
from
(2) I.-Eur. ghe- (gho-) supplies Lat. Me Masc.,
O. Lat. ke-c?- haec Fern., for hai-c, hoc Neut., for *kod-c,
The scansion of hie
all augmented by the Particle -ce.
as a long syllable,
e.
g. Virg.
lead of
'
hocc
'
(cf.
'
hlcc
',
est,
This form
is
Hec
Me and
hoc
86
The Pronouns
before consonants
But
ch.
(cf.
with a long
hie
ii.
CH.
9 on these doublets).
was an Adverb,
'
here
and hoc
',
though the
last
came
place
',
hither
(ch. ix.
5).
e.
',
The
g.
form
to this
iienio
Pronoun Declension
the Pron. stem q
(cf.
u
o-,
6).
see ch.
viii.
41),
see ch. x.
The change
of o to
must be
referred to the
Hie, older
olle,
its
ii.
ol-so,
This
Eomance
is
languages,
87
Demonstrative
The
*0-o).
From
(4)
I.-Eur.
(cf.
he
')
appears
was discarded in
ipse
and
ipsus).
i'
'
the Latin
below on
'
Anaphoric
se- (so-),
'
self
',
it
forms
its
we have
declen-
second,
psum?).
'
the same
g.
Augmented
',
Mem
Fern.,
(and
ea-pse
ea-psa
?),
it
expresses
19), ea-deni
The Declension
is
come
to this in course of
to be almost identical.
to the
It
Noun-
We
should expect
first
is
*iptud.
part of
ipse (as
ipse.
of Idem}.
88
TJie
Pronouns
CH.
the
e.
Nom.
ill-lid
the
Nom.
(O. Lat.
-ce, ille
6's
e.
g. Lat.
olle)
he
'
e.
17
Nom.
hie,
-ai,
Sing.
for ghe-
%o).
ended in
2)
iii.
side
by side with
g. I.-Eur. sos
and
for *<ra),
M. (Gk.
we find
so
with Particle
O. Lat.
-ce,
O. Lat.
ch.
iii.
olle
we have
The
Sing, suffix of
Noun
O-stems,
6)
to have acted
not only as a
Thus
Greek
which we
JJLOI,
call
ii.
14),
that place
it
',
there
to
by
restricting
unknown
mark
in
illi
who
in
classical period
to distinguish the
to Plautus,
uses
is
',
'
two
uses
The Genitive
illi
and
illic
equally as
received a distinguishing
Noun Gen.
Sing.
89
Demonstrative
3
suffix -os (ch.
iii.
1) to this
with
19).
dropped before
The Nom.
viz. -oi,
Nouns
was
word
O-stem pronouns,
by O-stem
(see ch.
iii.
6).
The Pronouns
90
Scheme
of the Demonstrative
Pronoun Declension.
Sing, (continued).
CH.
The
Particle -ce
Plur. (continued).
91
The Pronouns
92
The tendency
12) reduced
CH.
-ce
Plautus uses this Nom. Plur. Masc. (always with -ce added), hisce
(also illisce, istisce) before a word beginning with a vowel, but only hi
(also
before a
illi, istf)
homines, hi
e. g. hisce
viri.
is,
parissumi estis
dinumerem
stipen-
The old form ollus was still used in Cicero's time in the announcement of a public funeral ollus leto datus est, Quirites and when the
herald made his proclamation at the elections he used the phrase
olla centuria and not
ilia centuria
just as we keep up the old
Norman French oyez, oyez in Royal Proclamations. Virgil and
:
'
',
'
'
the later Epic poets are fond of the forms otti, ollis, e.g. Virg.A.
Olli subridens hominum sator atque deorum,
i.
254
'
'
'.
'
at that time
',
e. g.
si
im or em,
is
maxime
'
at
preserved in that
viz.
caletur
A summon B
The
is,
quom
ante-testamino'),
Relative, Indefinite,
and Interrogative.
u
supply the Latin Relative, which shows the stem q o-_,
slca,
for hac.
it is.'
5, 6
93
a stem originally proper (with q u i-, qu u-) to the Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns (Gk. r/y ; and TIS, TTOV ;
TTOU, Engl. who ?) but used also as a Relative (Engl.
and
who).
quis
We
&c.
?, si-quis, ali-culi,
qid (stem q
u
q u- appear
u
as the
o-) as the Relative, quis (stem q i-)
Nom.
but in
class.
was
is
uiuat,
was
and
queis, later
I-declension Neuter
junction (ch.
ix.
is
also Interrog.-Indef.
The
only as a
Con-
12).
In the
Italic
languages
(as in
Celtic
that
the
man whom
saw
eiW
The
elda,
is
'.
may
1
Cato began his Origines with the words siques homines sunt,
quos delectat populi Rornani gesta discribere and on the Senatus
Consultum de Bacchanalibus, an inscr. of Plautus' time, we have
sei ques esent, quei sibei deicerent necesus ese Bacanal habere,
'siqui essent, qui sibi dicerent necesse esse Bacchanal habere.'
2
Even in Plautus we find (Trin. 1023) quorum eorum unus one of
:
'
whom
',
for quae,
(Cist. 691) quae ilia
94
Pronouns
27? e
show
it
to be a
OH.
of this kind,
compound
if it
(O. Lat.
is
has for
eiei),
its
so that
Whether
eius.
method
this
nominal Particle *
is
was used
in
Another feature of
clear.
its
Gk.
(of
of declension
not
is
and this is
ovros-l, &c.) ;
mark
of the
utilized
Nom.
Sg.
quo-l.
On
Nom. M.
Interrogative-Indefinite.
qui,
Nom.
(from
u
(from stem q i- with
quis
Adj.
quae,
the
and
cujus, 0. Lat.
0.
Lat.
pended
quoios
*etos
pended
cm',
as
Nom.
(stem q
Dat.
as an
ai).
Noun
and
u
i-)].
(Pronominal Neuter of
stem qu i-).
(possibly from quo Instr. with ap-
Gen. of
quid
is).
quoiei
eiei
Quintilian's youth.
Ace. M.
F.
Abl. M.
F.
1
quern (stem
i-).
quam.
quo (stem qo-)
|
qua
The distinction
Pron.
(e. g.
[and in
Q Lat
qu (stem
^_^
quis venit?)
and
quis
95
Nom. M.
and
F.
N.
Gen. M.
F.
was originally
M.
Ace.
F.
7.
[O.Lat.gitls (stem
i-)
for Interrog.-
Indef. only].
nouns are
ali-quis,
with
Rel. only].
q o-)
n
quas (stem q o-)
quos (stem
alio-,
some (connected
which preec-qiiis,
ali- f
with
ecce) to quis
quis-nam, which
6) to the
(ch. ix.
qul-libet
adds lulet
it
'
whomever
come
across
'
quis-quam, any,
lit.
in vain,
1
Some
MSS.
an old plebiscitum
minore parti familias
It is often so spelt in
quis, e. g.
in
eum
'
so
up
to less
him may do
?
96
The Pronouns
is
CH.
(1) alius
alis in
alienus
-mo-
is
iii.
The
6).
derivative Adj.
(ch. xi.
(2) alter is
5).
al-,
seen in alyo-, by
I.-Eur. languages
We
(3) ullus is
which
4),
The
(ch. xi.
9)
from
Pronoun
opposite of ullus
utiquam
(ch. ix.
nullus, *ne-ullus}
there
was a time
1 7)
'
and
not a
ullus
little
in Latin
one \
when
'
nullus
was
',
so that
ullus.
see ch.
is
iii.
till
late
.)
Nullus
Latin, but
e. g.
and
2
to
Pmnowhutl
97
Adjectives
nullius
Latin.
class.
nounced
ne-
and
ch.
iii.
compound
id/til,
of the negative
earlier
id/ill,
see
16.)
solus
(4)
employed,, a
nil) is
h'ilum.
apart (e.g.
sed-itio,
formed from
so-,
a grade of
lit.
se,
sec/-,
may
9).
may
be
'
is
6).
O. Lat. quisque,
(cf.
opposite of uter
is
addition of
-qite,
neuter (a
With the
Altervier
is
a compound of alter
sometimes with both elements declined, sometimes with the second only (cf.
3 on ipse).
and
utert
in -iug
Acc.) in
-d,
aliud
(cf.
to their
than
ille, iste
Noun
(Gen.), Cic.
colons
ulli,
rei
Plant.
98
The.
dienm
I 'mri
mm
CH. v
scansion see
(On the
n.)
There are other Adjectives called ( Pronominal ' Adjectives, because they are derived from Pronoun -stems.
These, like the Possessives
From
Declension.
(I.-Eur. tali-
cf.
2),
Gk.
rr)\L-Kos
),
tan-tm,
Manilius
iii.
420
detrahitur
cf.
Gk.
older
ttiti-,
roo-(cr)oy
2) totus (e.g.
xi.
summae
tot,
tails
q*m-
(I.-Eur. q
and (with
ofci-
cf.
Gk.
7roo-((r)oy
Horace
for *7ror<oy),
j5/?/?.
i.
5.
30: tu
(
quotus esse velis rescribe, write back how many other
'
guests you wish to meet you ', lit. which number in the
series
you wish
to be
').
Cottldie
(On
the
Numeral
duo, ch.
iii.
*qv%tttus,
with Syncope of
and on ambo, a Dual like
.
quot(i)tl-die,
4,
1.)
1
The misuse of tanti, quanti in the sense of tot, quot, which lias
produced the Romance words for so many ', how many is as
oM as Propertius (e. g. quanta milia).
'
'
',
CHAPTER VI
THE VERB
1.
(1)
The
I.-Eur.
Verb
by means
and
e;
this
The
its 1
oi in its
Gk.
without
f-/*er,
the
Optative, e.g.
Gk.
help
The
f-re.
and
Aey-o>,
Athematic Con-
The
so-called
'
'
irregularity
of
es-fis differ
from
leg-i-t, leg-i-tis
H2
ch.
ii.
14).
100
So
1
Tlic
CH. vi
to
go
sum
to wish
'
(ch.
ii.
on
vis see
ei-,
from the
The -m
23).
is
and the
root wel-,
of
Verl
ie
Subjunctive
(l)
',
s-ie-s
(class,
su), s-l-tis.
But
in Latin
a great many thematic forms are mixed with these Athematic Verbs. Thus their First Singular Pres. Ind. is
13), vol-o, and
usually thematic, e-o from ey-6 (ch. x.
l
their Third Plural of the same tense, e.g. eimt from ey-ont
ii.
2.
14).
The
To
First Conjugation.
this
Conjugation
e.
g.
a Transitive sense,
'
to
make ',
meaning,
xcelerare, to
into dust, to
reduce anything to a
and was extended to Verbs
if
make
make
Verbs belongs
',
e.g. colorare, to
First Conjugation
tra-
'
sta-,
to a
'.
'
ter-,
to
to the
to
go
i-nt,&
like
First.
iitjare
101
Conjugation
form
suffix -yo- to
Latin in
and the
have
and
so
we
fugd-s
The
First Conjugation
Frequentative of pello,
beside
Noun
repulsus).
(cf. offensa
beside offensus,
the
iii.
156:
comes directly from the root swen- (Lat. son-, ch. x. 13)
as let/ere from the root leg- (see
4), and formed its
Perfect and Supine regularly, sonui, sonitum.
Noun
Sondre, a
Hence the
1
So in
ieren.
irregular conjugation
German
ending -wren,
e.g.
cummuml-
The Verb
103
sonar e.
(cf.
jugation
Gk.
from a
implico,
Noun
olt
TrXe/co))
and
of the First
*cela } concealment,
Noun
Verbal
lost
Gk.
(cf.
TrXoKri)
implicatum, implicare.
Verbal
to fold'
plek-,
im-plico (1 Conj.)
Decl.
tlie
Similarly
CH. vi
celo is
and
celo)
from a
celo
cc!-,
lost
the
which appears
form
in the
Simple Verb.
in the
(On
to give
',
dare,
and on
stare
23.)
to
fill ',
O-stem Adjective
clawing, lame.
These Derivatives of
meaning.
means
'
to
make
clear
'
to be clear
',
'.
'
'
to give
'
103
Second Conjugation
Conjugation.
result as in the
But
there
is
12),
so, e.g.
to
Another verb of
Conjugation Verb.
Causative meaning
The
'
ters-,
is
torreo,
to be
meaning
is
dry
'.
noceo
form with
this
I cause to
become dry,
nee- (Lat.
Second
this
Con-
E-suffix
Verb-stem
in c appears in cale-facio, to
-TV7rr)-v,
was
t-jjidvr)-v }
was
this
intransitive
The Verb
104
CH.VI
warmth
Noun-stems
iii.
e,
which
varies
ch.
in
(see
13).
timeo, paveo,
8; ch. xi.
iii.
and an Adj.
j>avor,
-i-dus }
in
Noun
in
-or
e.g.
calichis,
(iiitidux,
.pandas.
state of
warmth,
liquesco,
to
before
Cicero's
time.
To make
is
not found
Transitives of
them
g. pave-facio, cale-facio.
Jam
became in
from
from
(Qi.fitlgeo
homfulgo,
scateo
intuor.)
This
(Neut.)/ocio.
567:
Lat./mw.
scaio, intueor
4.
class.
iv.
is
the
calensjio
common
and
calcns
105
Third Conjugation
Nouns
YO-
Such Derivatives
as
Derivatives from
able
in -wi
are distinguish-
and P. P. P.
in
like lacessot
The types
of
We
have
(1)
the
common
type
of
root deic-j duco (older douco with ou for I.-Eur. eu, ch. x.
11)
from the
(3)
with
sfer-j to
strew, lin-o
Sometimes a
li-,
lei-,
to smear.
106
The Verb
YO-suffix,
e.g.
cn.vi
These wavered
specio.
between the
(5)
rightly called
'
Inceptives
',
'
becoming rather than beginI become warm, liqnesco, I pass into
'
(used
by
'
'
Inceptive
of sum,
Lucretius).
Root by Reduplication, Nasalization, addition of YOand SKO-suffixes were made with the object of forming
a Present-Tense Stem, and were properly discarded in
the Perfect and the tenses related to the Perfect.
The
'
meant
'
I continue to produce
'.
To form
'
',
am
in
we
so
form
form gign-
Gk. k-yev-o-^rjv
(cf.
These Tense-stems
Pres.).
(e.
g. junxi, junctus
was used
*0-/iT-?/o-/.tat,
corresponds to Lat.
spccio.
in the
T,
of
107
Fourth Conjugation
5
'
'
Inceptives
E- verbs,
3.)
and
These are
Second, consists mainly of Derivative Verbs.
not merely Derivatives from I-stems, e. g. flnio (Pres.-
stem
fini-yo-) derived
finis,
but Deriva-
tive,
so the
am
hoarse, dentio, I
am
e.
g. esurio, I
am hungry,
from
(older *emplorio) from emplor, a buyer, and must be distinguished from a small class of Verbs in -urio (also
beside pinto
(cf.
lacessivi, &c.,
from
108
The Verb
en. vi
by the
auttis
is
true
Lucr.),
iiiorior
(but
monmur
It
is
Grammars reduced
to
and seqiwr
Passive endings
(e.
g.
Gk
7ro-/tai,
in
21.
is
the letter
which
this
Since these Third Conj. Verbs in -io have a short vowel in the
e. g. capio, facio, while the Fourth Conj. Verbs have a
long
vowel, e.g. sagio, it has been suggested that the Latin Phonetic
Law known as the Law of Breves Breviantes' (see ch. ii. 16) may
Stem,
'
have often been the factor which produced the diversity of type.
Passive,
mean
Case
'
there
'
is
loving
later it
109
Deponent
(class.
Noun
as a Subject, not as
ii.
14),
No
'
PRECAEIO ADEITVR,
Admittance', on an inscription.
amatum
Inf. Pass,
early literature
we seem
iri
see
In the
15.)
Noun
the
is
it
to be
10), so that
Present
were in
solid, ausi
-ei)
On
(older
shows
a Middle and
revertor.
-I
.correct
by
The
cating
est
I.-Eur. Middle
states
condition of
of
life,
feeling,
&c.
operations
of
the
senses,
indi-
still
e. g. Liv. Andronicus
quoniam audiui paucis gauisi.
So in the early writers potestur, poteratur, possetur, nequitur,
:
turn, e. g.
3
Lat.
nequi-
rvpavveveiv,
iii.
1010
to be a tyrant
'
',
',
110
Verl
TJte
Examples
is
CH. vi
ciiujo
me, &c.
Gk.
As
cf.
nixus,
and
see
18).
in
Greek
aTroOvijo-Kco
is
is
sell,
fio otfacio, to
The
make.
older \\A.fiere
was
in
classical
The type
tacitus
taceo,
sum,
e.
was
tacere-,
pransus, potus,
iuratits, &c.).
7.
Tenses.
The Present.
of
Prefix of
the
'
signifying
and Sanscrit
Augment
then
'
',
there
'
a Demonstrative Particle
but in the
Greek
of the Present-stem
and
it.
The formation
treated in the
earliest
memini me
'
7,8
111
Present, Imperfect
To
indicate
the
is
g. amd-yo-,
whence
love,
amo
of a YO-suffix
which became
Third
(stem ple-yo-), &c.
Conjugation Verbs show various modes of forming the
so
for
pleo
*ple-jo
Present-stem,
such
(stem gi-gno-
cf.
Gk.
g.
ster-n-o
N-suffix,
(2)
e.
lei-,
as
or
(1)
yiyvo-fjiai)
N. -infix,
g.
e.g. pa-n-g-o
gif/no
gen-,
11-n-o
from the
e.
e.
Reduplication,
A common
Third
leg-o
root dew-).
and
I
leg-
8.
e.
g. incalesco,
The -bam
of this Tense
is
16),
1
1
appended to a Verb-stem,
Some
e.
g.
amd-bam, vide-bam,
*legens-bam.
Conj.
for audl-bam
audie(ns~)-bam.
These
112
CH.VI
The Verb
es-,
to be
',
of the
same formation
as -bam
from the
root bheu-.
9.
Future.
which corresponds
and
and Fourth,
is
es-
to
r
Early Latin aud i-bo, though by the classical period
the Fourth Conj. Future was remodelled on the pattern
in
5).
This
is
10.
ii.
16).
Perfect.
ii.
6),
lege-s,
(originally
lege-t
(see
3).
Future, J 'erfect
9.io
Preterite
While Greek
Tenses.
113
preserves
(1)
for *-8tiK-(r-a,
weak
root (ch. x.
weak form
the
find
single Preterite,
driven
all
separately
g. e-Stig-a
a Second Aorist,
it
shows the
from irW-,
Perfect,
we
SeiK-, (2)
e.
which we
into the
call
same groove
of declension.
The
e.
g.
e.
disci,
//e/zoi'-a),
and Perfects
like ////,
dixit ;
On
we have
scidi, scidisti,
scidU.
which
The
is
declension too of
of the Perfect
Aitigas, attulas,
ir,7.v
114
TJie
CH. vr
Vcrl)
me minimus
(cf.
Gk.
/ie/zoz/a/zer).
Although the I.-Eur. Perfect had as a rule a Reduplicated stem, there were a few Unreduplicated Perfects,
e.
g.
see,
know
'
to
to sit
'
(Lat. sedi).
of the root-vowel
from
But undoubtedly
%-),
we
plication,
in
1
period of the language, and lost their Reduplication
first
in
Compounds under
Law
became
ret(e)tuli
with Syncope of
i
became
e, at-tetuli
but concurri,
incttrri,
(ch.
ii.
Re-tetttli
with double
/)
and
so on,
Compounds led to
we have
the use
altuti,
Similarly
citcitrri
&c.
e.
g. cncurri, momordi.
Tetuli is
the form
known
to
Plautus
cf.
Latin peyi I
find in
O. Lat.
in
vogue
sricitU.
115
Pluperfect, Future-Perfect
11,12
we
of the
V- and S -Perfects,
e.
g.
by
ii.
i-i
(cf.
ws
12), (2)
semodiu$
(cf.
for
dix-isti,
misti
for
11.
'
if
syllables
e.
for
*semi-modius,
12).
We
have
where
the
two
ii.
mi-si-sti
'
you please
the tendency to drop one of two similar
neighbouring- syllables
dixti
an old by-form
obliscor
for si vis,
Pluperfect.
Future in
-bo,
be
e.
'
g.
(8), which
is
amdv-eram,
'
es-,
to
monu-eram,
memin-eram,
dix-eram,
andlv-eram.
12. Future-Perfect.
adds eram,
e.
9), as
the Pluperfect
In
in fact the
Tt/j.rjarco,
which
The Verl
116
stands for
Tifiao-o-CD,
and
is
CH. vi
of
Moods.
13.)
The Subjunctive.
As
Latin
the
10),
Optative are
all
the so-called
'
'
Subjunctives
in
-/'///.
<$?, sit.
in the older
So edim,
edis, edit j
-forms,
and
duit.
e.
g. cale-am, cale-ds,
The
the latter by the First, e. g. am-eut, (nn-es, am-et.
reason for the use of the E-type in the First Conjugation
is
was
its
model
5) of the
Fourth Conjugation
in the capacity
1
I.e. the Athematic Subjunctive, which had o, e where the
Thematic had w, 77. Thus Tip.rfaop.fv (cf. rtiao^cv Subj. in Homer)
The I.-Eur. Subj. had often
is Athematic, Ti^rjaca/Jitv Thematic.
a Fut. sense, a feature of the old language which is still retained
in the
Greek of Homer,
e.g.
Oct.
117
The Subjunctive
13
of a Future Indicative
12
n.), this
had been
single Person
the
The reason
leget ;
tention of
fashion
Future-tense
this Person
in use as a
was that
this
place.
itself in
audiet
and though we
find traces of a
temporary
effort at
uniformity by the
form maintained
its
ground.
is
(ch. x.
19).
Pres. of
which fui
Tiffin
cf . Virg. Aen. x.
is
the Per-
108
Forem
duam
Edim and
edan/ }
duim and
118
I
en vi
The Verb
may
eat
'
',
let
me
eat
'
',
[that] I
may
eat
'),
one of the
The
sical
is
beneque uolueris.
Mood 1
forms in
-sso, e.g.
amasso, mentioned in
of the
12.
Imperative.
and
so -tod (which
of the Demonstr.
3 Sg.,
-tod
'
gives
e.
from that'
it
became
-to,
Pronoun stem
'
(Gk.
to-, ch. v.
eV-roo).
The
addition of
,
thereupon ',
a Future Imperat. sense,
Si
ch. x.
e.
g. Hor. C.
iii.
14.
23
if
away
',
lit.
'
go
e.
e.
g.
abito-te.
ix.
3), es are
1
An old inscription of Luceria (in Apulia, on the borders of Oscan
territory) seems to replace this ss by it (written 2), like Attic Gk.
It offers fundatid for ' fundassit ', parenlatid
irp&TTOj for npaaata, &c.
for
'
parentassit
'.
14, 15
119
Imperative, Infinitive
'to give'
v.
4)
(cf.
Another
its-.
'
16) of ce-do }
ii.
give here
',
is
from
do-,
Si-SoD-pi).
The
Compound
First
only,
Declension.
Imperatives,
(ch.
ii.
But
and so
of
'
ingere
mi
die,
is
18), properly
Analogy of the
fac are Thematic
follows the
representing
12),
ch. ix.
for da
an
due,
earlier
em (used
dice,
as
the Imperat. of
ingermi
face
duce,
an Interjection,
emo,
take.
'.)
Noun
S-stem genus
is
(ch. xi.
from the
xi.
19),
being reserved for the one use, the Loc. for the other,
suffix.
Whether
this is
is
not
certain.
For the Perfect Inf. Passive the Perf. Part. Pass, was
120
The Verb
en. vi
e.
use,
though
meos
g. credo inimicos
dicturum
same way
'
dicendum
The Supines.
a Verb of motion,
a
'
TU-stem
(ch. xi.
to the seeing
'
f
is
The
18).
13),
e.
First
g. ire spectatnm,
iii.
orationem' changed
est
'
Romam, to go to Rome.
The Second Supine, used
Loc. Sg. (ch.
made
-a, -inn
as O. Lat.
to class. Lat.
16.
after
11) of the
go
lit.
'
to
go
an Adjective,
is
the
nimble in running.
e.
g.
(fabula)
Iri is
'
6), so
6).
vita vivitur
out of 0. Lat.
16, 17
121
Supine, Participle
well
as
(Plaut.),
-id is used,
the
as
e.
g. lepida
Locative,
e.
g.
(cf. Baccli.
ire is
ita faceres
Quamobrem
565 mi
and thwart
my
ires
ire,
consultum male,
The use
interests').
is
common
to go to help, infitias
ire,
'
ires liberos
you would go
of the Accusative
(Plaut.), suppetias
to a funeral.
In
without a Preposition
like
nuptum
go
17.
The
Participles.
merely Verbal
suffixes
The
Adjectives
mentioned in
formed with
ch. xi.
Thus
the various
was used
Adjectives which
in
to
1
In Plaut. End. 294 this Loc. plays the part of a Predicative
Dative
Suut nobis quaestu et cultu,
'They are our trade and pursuit.'
:
122
The Verb
CH. vi
1
Participles Passive (Gk. Ot-ros, Lat. cre-M-tns, re-ple-tus},
or
the
Adj.).
like
venerable,
dy-ios,
worthy of veneration
The
worthy
'
from
of being taken
the Perfect
12), e.g.
Gk.
Middle
Pres. Part.
ch. xi.
(-mono-, -mno-;
(or
ch. xi.
The
The
see
6).
(On 2
PI.
Imper. ferimini,
is
21.)
probably
a formation with the suffix -ro- from a TU-stem Verbal
Noun,
e.
g.
e.
Adjective,
ora, Virg.)
1
Aegrotus
g. lacer for
'
truncated Parti-
Its suffix
in Latin in
Plur.,
17
ciples'
Romance languages,
beside trovato,
see ch. xi.
The
found '.
'
and
It
is
rattling
Plautus.
relation
'
12.)
close
123
Participle
was
this
benevolus, insciens
close
and
Noun by
relationship of benevolent
inscius, indigens
and
indigus,
iv.
3).
properly means
'
'
whence truly charged ', guilty '. (Our ' sooth is the same
The Perf. Part. Pass, had the same tendency to
word.)
'
become an Adjective, e. g. wtus, swift, lit. bestirred
'
'
'
co-, to
sharpen
shrewd, of persons
broad,
lit.
'
Idtns,
O. Lat. stldtus
Of Past
extend.
Parts. Pass, as
So Engl. friend
is
19),
stel-, to spread,
Nouns we have
e.g.
When
used
'loving').
2
Sons has the
(ch. x.
frijonds,
124
The Verb
en. vi
form
favourite
fort is, O.
'
sanates
restored to loyalty
lit.
and
(especially
Feminine,
e.
The Past
weak grade
from
',
e.
something spoken
the
doom
',
or spell
of Abstract
case
used as
g. tectum, a roof,
'
alictti, to lay a
in
When
for sanati.
often appears,
on one,
Nouns) the
g. ojfensa, repulsa.
(ch. x.
e.
g. cln-to-
from duco.
duc-tiis
sometimes influenced
Lat.
The same
vocalism.
-tus,
influence
jiexus for
mus
and
tt
17).
tersus
from
18.
we have
it
the
But
-tus, e. g.
2.)
The Gerun-
125
Gerund
18
in -wlo- 3
same
eundum
as
est in
when a statement
method
is
an object,
servis,
carendum
is
est
urbe;
but
in classical
Verb
Latin the
Gerundive
if
is
the
is
nominandi
istorum
copia (a
construction
allowed by
facultas
c
itur'
In
(15
.).
fourth
Conjugations we find
(e.g. ayundus)
and
in
-endo- (e.g.
the classical
agendus), the latter being selected as
form
Purpose,
126
The
'
'.
Similarly
curandus to *curam-dus
(of.
dive
is
(of.
of Active
and Passive
Gerun-
forms,
(of.
The combination
rube-facio).
sense which
*luem-dw
luendus to
causing
rn.vi
V<>rl>
e.g.
est
agitandum
Act.,
vigilias'
and
'
(2)
to cause to
blush, Act.
suffix
-I undo-,
-eundo-, &c.,
e.
g.
Diminutive
suffix
seen
in
rubi-care,
albi-care,
&c.,
The Person-endings.
The
I.-Eur.
Person-
Mood,
was
3
-t
the
the
3 Sg\
suffix,
&c.).
Sg. Primary
suffix
of
In
the
Active
Voice.
the
Perfect
Secondary
Tense an entirely different set of Endings was in use,
Thus
-ti
Particles (see
14).
<pepo-fj.ai,
127
19,20
and the
mark
istic
Old
(cf.
of its passive
and deponent
sechemmar
in the Celtic
languages as
Latin
19), so that
(ch. x.
form
1 Sg.
Athematic Conjugation
tlfjLi,
am,
1)
Gk.
g.
Gk.
The
lego).
Opta-
amaveram, &c.
suffix
13), ama-ljam t
tive,
Thematic the
in the
Aeyo>, Lat.
the
6.
On
seqiw-se.
dedi, older
-ai, see ch.
14.)
2 Sg.
TiQrj-s,
ch.
ii.
-si
and
-s
suffixes
ftffis
-st~i,
older
-stei,
ii.
e#
(e.
g.
Gk.
[earlier ess,
14], eras).
e.g. dedisti.
The
(On the
Lat.
in
ii.
-0epe for
14], erat).
Early Latin as
d,
128
The Verb
CH. vi
ended in
in
it
1 Plur.
-mas
In Latin we have in
languages we
fyepo-fjLev,
14.)
all
ii.
-<j)epo~fjLv,
3 Plur.
ii.
The
14),
e.
-e
nt).
-i
The form
in
Primary
-e
nti, ch. x.
quoted from an interesting passage, but one of doubtful reading, from the Carmen Saliare
is
Cumne
'
cum
tremunt
',
and
-ont
The endings
any apparent
and
e.
is
often
g. cosen-
iv.
n.).
-ere (earlier
-en,)
Dual
ending.
*tod, as
e.
129
Person-endings, Passive
21
to
is
In Old Latin we
forms in -nunt,
f
dant', nequmont 'nequeunt'', explenunt explent', which have been explained by the theory that
e.g.danunt
the 3
PL
-n,
*dan
and became
efy.
of Passive -r
6) to
-o
20).
in
not
tuleror
<
tulerir
'
',
'
tulisser
also latus
'.
s after
a short
40
.).
We
found, this
-so (e.g.
-re
Gk. eVou
for eVeo,
from
130
p.
The Verb
35
CH.VI
M.).
-ris
merely adds
coming
tur
ii.
sequeris (ch.
The
3 Sg.
14).
Italo-Celtic ending
is
from *sequetdr} O.
e-0e pe-ro).
Active
1 Plur.
The
Italo-Celtic ending
changing to
2 Plur.
Part. Pass,
the
to -r the -d of the
it
O.
Ir.
stem
-mor
is
in the
Act.
eric (d)
(e.g. Lat.
sechemmar), formed by
20).
(.
estis,
e.g.
fen-mini,
same with
old
The 2
ellipse
Infinitive
PI.
of
(Gk.
Imper. ferimini
este,
is
probably the
0epe^ei>ai)
used
in
it
an
Imperatival
sense.
adding Passive
r to the I.-Eur.
Gk.
ple-ntur).
22
22.
Plural.
Singular.
Active.
Ind.
I.
Pers.
-mos, class.-miis,
mus ;
e. g. lego,
-m
2 Pers.
(Secondary),
eram, legebam.
-s() (Prim.), e. g.
legis
*es-s(i},
*
e. g.
for
es
-tes,
class,
from
-tis,
e.g.
estis, legitis;
eratis, legebatis.
3 Pers.
-t(i)
(Prim.),e.
-nt(t)
g. est, legit
-t
(Sec.
(Prim.),
from
from
*leget(i}.
e. g. erat, legebat.
),
e. g. sunt,
legunt
legonti.
(But
II. Imperat.
1 Pers. (the
Subjunctive
e. g.
is
(the Subjunctive
used),
legamus.
-te, e.g. es-te
legam.
is
used),e.g.es(Athem.),
is
used),
e. g.
legi-ie.
(Them.).
Fut.' (adds to (d)< thereupon'), e.g. es-to, legito
lege
'
Pers.
from *lege-tod.
(same as 2 Pers. 'Fut.').
nto
from
-nto(d),
e.g.
sunto,
legunto.
I.
nunciation
?) -re, e.g.
(Nom.
Pass, is used),
e. g. legimini.
legeris, legere.
3 Pers.
e.g. legitur.
II.
2 Pers.
3 Pers.
-re
from
-tar,
Imperat.
K 2
132
Some
23.
The
Irregular Verbs.
irregularity of
roots for
different
many verbs
The Substantive
different tenses.
ES-
root
of verbs like
CH.VI
Verb
Tlie
'
to be
in
and the
to
',
some
go
',
BHEU-
heteroclite conjugation
Gk. TtrXdvai)
few and
sum
medicatus
sum;
tuli
surgo differs
vei-
arguor and
and porngo)
(whence
the same
e.g.
folio,
(Compound
sustuli
and
vescor
reminiscor
which had
invitus),
vis beside
wish.
(On
vel-,
8.)
Verbs
pound
of
cum and
apio, to fasten,
and
whence
is
a com-
apiscor
and
(
aptns; inqwm, perhaps a Subj.-'Fut., I will say', from
the root seq u -, to speak (cf. O. Lat. inseqne or insece ),
other parts of which are Pres. Ind. inquis, inguit, in]
The
1
irregularity
of
Ennius' translation of
Musa.
Verbs
(vveire,
like
sum,
eo,
volo,
&c.,
23
consists, as
we have seen
1),
133
Verbs
Irregular
in their
having belonged
to
with u not
of
2),
Latin as in Greek
so
many remains
Greek verbs
in
-\JLL
in
are
athematic).
is
for *cd-se.
for
Sg v ferrem
Imper.
*fer-se, fer
Do
(root
Gk.
8i8oofu 3
datis,
It
14.)
to place' or
'
put' (root
DHE-, Gk.
ri-B^-fjn), to
which
'
Here the
syllable (ch.
to
ii.
jugation type.
(ch. x.
I.-Eur. dh
when
of
Gk.
initial
became^in Latin
would be ^ffe-m(i] i
derivative from this is
e-6rjK-a.
STA-, Gk.
Sto
'i(TTr)fj.i
The Verb
134
an original declension,
en. vi
*sta-tes, slant,
to the First
had
also in
but in
form
class.
si-sto
'
transitive, prae-sto
I excel
',
stand before
',
is
neuter.
'
stand as bail
'.
Compounds
of
Possum
uolo 3 mdlo.
is
its
uncompounded form potis sum and pole sum, e.g. potis est
Lucr. i. 452 potesse i. 665.
Pote is not only the Neuter
;
and pole for any gender, number or ease, e.g. potis est,
f
it is possible' Ter. Phorm. 379; credo equidem potis
esse te, scelus, Plaut. Possum stands for pote-sum (on the
Syncope of -e see ch. ii.
12), possim for pote-sim, &c. ;
and possem, posse (iorpotessem, potesse) have followed their
analogy.
a word-group (ch.
Negative
ne~
written mdvolo
ii.
and
nolo
from the
*novolo (ch. x.
(ch.
ii.
and
12) nolo.
4)
volo.
and with
loss of v
The Imperat.
noil
between vowels
may
be due to the
CHAPTER
VII
ADVERBS
for the
nouns.
1.
most part cases of Nouns, Adjectives, and ProThe cases most frequently found in Latin are
strumental
cf.
Gk.
oi\Xrj }
case-forms
retaining
Thus
in
form of
stems
(e.g.
parteni
in the
Examples
milit-),
is
parti-, like
Noun I-stems.
l
of these are
Noun
militem
Gen. (Verbal
Noun
of sentio), uni-versim
from
*versis (Verbal
Noun of
formed
are
in Latin,
is
replaced by lON-stems,
era's
Gen.
(ch. xi.
12).
-Us, -sis
raptio, -onis
Gen.,
dissensio, -onis
Gen.,
versio,
136
The Adverbs
Adverbs alone.
vn
The Adverbial
in
is
divim-tus, &c.,
ftnuU-tuSj
CH.
(i.e. illim
the full
number
owing
e.g.
ibi,
illinc
-ce, ch. v.
to our ignorance of
(cf.
ch. v.
4).
8),
the
Nom. and
Ace. Sg.
and
e.g. Ital.
is
quasimente.
Adverbs
thus really
(cLfatlyo)
sedulo
from
ii.
14)
36) and
'
'
'
From Nominative
dolo (cf
tell
the truth
ch. x.
licet
137
19)
%-lico
')
(2)
from
(p.
Verb dnm-taxat
and
in
(ch. v.
sloco (old
i-licet,
ire-licet,
ft.),
&c.
'
I will
form of
loco,
scl-licet, vide-
(3)
Conj. and
&c.
of the
Adjectives
by the
Ace. Sg. Neut. of the Comparative of the Adjective,
.g.pejii$,longuis (Gk. aofy&Tepov); the Superlative by the
is
-eel)
but
2.
common,
humane.
M.
F., able
lized, so to speak,
(Gk.
TTOO-IS,
esse,
es,
Adverb when
it
came to be
is,
rursus
In the
used,
it ille,
earlier
literature
138
The Adverbs
sursum, demus
Gk.
(cf.
rry/zoy)
CH.
vu
but by
Latin
and
and
commiuus
Gk.
(ch.
avro^etp of
of an old
ii.
x ct'p
10),
compounds
of manus, as
compounds
is
<
ii.
14, beside auddc-ter from audax, stem
but has been extended to Cons.-stem Adjectives
ch.
from fallax.
fallaciter
by
NT-stems have
aiif/tie-),
too, e.g.
20).
Capt.
ii.
12.
718:
Recens captum liominem, nuperum, novicium,
just captured, newly acquired, a newcomer.'
'A man
From
3
3.
139
Accusative
In Latin we
have
(1)
;
pleruntque from an old Adj. plerusj*
connected \vithjolenns, full ; sursum, and other compounds
a few Superlatives like minimum
of versum (see
2)
(beside commode)
(ch.
Roman
an old
patricians
Calcha simul
'
know him
as well as I
know Calchas
(2)
the forma-
'
(per
viii.
vices).
26).
(3)
The Ace.
from
PI.
sero, lit.
'
in the front
row
'
tolutint,
Banai are
140
The Adverbs
at once,
'
CH.
vu
'
'
lit.
standing
and many
in drops, from
',
gutta, gradatim
replaced
by forms
in
e.g. statio.
-lio,
maximam partem,
Sg. of
X&P -*)'
'
secus,
id genus
(cf.
Gk.
y^dpiv, Ace.
sunt
virile
omne genus
Nom.
in Apposition
(cf.
is
coronamenta
Adverbs in -f&riam,
serantur).
which
is
FACILVMED
-6, older -od, e.g. certo (beside certe), vero (beside vere).
(On cilo, moflo, lene, male, see ch. ii. 16.) From O-Stem
Nouns we have, e.g. vulgo (from vulgus), principio. The
Third Declension
Locative, ch.
iii.
'
Abl/
(originally a
Consonant-stem
The Abl.
nothing,
gratiis)
'
for
mere thanks 3
lit.
'
(cf
Ter.
at the doors
rest, e.
'
si
non
pretio, at
From
4,5
go
Loc.
Abl.,
is
Of Abl. Sg.
outside.
at the
(sc. via),
exire, to
same time,
(sc. opera),
right, recta
141
Pron. Advs.
on the
The
Pronominal Adverbs.
5.
ubi (on
ibi,
Locative O-stem
which
These
show various
suffixes
in
ii.
16)
e.
suffix,
g.
e.
g. ibi,
-I
(2)
O. Lat.
isti,
illi,
there,
classical
v.
-ce
4),
appended (ch.
which looks like Abl. Sg. Neut., but indicates motion to
Hll-c, istl-c;
O. Lat. hoc,
porro.
istoc,
o,
but with
?),
e.
illoc
istnc, illuc
doubled in pronunciation
(ch. v.
3)
manner, &c.,
e.
-im, which
(5)
istim,
particle
-ce,
which
illinc,
in class.
istinc
(cf.
by Syncope of the
final
hiuc,
incle
vowel
from, e.g.
this inde
(ch.
ii.
(6)
is
-nde,
shortened
(cf.
'
'
'
exactly
',
v.
precisely
3,
and
in ibi-dem,
is
demum),
142
The Adverbs
pronominal stems
(cf.
3), as
ch. v.
leap
became
3),
Saltim,
6).
of
-quam
vn
tmqnam,
usquam
CH.
Noun
*saltis
'
by a
from
salio
lit.
on the analogy of
(1) in -per,
parus,
little,
'
aliquantis-per,
*tod-per.
stem
and
3.)
(On
nuper, see
of
Demonstr.
2.)
From
instead.
Ilicet,
scilicet,
videlicet
'
The
e.
for
have
licet,
scire
licet.,
videre
maxumam
may
nialam crucem,
go hang itself on the highest
possible gallows.'
The Adj.
praestrigiae (ch. x.
2
20).
also/orfasse,
'
',
210
i.
143
ilico, e.
g. Aen.
Ilicet in
muros
Preposition with a
in-cassum} in vain,
lit.
ilicet,
xi.
468
it
curiously the
Noun
'
but gave
into the
'
empty
(cf
cassa
nux
Actutum is perhaps
Plaut.) ; im-primis and cum-primis.
Neut. of an Adj. *actutus (formed like astutus, artutus,
versutus).
probably, Ind. 2 Sg. (a careless pronunciation of the correct form
see p. 40 n.) Cf. Plaut. Asin. 36 te fortasse dicere, perhaps
;
'
fortassis
you say
',
lit.
'
you will
assert that
you
say.'
CHAPTER
VIII
PREPOSITIONS
1.
are Adverbs,
Noun
or in composition
with a Verb.
became weakened, or
as
Case-suffix
an Adverb.
Thus
the mountain
'
indicate the
first
monte ex
monte de;
or
monte might
ire
to
which, owing
to
'
to
of
go out of
sense,
to indicate
ex-ire
mean
Those Adverbs
meaning, are
most frequently
their
and
the process by which Latin Adverbs became Prepositions may be seen in operation at various periods of the
language.
Thus
contra,
is
not a Preposition
is
till
simul in
Age
customary now
Cicero's time;
'
sition
one word,
in.
e.
e.
145
g. exire,
but not
g. ex monte, although
Romans usually wrote exmonte, &c., and always pronounced the Prep, and Noun as one word-group (ch. ii.
This close union of the Preposition with its
11).
the
became
e.
g. indo-gredior
In the
(cf.
class, imperator).
later stages of a
Fr.
je vais a
Rome
'
with Lat.
is
vado
Romam
As
').
New
distinctions of prepositional
e.
Gk.
-ere (e.
g.
to define their
meaning.
Gk. <% e, Lat.
(1) -s(e),
(2) -d(e),
Gk.
In the
earlier stage of
in ch. v.
3.
Thus
in potesfatem
esse
is
146
Tli e Prepositions
CH.
vm
noun might be
inserted
(cf.
Noun
(hence 'Pre-position'), except in particular circumstances (e.g.metu in magno), but in the older literature of ten
follows
(1)
form
it,
was
earlier 'here-in'.
2.
Ab, from,
is
waspo
off),
a curtailed
of final
ii.
10), in
p
to
it is,
s,
-It
to -p as substituted ob
t, c, e.
-s(e)
often
is
used in
is
Com-
(ch. x.
20). reduced
me
(te,
&c.)
me
me
1
The opposite was op-erio, e. g. Plaut. Capt. 524 o'perta quae fuere,
'
aperta sunt, what was shut is now open '.
AbAnte
2-5
147
The phrase
this house, had it not been for yon/
seems to have been originally parenthetical ' and without
'
(lit.
away from') you, it would be (a fact)'. At a later
from
period absque me, &c., was used without the verb, and
'
absqne came to take the sense of sine, without'.
may be
another form of ab as
20).
Au- of
tion in these
name
received,
of the person
some
declare to be a
from
mere
trick of writing,
?)
it
in
Roman
of
d to an r-sound before/,
at,
I.-Eur. at,
spelling.
On
though often
the old form
see ch.
ii.
8.
'
ii.
12).
e.g.
am-
This must
on
'
5,
(4)
instead of
148
The Prepositions
antes,
CH. viu
e (ch.
14
ii.
n.).
Apiid, which
is also
spelt aput t seems to be
the I.-Eur. Preposition apo (of which Lat. ab is a cur-
6.
(5)
tailment),
is
In
class.
the states
came
'
',
ire
almost
',
The form
e.
Plant,
g.
loca haec
'
circiter,
circo
(7)
'
about',
hereabout
'.
id-circo, as circa
I.-Eur. pronominal root k!-, 'this' (Gk. -KL of OVKI, TTO\\CLKI, Engl. he), exactly as their opposites ills, ultra, on
that side, from the I.-Eur. pronominal root 51-, 'that'
(ch. v.
3),
the second
(ch. xi.
the
first
by the addition
8).
The Adv.
(e.
citro
6-14
9.
(8)
had
149
Dis-
Apud
'
to hide
'
2),
in O. Lat. a
and has
in the
suffix -t(e)ro-
contra,
ii.
3.)
11.
e.
g.
8), is in
(ch. xi.
Enn.
What
an Ace.
PI.
Neut.
(ch.
ii.
5),
(11)
Coram,
but in
class.
'
Lat. contra
see above).
contro-versia.
in presence of, is
an Adverbial
by-form
(13)
Dis-,
apart,
(cf. ch. v.
1 fin.
on swe and
se).
'
two
',
With
wanting the w
the w the same
x.
19), e.g.
dw-imo,
150
The Prepositions
ch-
vui
CH.
(ch.
e.g.
19),
di-moveo.
may
and
an
ergo
of
Erga
Wegen').
is
e *rego } lit.
(cf.
'
from
Germ, wegen,
not restricted in
g. Plaut.
me
sit,
ut erga ilium
fuit.
MSS.,
(16)
Extra
(cf.
Gk.
e.g. ecfatus.
is
telaim
*tex-la, ch. x.
it
CAC)
was
20).
cum, com.
18.
in).
is
guages with the two senses (1) in, (2) into, but in
Greek the second is distinguished by the addition of the
particle se, evs, Att. cty.
cf.
Gk.
use.
Thus Terence
uses in-audio
like
extra,
151
ErgaPer
15-26
20.
is
formation as
and
ultra
inter,
ultra),
(ch. vii.
8).
(20) Intra
21.
and
is
1).
'
with jungo and meaning ' adjoining '. The Ace. PI.
Neut. by-form (like contra beside contra ; see above)
appears in Catull. Ixvi. SQjnxta.
23.
(22)
Ob, I.-Eur.
qp-erio
(see
ch.
op(i)
12
of epi
spelling
ii.
(Gk.
in
10).
often
ZTTL),
Compounds
In
classical
like
Latin
it
also of
'
to
24.
e
',
(23)
Fern,
Sg.
of
near
',
&c.
a person)
(24)
is
a suffixless Locative
is
(ch.
Ace., usually of
iii.
8)
Q^penitiis, pene-trare.
I.-Eur.
(25) Per, through, connected with
'
'
pero,
of penns
through
Gk. Trept
(cf .
Gk.
iretpm,
in its intensive
152
sense
(e.
g. per-lonyus,
sense of
its
CH.
TJie Prepositions
fldus; Gk.
Gk.
Trepi-yUTy/c?;?)
or injury
wrong
7rap-6fj.vv/j.i,
(e. g.
to
vm
Gk. irapd
in
TTapa-f3aiv<>),
27.
(26)
Post, O.
loss of
to
to
suffix -ne
1) it
'
'
being in
iii.
With
behind', not
command
is
'
20)
po-merium said
of the
addition
after
local sense
'
(in time).
(ch. x.
some Grammarians
in early literature,
28.
*po*-tl, often
t
'
(cf
prae-fectus, prae-positus) in
30.
early).
(29)
Pro
2).
is
I.-Eur.
(Gk.
pro
737)6,
is
much more
form.
but in the
frequent than
Trpa-i,
(cf.
it is
super-bus,
1).
(30)
is
in
Gk.
KOalso
Post
27-38
153
Super
to be
is
a matter of
doubt.
(32) Propter, near, on account of, is formed
33.
from
34.
(33) Be-, back, has a by-form red-, with the
addition of the particle -de (' 1), which in class. Lat.
remains in red-eo, &c., but is before a consonant dis-
carded for
35.
From re-
re-
Secundum, according
to, close
behind,
is
the Adverbial
18).
cundum.
The Adverb
36.
*sene,
1)
l
',
from
less
'.
1).
In
same Pronoun
without hurt
of
common
37.
'
',
it
(36)
Sub
38.
in-ter
(37)
is
Laws
of the Republic.
s.
and
Super
clolo,
6), se
vii.
occurrence in
a prefixed particle
from sub as
e.g. se
in-tus
is
from
in.
54
The Prepositions
vin
CH.
S-stem
ita
stretch,
intendi tenus.
e.
g.
Virg. A.
iii.
416
cum
(3)
g.
Una
foret,
shores
sic
e.
and
Sicilian
forthwith
(its
usual sense).
40.
Verb
(39)
*trare, said to be
On
vi.
2).
from
41.
vis.
O. Lat.
ol-
uls as citra
from
42.
ment
is
Greek
e.
5)
came
(42)
Versus
much
as in Attic
to be used as a Preposition,
1).
CHAPTER IX
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS
Origin of the Conjunctions. As Prepositions
from Adverbs of Locality, so Conjunctions are closely connected with Pronominal Ad1.
vii.
older literature
is
Thus Latin
of a Conjunction alter.
enim,
a particle of asseveration,
meaning
which in the
'
indeed
',
had
for
'
;
phrase
ne
'
.
pas
I.-Eur. Conjunctions
',
is
ne
point
their tendency to
may append
'.
Srj,
(e.
axnrcp)
way
feature of
append other
Greek
g. coy in
and
this habit
of identifying cognate
language by another.
tive Particles
is
of these conjunc-
we
156
CH. ix
Conjunctions
i-,
are all
u-,
&c.
(e.
Gk. au-re,
appear in
and
e-rt),
(e.
g. q o-,
-te
and
-ti
and
g. Lat. ne-
ne- } the
q e-,
various forms of the Relative and
-o, -i, -u,
Negative
to adapt
saltim,
therefore best to
is
junctions to
Gk.
Gk.
e,
(1)
pronominal
D-pronoun
DH-pronoun
(or
Que,
Conjunctive.
of
Gk. eV-0a,
(5)
the N-pronoun
(5)
et,
u
Que, I.-Eur. q e (Gk. re), apparently the bare
stem of the Relative q"o-, qu e- (ch. v.
6), is in Latin,
etiam.
as
it
word
final
was
became
had
sentence.
was always
-e
-c
this
an
in I.-Eur.,
the
of
liable
in Latin
initial
12), it
life.
and
Pronouns
indefinite sense to
fuller
ii.
sound before an
utterance of e very-day
so in
(ch.
(e.
g. Horn, oy re),
and
e. g.
ending -cunque was preferred
quem-que
156 quemque in tegulis
2, 3
157
Conjunctive, Disjunctive
Videritis alien um
This
7).
often signifies
'
forthwith
',
e.
g. Plant. Most.
illi
to use the
me
word
1050
ex senatu segregant,
in this archaic sense
Fe
is
/*eV(<r)oy) (ch. x.
13).
(2)
'
as
'
',
like
'
(e.
g. Lat. ce-u,
10).
Aut
1).
of I.-Eur.
is
Vel
is
14),
and means
'
literally
volo,
choose', as
when
'
',
'
'
158
Germ, wohl
'
CH. ix
Conjunctions
Homerus
(e.
vel
g.
summus
poeta
older sei
13),
and
Sive
is
have been
to
compounded
of
si,
-ve.
said
is
')
(as -c of -que, -n of
Interrogative
-ne),
reduced to
e,
as in ileus
the Conjunction
from
dei(ii)us (ch. x.
13),
and
took
Adversative.
'
'
(aj'-fan,
but
'),
as a Conjunction.
parentem
'if
further
e.
Ast,
found in old
g.
parentum
sacer esto,
'
came
2, 27).
It
and
g. in the curious
'
if
'
and even of
'
if
',
refers
further
Neue aurum
(ch. viii.
im cum
fraude esto.
No
4-6
159
and
Sed, in early
Latin sedum,
compound
second cent. A. D.
in the
may
Pronoun stem
it
be a
(ch. v.
Adverb au (Gk.
au-k, p.
157), which
is
probably identical
ait-
from
viii.
Atqn\
2).
adds to the Conjunction at the particle gid, so often
used by the early Dramatists as a mere particle of
position
emphasis
(e.
utinam
g. Hercle qui,
Relative.
related to
'
'
tarn,
so,
equally
none the
less
is
clearly
in the
',
early
tam-etsi
and
tamen-etsi).
Ceterum
is
(cf.
class.
Sg. Neut. of the stem cetero- (Nom. PI. ceteri), from cethe lengthened form of the Pron. stem ce- (ch. v. 4), as
cetera parce
cetera in such a line as Virg. A. ix. 656
:
puer
in
bello,
war
',
is
you
are a boy
deal sparingly
Verum
is
and
(4)
and
Limitative
Corrective.
Quidem,
immo.
Quidem shows the stem of the Indefinite Pronoun quis (ch. v. 6) with the particle dem (ch. v. 3).
',
f rom
6.
(5)
Explanatory.
quippe, nempe.
Enim
is
in
Enim,
nam,
namque,
O. Lat. an asseverative
160
Virgil,
merely
particle
84
g. A. viii.
e.
It
a usage imitated by
Quam
'
CH. ix
Conjunctions
tibi,
maxima Juno,
that'.
why
(cf.
'
cf
sense of
'
g. quid
'
'
for
Virg. A.
'
',
v.
because
'
is
e.
',
of
cerussa opus
Plaut.
form
of no-, another
nam ?
this
eno-,
restricted
Quippe for
Nempe
Pronoun
7.
(ch. v.
(6)
3).
Conclusive.
XII Tab.
em
8. (7)
si
in ius uocafc, ni
ca'pito (ch. v.
Optative.
Juppiter, ut
5).
If/ 1 her
On
Ut, utinam.
it,
law
antestamino,
15.
pereat,
7-10
9.
161
Interrogative.
(8)
In
class.
which expect an
num
affirmative,
is
limited to questions
to those
This distinction
a negative answer.
is
which expect
unknown
to
who
occasionally.
came
easy to
is
how
see
to be attached to nonne,
'
is
these
.
not
'
phasis on the
-Ne
word
the case
'
(with em-
is').
Num
is
the I.-Eur.
num, 'now'
Utrum
An
'
I.-Eur. ne.
is
meanings
and num,
',
is
8), like
1
perhaps the same as Gk. dv 'in
Cur (O. Lat. quor) is I.-Eur. q u or, related
that case'.
(
to Engl.
where/, and is quite unconnected with qud-re
Gk.
(cf.
TTorepoj/.
is
10. (9)
On
Neut. PI.
'
as
(like siqu-idem,
'
8.
'
Quasi,
and
&c.
si,
or
Comparative.
ut, see
'
is
p. 41).
a mere
Ceu,
from qua
shortening of
which
is
quam
si
restricted to the
Epic and Lyric Poets and a few Silver Age prose writers,
is compounded of the Pronoun stem ko-, ke- (ch. v.
4)
and the
*ce-ve
1
(cf.
ce-teri).
Quam
is
Ace.
3),
Sg.
Fern,
of
the
162
CH, ix
Conjunctions
are
11.
ut, ubi.
Cum,
or quom, is
of the Relative.
tive with
Temporal.
(10)
Quando
the I.-Eur.
'
to
is
Preposition
what
'
(time).
do,
'to
so
that
In Plautus quando
primumdum,
stem do- as
first
STJ),
how
qui&um,
so?,
all, is
turn of to-,
The temporal
sense
is
Donee
is
in O. Lat. donieum,
'
'
perhaps wrongly apprehended as donec-cum instead of doneso with omission of cum became donee. Donique
cum and
of
Lucretius
(ii.
'
particle -que,
ever
'
(cf .
who misunderstood
donee as do-nee.
VI from ii-H
u
uti-nam) adds to the Relative stem q u-
is
On ubi
(ch. v.
6)
5.
abi
modo, ego
dum
hoc curabo
-ti
recte.
1).
11-13
Tempora
12.
Causal.
(11)
On cum
quippe.
163
Causa 7, Condition al
7,
see
(y)
quia,
a compound of
becoming by the law of
Quoniam
is
(ch.
x.
oldest sense
Its
13).
Quoniam hinc
is
and
it is
from
O-stem
as Od.
(ch. v.
i.
382
6),
Qma
is
an Ace.
On
6).
PI.
13. (12)
Conditional.
modo, dummodo.
Pronoun stem
so-,
Si,
O. Lat.
sei, is
(ch. v.
4).
17) with
nei,
of
Nisi
si,
sive, seu,
Sic, so, is
(ch. v.
6.
quippe see
is
-c(e)
3).
appended
and means
Gk.
as in quid-ni, quippi-ni,
Virgil's line
and
still
him
si
in ius uocat, ni
'
go
it,
nisi
XII
id ni
M 2
iii.
Tab.,
fit,
686).
from
c
It
came
he summons
164
CH. ix
Conjunctions
me
'
lay
',
'
'
negative sense of sin, if not ', is hardly attached to the
word in the time of Plautus, but the Demon str. suffix
Moclo
12.
ii.
is
15).
On
sive
and
?)
A
a
common
sense of wodo
while ago
little
'
even
wish
'
The formation
quamquam, quamvis,
Etsi,
is
evident
et-si,
how you
', quam-quam (reduplicated), quam-vis?
however
much
wish
', or
(like quantum-vis,
you
'
if
'
qnam-lilei,
'
'.*
is
granted
'how you
licet 9
please'),
'it
is
allowed',
'.
neu, nedum.
On
ITt,
ut see
Quo
is
?)
minime,
'by no
'less',
means', parum
is
sciens,
(cf.
'ignorant').
so nimble.'
Concessive, Final
14, 15
(Abl.
Loc.
?,
?,
Instr.
In some instances
it
165
?)
represents qui
ne.
with Negative ne} e. g. nemo fuit quin sciret (qui nesciret) ; and the same form was extended to sentences
like nulla mulier fuit
is
quin
as potis Masc.
sciret, just
Sg.
with Neuter or Plural Subjects
(ch.
vi.
and
alioqui, ceteroquin
and
Quin
23).
4) with the
atqui, alioqmn
Quin in commands,
ceteroqui).
?,
then by
constructio ad sensum
not
Quin in a sentence
?'.
like
fuit,
i.e.
eumne dicis qui comedit ?
the same particle (cf. Mil. 13
{
mean
the
man whose
life I
a variety of I.-Eur. ne
enclitic -ve}
(ch.
ii.
is
'how not?^,
Plaut. Trin. 360
why
quod non
fuit ?
'
&c.,
is
qui
Nom.
Sg. with
Neve adds
to this the
in neu is reduced
by Syncope
For nedum (especially used by Livy, also
or',
12).
which
e. g.
quin
with Imper. (so
'
which
is
An
early
instance
is
nedum
lit.
numquam
sufferre eius
is
word,
454
Ter. Ilaut.
satrapa
amator,
of the
si siet
sumptus queat
tu possis,
166
CH. ix
Conjunctions
nondum
tu potes', with
Nedum
related to ne, as
is
Liv. xxiv. 4. 1
cf.
vixdum to
visa,
puerum vixdum
nondum
to non
nedum
libertatem,
Ne
(15)
Ne
Asseverative Particles.
(nae), -ne.
The cognate
probably the only true spelling.
Greek word vr\ had a by-form vat (cf. $77 and Sat), but
is
sense
'
lest
'.
-Ne affirmative
'
verily
from the
is
(On
ne
17.
ve-.
and
ne, see
cf.
(16) Negatives.
is
ne
and ne Negative,
In-,
ne-,
(cf.
17.)
non, baud,
nee,
O. Engl.
nille,
vi.
23),
in- (I.-Eur.
n,
Gk.
(ne-,
av-,
and
initial
'
vowel
1
Improbare, infiteri, iynoscere, not to notice ', to overlook (cf. Ter.
Haul. 218 et cognoscendi et ignoscendi), are seeming exceptions.
i
'
16-18
only) as
Asseverative, &c.
is
167
Interjections
Noenn
(e.g.
Lucr.
iii.
is
narrower
The
above).
initial
distinguish the
li-
was,
word from
aut.
e.
ei
illi
ii.
9.)
Thus Catullus
the
to
dixeris.
The
4),
si
autem
neg-
(also
si
spelt
neclego),
g. bravo, encore.
Of genuine Latin
em
tibi,
entertainments,
lo,
e.
euge,
2
Imper. of emo, I take
'
g.
or French,
(cf.
'
'.
'
'
videte
',
but only
'
em
vide
'.
168
CH. ix
Conjunctions
on vel).
was
So
an Interjection
by en (Gk. ijv),
used only in rhetorical
joined with Ule (in the
is
Em
en-umquam?
questions, e.g.
/tern,
later superseded
ellos, &c.,
of the
Comedians
86
(1)
11.).
duced eccum
(2)
ecce,
(for
ille t iste,
86
(for
n.).
The names
(sc.
juvet),
from
fid-es),
either
pro&c.,
Pro (wrongly
-c(e))
ecce-hos],
'away with it
our Noun ' woe
is
eccos
*ecce-fritm),
is
viii.
spelt proJi)
30), forth,
'.
of
deities
me-dius fulius
occur in
('
hercle,
me-hercules
an invocation of Ceres, or
ecce re,
'
lo
',
eccere
indeed
'.
CHAPTER X
HISTORY OF LATIN SOUNDS
1.
A. Original or Indo-European' a occurs (1) in the First
Declension, e.g. L&t. filicl Abl., filidrum, filidbus (ch. iii. 4),/aw'Kas
Gen. Sg. (ch. iii.
In the Nom. Sg. - was shortened to -a
4).
'
earlier
born, produced,
Idtus for *tlatus
tld-, e. g.
liitus,
came
stir-,
strd-tus,
;
from
strewn.
stel-,
From tel-,
to spread,
19).
From
to carry,
we have
stlattarius,
stldtus
imported
in a
together.
-
tdt-s
(ch.
(4)
iii.
The Noun
8),
(6)
(7)
with stem
novitdt-
(Dor. Gk.
11), e.g.
j/eo-rar-).
merdcus, verdx
13),
e.g.
The Adj.
Gk. Va).
(5)
(cf.
legdmus,
legdtis.
a beech-tree (Dor. Gk. tyayos'), sudvis for *suddvis (Dor. Gk. d5us).
Latin d often represents an original a. which has been lengthened,
2.
1
e.
of the vowels
170
and
CH. x
tig-,
Lat. amb-ages,
where
Derivative, agro-, a field, Lat. ager (Gk. Hypos'), lit.
oxen are driven in ploughing', scab-, to scrape, dig, Lat. scabo (Gk.
ovraTTTcu), with a by-form scab-, e. g. Lat. scoots, sawdust, ar- } to
'
its
plough, Lat.
(2)
tiro
(Gk.
The Prepositions
iii.
d.
with stem
8)
d/wcu),
scd-,
sal-
class,
(Gk. aAAos).
seed, of Lat. si-men (Gk. J'-Tj-fu for *ai-ai\-\u, rf-^a} ; status (Gk. O-TCITOS)
from the root sta-, to stand, set up, of Lat. sta-re (Dor. Gk. i'-o-ra-/
The a of pater-, Lat. pafer (iraTTjp}, is an a of this
for *<n-oTd/u).
kind, the
word being
meaning
literally
'
occurs after
I,
frdngo, fragilis, from the root bhreg-, 'to break ',flagro from the root
bhleg-, to burn (Gk. </>Ae7cu), gradus, a step, from the root ghredh-,
(usually
(ch.
fello)
(Gk.
Ori-ff6ai,
BTJ-XVS, Orj-Xr]'),
whence
ii.
vrj-v, VTJ-HO.},
before final
pater (Gk.
Latin
from
in the
16), e. g.
TTOTJ^P),
e is
prehendo, tres
from
*treyes
13),
sometimes
to
e. g.
prcndo
lengthening
E, I
3-5
'
by
Compensation
*venes-num
a web,
talum,
e.g.
',
171
for
20).
l.
It occurs, for
12).
e.g. Lat. genus (Gk. ytvos}, tenus (Gk. reVos), decus (from root dec- of
decef).
(3) In the Reduplication syllable, e. g. Lat. me-mini (Gk.
AWos), the Numerals seven ', ten ', Lat. septem, decem (Gk. cnra, S/ra)
Final e- was found in (5) Voc. Sg. of 0-stems (ch. iii.
6), e. g, Lat.
'
'
(6) 2 Sg.
lupe
Aw),
(Gk.
Latin
die,
ITTT^),
ei-,
aureus, &c.
Before
'
Imperat. Act.,
in
12.)
the root
v I.-Eur. e
On
new ').
5.
13).
I.
became
in Latin,
suffix -mo-
(Gk. KopaK-ivos,
e. g.
13.
I
we may take
The Adjective-
(1)
su ^nus
x i^)> e<
found in the Dual and Plural of the
x. 0i
P^ vr)i
see c ^-
The Noun
sis
(older
siea),
(ch. vi.
veils
the
Noun
13).
for
150
B. o.
172
CH.
'
*ne-hllum,
'
'
dls-duco.
6.
I.-Eur.
I.
occurs in (1)
Lat, in-dico
e. g.
deic-,
(
12) of El-roots,
to point, say (Lat. dlco, Gk.
from the root bheidh-, ' to
red-itus
ei-,
go (Lat. l-re, Gk. ef-fit), Lat. mi-nu-o (Gk. fu-vv-Ooj}, minor, less,
from the root wet-, to lessen. (2) The I-stem Declension (ch. iii.
to
ovt-s
8), e.g.
(Gk.
o(f)),
ovi-bus.
(3)
num,
),
1
e.g. Lat. magis, mag-is-ter, min-is-ter.
do-,
do-s (Gk. Si-Sea- fii, Sw-pov\pd-, to drink, Lat. po-tus, po-culum (Gk.
gno-, to
yi-yvw-ffKcu),
homo
(cf.
Gk.
ii.
ii.
16).
(3)
Nom.
iW).
This
o is
Gk.
d<i>-T<up},honds (cf.
Gk.
cases in datoris, datori, &c., honoris, honori, &c., ratidnis, rationi, &c.
6).
(4) Abl. Sg. of 0-stems, e. g. Lat. agro from -od (ch. iii.
An
'
'
to Lat. magister
'
less
'.
6-n
6. I.-Eur. 6 occurs in
8.
173
U; Diphthongs
0,
and Lat.
(1)
e. g.
Lat. domiis (Gk. 8o/ios) from the root dem-, to build, toga, from the
root teg-, to cover. (2) The 0-grade of A-roots, e. g. Lat. scobis, sawdust, from the root scab-, to scrape, dig (Lat. scdbo, Gk. OKOLITTO}}.
(3)
-os,
-om,
(ch.
e. g.
ii.
Venos
'master', Lat.
So apparently
After initial
century
B. c.,
mus (Gk.
Lat.
may represent
and fraudo
to
'
a mouse',
/*us).
Class. Lat.
'
(ch. ii.
I.-Eur.
eu as well as
u.
It
may
also
eu,
B. c.,
'
u occurs generally in the weak grade of a EUweak grade of an El-root, e. g. yugo- Neut.,
a yoke with yug-, the weak grade of the root yeug-, to join
Latin examples are jugum, dux from duco (root deuc-}, indutus (Gk.
I.-Eur. u appears in the declension of
/fXCros) from the root cleu-.
10.
TJ.
I.-Eur.
root, as I.-Eur.
in the
'
'
'.
',
U-stems,
e. g.
ewiMsNom.
in the
38), &c.
11.
The Diphthongs.
The
174
e.g.
ii.
2)
ei_
CH.
ei or
(whether I.-Eur.
the
period
appeared as ei or e (e. g. res, Lat. res), ou as ou or
6 (e.g. okto, Lat. octo). In Latin, when they were followed by
a Consonant, the long element must have been shortened by the
ei
e. g.
12).
Examples are (1) ai. Lat. aedes, lit. where the fire is kept up ',
from the root aidh-, 'to burn' (Gk. oWw). The 1 Sg. Perf. Middle
ended in -ai, whence Latin (unaccented) -ei e. g. dedei, later -*, dedl
the Dat. Sg. of Cons, stems had the same ending, e. g.
10)
(ch. vi.
'
0. Lat.
IVNONEI,
(2) au.
class.
Junom
(ch.
iii.
8).
Lat. augeo
(Gk. auo>)
the Prep, au- of au-fugio, ch. viii. 2).
Lat. ctico, older deico, from the root
(3) ei.
;
cf.
deic-,
to
show, say
'
(4) eu.
ziehen)
to trust
deuc-, to lead
CMS-, to
burn (Gk.
',
(Germ,
for
eu'a>
*Cfcw).
Lat. unus, older oinos, oenus, from I.-Eur. oinos (Gk. 00/77,
(5) oi.
the ace) ; munus from moin- (Germ, ge-mein) utor from the 0-grade
of the root eit- (Gk. olros}
cunae from the 0-grade of root kei-, to
;
'
Thus
v&nlus
a cognate of
comes from
lenis.
ve-
lentus is
175
Gradation of Vowels
12
'
populei, later
-ei } e. g.
(6) ou.
iii.
10)
unhewn
an ox
(ch.
from the 0-grade of the root reudh-, to be red whence also robus,
roblgo
nutrix, older notrix and noutrix, from the 0-grade of root
neud-. When ou arose in Latin from Syncope, it is treated like
I.-Eur. ou, e. g. nuntius, older nontius, from noventius nundinae, older
nondinae, from *novem-dinde.
'
',
(7) -ai.
I.-Eur. ai
a key
in claudo.
',
(9) ei.
(ch.
iii.
18),
(ch. vii.
in Lat.
res, spes
13).
(10) eu.
Nom.
which should have as Latin equivalent, -ous (class. -MS) from -Sus.
Latin dies however shows the vocalism of the I.-Eur. Ace. Sg. dySm
16).
(Gk. Zrjv-a, Lat. diem from diem, ch. ii.
(11) 6i.
I.-Eur.
6i,
iii.
Similarly the root ei-, 'to go' (Gk. eT-at, Lat. it, older
in the Perf. Part.
20), loses the e of the diphthong
ei-t,
Pass, i-to- (Gk. f-ir6s, Lat. -ttus), where the accent falls on the
period.
ch. vi.
suffix
and eu becomes
u,
through
(Gk. 0^777, Lat. fuga) from bheugo, 'I flee (Gk. ^ettyw)
while en, em, er, el, similarly reduced, appear before a vowel as n,
Lat.
m, r, 1, e.g. Gk. yt-yv-o-ncu, Lat. gi-gn-o, beside Gk. yev-os,
'
'
flight
genus
e
e
but before a consonant, n, m,
in Greek appear as
a,
pa, \a,
e. g.
r,
</>aros
e
l, reduced sounds which
from </>ej/-, to kill, 5panuv
176
from
to glance, in
Sepic-,
Latin as
Sn,
em,
61,
or,
CH.
e.g. tentus
(Gk.
from ten-, to stretch ', cor for cord (ch. ii. 9) (Gk. KpaSirj,
These reduced forms pt, bhug, t e n, &c., are called the
KapSia).
'weak' grades of these E-roots pet-, bheug-, ten-. When the root
had a long vowel, the weak grade shows in Latin the vowel
in
Greek the short form of the vowel of the root, e. g. dd-tus (Gk. SO-TO?)
from the root do-, 'to give' (Lat. dd-num, Gk. 8w-pov\ slitus (Gk.
to throw seed
I-TOS) from the root se-,
(Lat. se-men, Gk. rj/j.a
for *<r?7/za), status (Gk. ora-Tos) from the root sta-, 'to stand, set
'
ra-Tos)
'
'
'
up
'
also an 0-grade ', e. g. dSmofrom the root dem-, 'to build' (Gk. S e>u).
Latin examples of the 0-grade are domus procus, a suitor, from the
root prec-, to ask (Lat. precor)
toga, from the root teg-, to cover (Lat.
moneo, from the root men-, to remember (Lat. me-min-i from
tego)
*me-men-ei) torreo, from the root ters-, to be dry (Gk. repo-o/xat). They had
also a long grade', 1 sometimes with e, e.g. I.-Eur. reg-, 'a king'
(Lat. rex}, sometimes with 6, e.g. I.-Eur. bhor-, 'a thief '(Gk. 0w/>).
These Gradations of Vowels are seen not only in root-syllables,
but in Suffixes. For example, the appearance of -8 in the Voc.
Sing, of 0-stems (Lat. eque, Gk. iWe) and the alternation of -6s
Nom. Ace. Sg. with -es- in the other cases of Neuter fiS-sterns (Gk.
Lat. gen-us, gen-er-is, gen-er-i from
ffvos, 7eV-(<r)-os, yeV-(a)-r, &c.
'
'
So/*os)
'
tion of e
iii.
of e with e
and
Y,
W.
13.
In the middle
(I.-Eur. yugom, Gk. vy6v').
consonant this became the vowel i, 2 e. g. medius
3
In Jupiter, Jovem Ace. (0. Lat.
(I.-Eur. medhyos, Gk. /xe<r(o-)os).
Diovem), the j has come from I.-Eur. dy-, but after other initial conii.
(ch.
of a
3), e. g.
word
jugum
after a
sonants the y was dropped, e.g. suo for *syuo (Engl. 'sew')
1
This grade
is
heri
reg-6-s,
Nom.
Sg. from
Cf. etiam for et jam,
bhor(s)
'
g. sapio,
13-16
Y,
W, M, N,
L, R, P,
BH
fi,
177
for *hyesi (Gk. x0). Between vowels y was dropped in Latin , e. g. tres
from I.-Eur. treyes ; formo for forma(y}o like Gk. -n^a(t/)cu (ch. vi. 2).
I.-Eur.
is Latin v, which had the sound of our w (ch. ii.
3),
e. g. vidi
'
ii.
M, N.
14.
14.)
I.-Eur.
e. g. in
in
e
e
Lat. em, en often represent not I.-Eur. m, n but I.-Eur. m, n
Eof
tentus
the
in
weak
roots,
TO-TOS),
e.g.
(Gk.
12)
grade
(
(Gk. a)
e
I.-Eur. t n-to-, with the weak grade of the root ten-, 'to stretch' ;
-em of the Ace. Sg. of Consonant stems, e.g. patrem (Gk. itartpa).
e
of the Norn. Ace. Sg. Neut. is I.-Eur. -m n, e. g. semen
Thus -men
(Gk. faa).
e. g.
linquo
reg- (Gk.
e
e
are representatives of I.-Eur. l, r in the 'weak
61, or
grade' ( 12) of E-roots, e. g. pulsus, older *poltos (Gk. iraAros), from
the root pel- cor, older cord- (Gk. KpaSirj, napSia} fors from I.-Eur.
bh e r-ti- (0. Engl. gebyrd, fate ') from the root bher- (Lat. fero)
cornus, cornel (Gk. /cpdros).
Lat.
'
16. P, B,
BH.
I.-Eur. p
is
Lat. p,
e. g.
e
Germ. Vieh, cattle ') septem (I.-Eur. sgpt m, Gk. tTrra). Pbecomes
m before n or m, e. g. somnus for *sop-nos (cf. sop-or). I.-Eur. b is
'
Lat.
b, e. g.
n or
Lat. 6
I.-Eur.
became m,
(I.-Eur. bhero,
Gk.
(fipcLTcup,
of
and
1
b is
Gk.
(pepw,
e. g.
Engl. bear)
The Cases
di, dis
(p. 16 M.).
1676
good example
Engl. brother) nebula (Gk. vtQ&rf).
the word for a beaver, fiber (I.-Eur. bhebhru-).
diri, divis,
as sis
from
si vis
178
ten-,
DH.
D,
to stretch
I.-Eur.
Before
'.
is Lat.
e.g. ten-tus from the root
was dropped when initial, e. g. latus,
but became c when medial;
offero, tuli
9) became -do- in Latin, e. g. cubidum
t
t,
or cubiculum.
it
CH.
Gk.
(On
8.)
Final -d was dropped after a long vowel to ward the end of the third
1
cent. B.C., though it is found in Plautus in med, tfd
(class, me, fe),
as well as haud (ch. ii.
9
ch. iii.
Final -nt became Lat. -ns,
4).
I
Sera).
e. g.
I.-Eur.
4).
dh became/
in Latin,
which
in
dh
tus,
fldo, I.-Eur.
con-do,
or
e-pvOpos}
before
from
pallor
conflssus (ch.
18.
ii.
with
9)
We
K, G, GH.
-ss-
from
ss, e. g.
from
is fa-c-io
beside
T, d
Lat. passus, for *pat-
egredior
vi.
23).
older
confisus,
-dht-.
must distinguish
bheidho
in I.-Eur. (1)
The
Pala-
'
tals, k, g,
which
Proper, k,
gh,
g,
ra\os, basket),
(3) Labiovelars,
TJ craves),
u
o-,
e. g. kert-,
to plait
'
w
w
u
u
q g gh e. g. q etwor-, four (Lat.
the Relative (Lat. qui, quo, &c. Gk.
'
'
quattuor,
Gk.
which
Troy),
v,
e.g.
17-20
(s)neigh
T, D,
DH, K,
G,
OH,
179
<&c.
nivem Ace. Sg. (Gk. v/0a) and ninguit, both from the root
to snow ', 'be wet ', whence Engl. l snow '.
-,
'
Lat.
became
our Verb 'use', while our Noun 'use' has the hard or unvoiced
1
sound) and passed in the fourth cent. B. c. into r, e. g. -arum from
earlier -usom in the Gen. PI. of the First Declension (ch. iii.
4),
Before
generis from *geneses (Gk. ytvt(a~}oi), arboris from *arbos5s.
a consonant like d, I, m, n, the s was dropped, e. g. nnrus from
'
20.
Consonant- Groups.
The
difficulty
of
pro-
nouncing certain consonant -groups often led to a consonant being dropped or else assimilated to its neighbour.
have just had one instance, stl- and si- becoming 1-.
We
consonant in a group
f
be(t)st',
(1)
1
are
cas(t)le-', 'go(d)spel')
our
5.
i.
'
Satur(n)day
',
l(c)t,
See ch.
(cf
s(c)t,
c(t)s, r(t)s
Fwsto-
(iii.
4.
originally stood,
e. g.
x 2
e. g.
gaesitm (Gaulish).
180
or r(d)s, e.g.
nlt-it*
for *ulctu9}
from
*torcsi,
for
muhi
CH.
cor(d),
pastum
*pasctuw,
for *urgna
for
tormentum
from
*torgmentum
'i(rcens),
torqiteo,
orno for *ordno (cf. ordino), sarmentum for *sarbmenfnm
(2)
(cf.
from
sar/,0.
(3)
e.g.
(r)sC;
(cf.
<*m
for *etsca
from
er/o,
from
ofe
and
^'#co
for *dicsco
fe#r/0
;;w/o,
(but obstinatut),
(4)
for *lusna
The
loss
of a consonant in a group
due to Assimilation.
Thus the
often really
is
*horseo.
rs,
e.
g. korreo for
The Forum
a derivative
inscription
offers
IOVXMENTO-
for
jnmntin't,
20
puns on assuiu,
POOH. 279
'
am
here
'
and
'
(wxitw,
181
roasted
'
in
Assum apud
eccum.
te
At ego elixus
its independent
Other examples of Assimilation of
Consonants are
In,
collis
collum
Is,
(Germ.
(cf.
clddes)
When
Hals).
was
sonant was at
first
being lengthened by
and
olla
(older aulla)
Compensation
for *auxla
*an-enslus (ch.
While Assimilation
ii.
So aida
quafa*.
',
(cf
vemllum)
auxilla]
velum
ankelita (older
15).
3
affects
neighbouring consonants,
Dissimilation affects consonants in neighbouring (or at
least not far
removed)
syllables.
The
repetition of I in
I,
e.
g.
Terence's
'
and n
is
laid
'
(cf.
Gk.
(for a bird), is
examples
182
from
sepelio,
CH.
it
contained an
of the
Romans
r, e.
to
g. molaris, auguralu.
have
r in
The reluctance
two successive
syllables is
mcrebmi.
tegus to be
due
and
spicio),
(See p. 30.)
accestis (Virg.)
for acce-
CHAPTEE
XI
FORMATION OF WORDS
NOUN- AND ADJECTIVE-STEMS.
I.
'
tog-a Avith
teg-o,
Gen. Sg.
tegtninis,
*teg-tt(s,
of the stem-suffixes
the making of
Nouns and
Adjectives,
which
will be treated in
2-19.
2.
suffix,
since
it
-6-,
fi-0-
(e. g.
The
common
A-suffix is very
in Abstract
Nouns
'
(Nomina
'
'
'
<
184
Formation of Words
CH. xi
'
c.ciinius,
is
same
Names. While in all, or most, of the other I.-Eur. languages Compounds were used for Proper Names, the son taking a Compound
slightly varied from the father's (e. g. Gk. A.IVO-KPO.TTJS, son of Aivoic\rjs, Germ. Walt-bert, son of Wald-ram), the Latins used simple
steins with this I0-suffix, e. g. Litmus, Stutius, which correspond to
some contracted or pet-names in the other I.-Eur. nations, e. g. Gk.
Zcvias, for the more ceremonious Zv~nriros, AeDtfJS beside Aeu-trrrros.
The ending -eus (from -e-yo-s) arose from the addition of this
I0-suffix to O-stems, e. g. aureus, made of gold, from anritm (stem
aitro-, awe-, gold), and came to acquire the sense of material, made
of ',' composed of '. It was in time assigned to any stem; e.g.
in viteus. made
in Jlammeus, made of fire, it is added to an A-stem
of a vine, to an I-stem
in corneits, made of horn, to a U-stem. The
ending -tvriuni, which arose from the addition of the 10-suffix to
TER-stems (see below), indicated the place or instrument of an
'
action,
'
rrjpiov,
',
Kpi-Trjpiov,
from MEN-stems
(see below),
ali-men-tum), flamonium
monia, sancti-monia, &c.
Noun- and
4, 5
From N-stems we
vPlaut. Aul. 576
4.
(3)
185
Adj.-Stenis, &c.
e- g.
This
suffix is
much used
helvus (Engl.
in -uusj
e. g.
aruus (Plaut.
from Verbal Noun Tl-stems (see below) and denoting state or condition, end in -twus, e. g.furtivus from the Verbal Noun-stem J'urti-,
of
'
intelligence
patruus
from pater.
(4) -N6-, -NA-.
5.
This I.-Eur. suffix was chiefly used in the
formation of Verbal Adjectives, usually with the force of a Perfect
Participle Passive, e. g. Lat. plenus, lit. 'filled', donum, lit. 'a thing
given '. In Greek we find some Adjectives of Time in -fros, derived
made
and
of animals, e. g. SeXQatt-ivrj from 8e'A(/>a, Kopa/c-ivos from Kopa
similarly in Latin we have bovmus, equtnus, suinus (Engl. swine),
fibrlnus, &c., the feminine often being employed with ellipse of caro,
;
flesh, e. g. vitiilina, veal, suina, pork. Latin -mus is often due to the
addition of the NO-suffix to 10-stems, e. g. Latinus from Latium
(though, when the suffix -Ino-, and not -no-, is added, we have
-ienus, e. g. alienus,
e. g.
marinus from
from
alius, laniena
inare, piscina
from
from lanius\ or
piscis.
The
to I-stems,
-tinus of
suffix
of a
Compound than
'
'
186
Formation of Words
CH. xi
shows the
suffix -no-,
final c
fiSlit.
'
philtre',
we
suffix in
from
Latin
1rini, terni
is to
(ch. iv.
sarcio,
This suffix
(5) -MEN6-, -MEWA- (-MN6-, -MNA-).
was used in the Middle or Passive Participles of Thematic Tenses
of the I.-Eur. Verb (e.g. Gk. ^epo-^ti/os)
and although these
6.
'
'
2
Vertumnus, the god of the
calumn-ia from 0. Lat. calvor, to
to suckle
MEN-stems,
e. g.
termo.
6-8
in
Superlatives (ch.
Oeppos, Engl.
iv.
2),
root
gh
er-
187
formus,
fumus (Gk.
warm
(Gk.
Qvpos)
from
-rraXa^rf]
e. g.
make
to
'
-KA-.
8. (7) -B,6-,
red
ruber
',
a short vowel
-er
e. g.
3), gndrus,
mdturus
so
'
'
The
country) appears in
-ter
of paluster,
telluster,
of 'like
'
',
hither), exter
e. g.
alter, uter,
to
(cf. dexter, 8ei-Tfp6s, sinister},
-tro- correspond, e. g.
suffix
'
m.xi
Formation of Words
188
in Latin
it
from
But Lat.
cerno, to sift.
affects also
from
-bro-, -bra
tero,
to bore
represents an original
-sro-,
O-suffix to S-stems
we have
for
-LO-, -LA-.
This
Adjectives),
'
'
throstle is a Diminutive.
Latin examples are legulus, a picker,
from lego pendulus, hanging, from pendo, pendeo vinculum, a bond,
an instrument for binding ', from vincio cistula, a little chest, from
cista.
The Diminutive suffix is added a second time in cistella,
a jewel-box, &c. A common Diminutive suffix is -coZo-, a combination of the two Diminutive suffixes -KO- ( 11) and -LO-, e. g. auricula, a little ear, cor-cuhim, a little heart, which when added to
e. g.
Adjectives, esp. Comparatives, gives the sense of somewhat
From Diminutive -culum must be
meliusculus, somewhat better.
1
distinguished the -culum, -dum from I.-Eur. -TLO-, used to form
Neuter Nouns denoting the instrument with which an action is
:
'
'
',
'
The
suffix
e. g.
std-bulum,
-DHLO'
'
Adjectives,
1
This
is
ii.
12).
189
9-12
yeni-tus
e. g.
ciples,
'
Kaaav/j-ara
e. g. bil-cetum, vire-ctum.
are
e. g.
-icus,
histrion-icus,
-ttcus,
e. g.
rus-ticus,
-Icus,
e. g.
am-ici<s,
(Derivatives from
Perf.
Participles
Pass.),
e.g.
deditlcius
-icius
-ticius
(also
third Declension.)
;
sterilis
(sterilusLncr.
ii.
845).
'
from the P. P.
of Verbal
Nouns
Formation of Word*
190
CH. xi
think
'
;
m r-ti-,
e
suffix
ratio,
fors for
'
'
'
supplanted almost entirely the older Tl-suffix. The suffix -TATI(or -tat-), used to form Fern. Abstract Nouns, derived from Adjectives and Nouns, and the similar suffix -TUTI- (or -tut-) exhibit
this Tl-suffix added to the TA- and TU-suffixes, e. g. Lat. j-urentus
We find a form of the suffix -tut- augmented
(cf. juventa), juventus.
by an N-suffix, -tt'tdo, Gen. -t Minis, e. g. servitndo beside servitrts. The
I-suffix was used in forming Feminines in I.-Eur. and appears
augmented with c in Lat. genetrix, cornlx, &c.
13. (12) Suffixes ending in TJ-.
(Nouns of fourth Decl.)
U-stem Adjectives passed in Latin, as we have seen ( 12), into
I-stems, e.g. gravis (Gk. /Sapus). The suffix -TU- (like the suffix
-TI-,
12) was used to form Verbal Nouns, e. g. spectatus, and its
Ace. Sg. became the First Supine (ch. vi. 16), e.g. spectatumire, its
Loc. Sg., the Second Supine (ibid.), e. g. spectatu pulcer.
(On the
and so we find
2Tpa@ow beside arpa^os}
many Latin nicknames in -o, Gen. -6ms, e. g. ATaso, Capita, with
terms of contempt like bibo, aleo. The more respectful formation
beside rufus, red
(cf.
12.
Gen., see
16. (15) Suffixes in -B.
e. g. captio, -onis
This
is
Adjective,
is
(Nouns of third
German
'
'
weak
Decl.)
declension of the
I.-Eur.
e. g.
des
2
Hence Gk. A^TO; (Dor.
used by Terence and Luciliua, was,
impromptu coinage
of Scipio Major.
if
we may
',
believe tradition, an
13-18
Neuters in
cases
(cf.
ship,
e. g.
-r (- r)
seem
have substituted n
to
191
and
Nomina
durojp*),
12).
(Nouns of third
'
corn-it-}
'
dos
'.
ch. vi.
17).
The WENT-suffix,
'
'
e.g. dolosus
*nivo-venssus,
19
n.).
Examples
11).
(On Fern, -trlx see 12.)
18. (17) Suffixes in -S.
(Nouns and Adjectives of third
S-suffix (varying with -6s-, &c., ch. x.
Decl.) The
12) was used
to form Neuter Abstract Nouns with E-grade of root (ch. x.
12)
(cf. -acus,
root,
e. g.
I.-Eur. genos
Nom.
Sg.,
genes- in
from
-vfs
-os in
in Latin,
Beside them
Neut.
with
Nom.
e. g.
Sg.,
tenor
Masc. (from
*tends,
'
p.
to stretch
'.
Which
o.ws, in
But Adjective
mean wine-reeking
*
',
'
'
Formation of Words
192
CH. xi
S-stems are alien 1 to Latin, the usual way of making an Adj. from
a Neuter S-stem being to add the TO-suffix ( 10), e.g. sceles-tus,
case of these Neuters was used as an Infinitive
funes-tus, jus-tys.
(from
melios,
2).
Forms.
Nouns formed
directly
from the
seer of
position the function of a Nomen Agentis, e. g. att-spex,
birds ', from the root spec-, to see ; parti-ceps, ' taking a share '. They
are also found independently, e.g. Lat. dux, a leader. The Lat.
'
e. g. agi,
20. Composition.
intact
words
seems
15).
Compounds
(cf.
element
element
for one
') or mimicry (cf. Lat. mur-mur}
reduced almost beyond recognition, either the second
(in broken or curtailed Reduplication), e. g. Lat. bal-b~us,
;
is
gur-g-es, or
'
first,
e. g.
ci-cind-ela,
first
part of the
Compound,
a glowworm.
suffixes is generally
e. g. juri-cUcus
(contrasted
which
is
1
It is not a true
Degener is not to be compared with Gk. (vytvris.
Latin Compound, but a 'retrograde' formation, a coinage of the
Augustan poets from the Verb degenerare.
2
Sometimes only the second part of such Compounds is declined.
Thus holusatri is the Genitive of holus-atrum. Cf. ipsa ipsum, &c., for
,
which we
3
prominence
19-21
Compound Noun-stems,
193
&c.
with O-stems, e. g. Gk. itnroSapos (cf. Lat. belti-ger), but also often
with A-stems, e. g. Gk. NiKo-^axos beside viitr)-<p6po$ (cf. Lat. aK-ger\
N-stems, e. g. Gk. atc/jio-OfTov (cf. Lat. homl-fida), and appended to
many Consonant-stems, e. g. Gk. SpaKovr-6-na\\os (Lat. ped-l-sequus}.
Composition does not play so great a part in Latin as in Greek
Liv. xxvi.
ii.
4 quos
'
and Virgil uses a periphrasis like (Averna) sonantia silvis (A. iii.
where an earlier poet might have employed a compound like
silvisonus. 1 The compound Proper Names of other I.-Eur. languages
442),
are, as we have seen (3), replaced in Latin (and the other Italic
languages) by Adjective 10-stems, such as Lucius.
A caution may find place here against mistaking for true Latin
'
Compounds later retrograde formations, e. g. degener (p. 192 w.)
coined by Virgil from degenerare, as festinus from festinare rebettis,
'
a coinage
II.
from
rebellare
from
properare.
VBBB-STEMS.
21.
Tense-stems.
The formation
gi-gn-o from the root gen-. (2) With N-suffix or N-infix, e. g. ster-n-o
from the root ster-, K-n-qu-o from the root leiqu - (Gk. Aenra;). (3) With
SK6-suffix, e. g. (g^no-sco from the root gno- while a large number
;
the
Cf. silvifragus,
'
Greek compound
1676
'
6/^oioiJ.fpfia,
'
i.
832.
I
I
I
194
Formation of Words
CH. xi
e. g.
1
fdvi, &c., if their dv stands for dvv, *cav-v-i, *fav-v-i.
difference between Present and Perfect of the same Latin Verb,
perhaps ccm,
The
e. g.
which
slno, slvi,
due
to the
being the
exception and not the rule that a Present-stem formation should
be retained throughout the conjugation of the verb, e.g. Perf. junxi
it
I.
bibo, bibi
Reduplicated Perfect,
sisto, stiti
Present, ta-n-go,
te-tig-i
pu-n-go, pu-pug-i
di-dic-i.
With Reduplicated
(&) With N-
(for
it is
*pel-n-o),
pe-pul-i.
tu-n-do, tu-tud-i
The n
of tondeo
(c)
Gk.
to the Present-stem
pello
(cf.
(a)
(cf.
Tuli,
20),
which has
*tol-n-o) and
195
Tense-Stems
21
verto,
e. g.
cudo, cudi,
from
rnp-i
rii-m-po,
(Gk. (pevyoj~) similarly sedi beside sedeo (cf. Gk. eo/it for *ff8-yo-fMt,
a Y- Present), legi l beside lego, a Root-Present. The absence of
;
Reduplication in md-i s _O. Lat. veidei (from woid-ai, ch. x. 8), dates
from I.-Eur. times (Gk. o?5a for fotS-a), and must have been equally
old in Verbs beginning with a vowel, like edi from Mo, emi l from
cannot settle the exact age of forms with e in Perfect and
We
emo.
a in Present
cap-i-o, cep-i,
0. Lat. dpio
(a)
Gk.
(Gk. w-/)f-a)
teg-o, tex-i
Gk.
(cf.
of the root.
e-Sct^-a)
-leg-o, -lex-i
(Gk.
-ffTf-a}
fvtra
With
(6)
a disyllable).
have
(Gk. l-Ac^-a)
reg-o, rex-i
In uro
*deuc-o), duxi.
us-si
With Root-Present,
(Gk.
weak-grade
(cf. Gk.
flngo, finxi.
in the P. P. P.,
f ictus
e. g. jilnctus,
saep-i-o, saep-si
On
106
n.~),
The
With Y-Present,
(c)
a-spex-i (Gk.
*fulc-si
from
(Gk.
a-spic-i-o
t-ffK&fi-d-fjiTjv')
ii.
ffKeirTOftai
9)
for
maneo, man-s-i.
from fulgeo,
from mulgeo, and
*fulg-si
-Zegro
1
(*dis-lego~),
Verb
(cf.
Hence
neg-lexi, di-lexi,
but
e-legi,
de-legi,
col-legi.
Intellexi
however
with
'
'
sumpsi (S-Perfects).
o 2
Formation of Words
196
with similar
CH. xi
loss of
which
17),
Law
after a long
(older
claussi'),
and
shows us that
and T/>6(o-)eu).
The apparent discrepancy between vivo and vlxl is due to the fact
that the root ends in gn (ch. x. 18), which in Latin became except
before and after a consonant. Hence vivo for g w eigw o (cf. Engl.
ussi (see above), hausi
haeffi
Pres-s-i
(see above).
Gk.
(cf.
rpf/j.co
r;
'
'
quick', in the sense of living '), but vixi for *vig-si} victus Noun for
Similarly veho (vexi, vectus) has an intervocalic gh in its
*vig-tus.
(ch. x.
18).
sum
Jluo,
struo, struxi.
III. U-Perfect.
e. g. re-ple-v-i
stem/Mfifa-.
colo,
molo, molui
colui ;
2, 23).
(g}no-vi
sci-sco, scl-vi
(&)
sal-i-o
and
We
have () a SKO-Present in
pasco, pti-vi
an N- Present
de-sino retains
Compound
con-sului
con-sulo,
Cf.
*ffa\~yo-nat), salui.
cre-sco,
in si-n-o (root
cre-vi ;
(Gk.
quie-vi
quie-sco,
of
which one
with
loss of in-
set-), si-m,
desivi or,
op-er-ui
(g}no-sco
tervocalic v (p. 16 n.}, desn } but another, pono for *po-s(i)no (ch. vii.
2), came in the classical period to assume a new Perfect posui
1
sper-n-o
root
ster-~),
strdvi
cated Present in
the root
*petio,
The
Perfects
(ch. vi.
4), to a
se-.
have seen
(from a by-root
was regarded
cf.
Gk.
cer-n-o t cre-vi
fy/u for
(c)
as pos-itus
from
a Redupli-
*ffi-ffrj-fii) ) se-vi
Po-si-tus
strd-)
from
point, as
we
*arcessio, *lacessio,
and
so
a Perfect pos-ui was coined on the type of al-ui, al-itus, mon-ui, monitus, &c. But the older writers have invariably pos'ivi, e. g, Catullus
xxxiv. 7
Deposivit olivam.
Verb-Stems
22
in
-utus, e. g.
cadutus,
venuto).
ing to responsit
vi.
8, 9, 11, 12,
and
Thus
to give
7rt'-cy,
e. g.
'.
Gk.
same
Styca beside
dt<f>oa,
Tpt-(a~)-ca
Tpe-^-cw,
(4) -s-,
Te\t(a~)<u, T-Te'A.e<r-TCu).
and
P. P. P. suffix -to-.
beside
yrj6(oj}
plec-to
(Gk.
TT\fK-T-(a
beside
7rA.e'-<w),
facesso,
lacesso,
sometimes
called
'
lulciisives
'
or
'
Desideratives
'
invl><\>,
j'atio, lacio, is
Verb
1
ago, as -fico of aedifico, &c., is
Compound
1
A Compound Verb, composed of a Noun and a Simple Verb,
takes in Latin the form of a First Conj. Derivative, e. g. audifico
from aedificus, in Greek the form of a Second Conj. Derivative, e. g.
Formation of Words
198
Verbal Nouns
Verbs in
remigo
from
First
remex,
Gk.
ottfoSo/tc'w
from
(cf.
CH. xi
similarly
-to (-so),
and
Nouns in
-tor,
5,
on verbs in
Nouns
in
-ilra,
5.
APPENDIX A
SPECIMENS OF EAELY LATIN
>
1. The Forum-inscription
broken column)
(Sixth cent.
B. c.)
(written
on
[sjakros esed
kalatorera
Quoi
iter
regei
quoihauelod
(?
sacer erit
Qui
d)iouestod
quos
regi
iumenta capiat
calatorem
(? Gabict)
iusto
? ?
iter (?)
qitos
iouxmenta kapia d
translation
is
The Dvenos-inscription
asted, noisi
manom
en
Ope
me malum
ne
eiriom.
me
T
mittat, ne
te
Benus 2 me
vis.
slato.
Whoso
sit
Opem
fecit in
offers
'stand
1
')
from me.'
A Kl-stem Adj.
Ind.)
vobis.
Juno
with im-manis
lit.
'
not good
',
Manes
by no means
<
'
certain.
tibi,
is
'.
maxima
connected
The
trans-
200
3.
Hone
APP.
Duonoro optumo
Luciom Scipione
fuise uiro,
;
filios
Barbati
fuisse virum,
Lucium Scipionem : filius Barbati consul, censor, aedilis hie fuit apud vos.
Hie cepit Corsicam Aleriamque urbem ; dedit Tempestatibus aedem merito.
(6) Cornelius Lucius Scipio Barbatus,
Taurasiam, Cisaunam,
Samnium
subigit
cepit,
apud
omnem Lucanam
obsidesque abducit.
(c)
Mors
gesistei,
omnia
brevia, honos,
longa licuisset
libens
te
in
fama
virt'iisque,
gremium,
Scipio,
gloria atque
ingenium ; quibus
recipit
terra,
Publi,
si in
Quare
prognatum Publio,
Cornell.
(d)
Magna
Aetate
virtnf.es aetatc
is
cum parva
possidet hoc
nunquam
APP.
victus
cat
201
virtutc.
Laetentur
The Decree
seruei in turri Lascutana habitarent leiberei essent, agrum oppidumque, quod ea tempestate posedisent, item possidere habereque
iousit
A.D.
dum
xii.
poplus senatusque
K. Febr.
Romanus
uellet.
Act. in castreis
Lascutana habitarent
5.
Q. Marcius L.
f.,
S.
Postumius L.
f.
(186 B.C.).
senatum consoluerunt
M. Claudi M. f., L. Valeri
cos.
Seiques esent, quei sibei deicerent necesus ese Bacanal habere, eeis
utei ad pr. urbanum Eomam uenirent deque eeis rebus, ubei eorum
;
dum
neue inter
202
APP. A
esent, quei
aruorsum
rem caputalem
tabolam ahenam ineeis
faciendam censuere.
ita senatus
sunt, exstrad quam sei quid ibei sacri est, ita utei suprad scriptum
quibus uobeis tabelai datai erunt faciatis utei
est, in diebus
dismota
sient.
Q.
N(onis~)
M. Claudius M.f.,
L. Valerius P./., Q.
vellet.
habere, ei uti
Minucius
Siqui
qui
essent,
ad pr. urbanum
sibi
Romam
C adessent cum
ca res consuleretur.
ea res
Bacchas
dum
consuleretur,
dam
urbanum
Censuere.
iussisset.
eorum
ne minus senatoribus
cum
De Bacchanalibus
C. f.
edicendum censuere.
ita
esset.
Neve posthac
vellet.
inter se
vellet,
neve
in publico,
neve in privato,
neve extra
urbem sacra
Homines plus
Censuere.
V universi,
viri atque
sententia,
iussisset.
fecisse vellet, neve interibi viri plus duobus, mulieribus plus tribus, adfuisse
vellent, nisi
Haec
uti
in
contione
uti
sententiam,
edicatis
scientes
uti
supra scriptum
essetis.
Eorum
est.
senatusque
siqui essent
qui
advorsum ea
incideretis
ita
senatus
est, ita
aequum
censuit
iitique
earn figi
iubealis,
X, quibus
ubi
quam
vobis tabellae
APP.
0.
The Spoleto
Inscription
(c.
180
203
B.C.).
Hunc lucum
nequis violate neque evehito neque efferto quod luci sit neque
annua fiet. Eo die quod ret divinae causa
Si quis
piaclum dato
esto.
ei
a.
APPENDIX B
LIST OF SPELLINGS
(Cf. ch.
adicio,
abicio,
abjicio,
ii.
than
better
&c.,
10,
&c.
adulescens
aequipero,
not
abfui, &c.
the
of
Darius,
Alexandria,
than
allium.
arcius,
form.
arctare are
earlier spellings.
atictor, auctoritas,
ritas (ch.
ii.
not
not
10).
cestus.
10).
not caeteri.
claudo, not dudo (post- class.).
dipeus
dupeus is the older
:
spelling.
not
contio,
than
beni-
and
10).
colidie,
not
quotidie.
not culeus.
damnum, not dampnum.
better than delero (ch.
dicioj
better than
:
dignosco
ii.
not buccina.
not coecus.
caelebs, not coelebs.
caelum, not coelum.
cacmentum, not cementmn.
the
is
older
bucina,
dissipo
elegans,
15).
distinyo.
ditio.
spelling.
caecus,
cer-.
ii.
culleus,
dinosco
and brachium.
and
conjux.
10).
ftcium, &c.
cacrimonia
than
concio (ch.
deliro,
bell n a.
bracchium
not
cottidie
autor, aato-
caestus,
conjunx, better
accerso is a colloquial
:
cesaries.
not annulus.
artare
artns,
not
caespes,
ancora, better
caesaries,
20.)
Empire.
dlium, better
arcesso
ch. x.
ceteri,
autilus,
ii.
spelling.
afui, &c.,
14
epistula,
not
better than
epistola.
APP. B
exsanguis,
exscindo, &c.,
exanguis, excindo,
than
205
List of Spellings
better
malevohis,
than
&c.,
probably better
maltiolus, &c.
manufestus
older spelling (ch. ii.
manifestus
the
is
fecundus, notfoecundus.
milia,
femina, not/oerama.
multa
than genitivus.
better than genitrix.
genetivus, better
gleba
and
ii.
better
than
neglego,
than
aruspex.
helluOj
heres,
eres.
not
inclilus,
illico.
and
inclutus (older)
indytus (ch.
incoho
and
indutiae,
infitiae,
intellego,
i.
not
6).
inchoo.
not -doe.
not
-ciae.
lacryma (ch. i.
6).
libet : lubet is the older spelling.
littera, better than litera.
better than
tnaereo, maestus,
better than
negligo.
than obscaenus
not obscoenus.
onustuSj better than honustus.
otium, not ocium.
paelex and pelex, not pellex.
Paeligni, not Peligni.
paene, not pene nor poene.
paenitet, not penitet, nor poenitet.
paulum paullum is the older
spelling.
intelligo.
lachrima,
litus,
than
better than
obscenus, better
better
16).
10).
hederctj
probably
is
and nandus.
nactus
glaeba.
arena (ch.
mulcta
murena, probably
muraena.
(ante-class.)
frenum, not/raenww.
futtilis, better than futilis.
genetrix,
millia
9).
not foetus,
fetus,
not
ii.
(ch.
15).
littus.
not moereo,moeslus.
percontor,
percunctor.
perennis,
pernicies,
pilleus,
Pollio
not peremnis.
not pernities
(p. 69).
and
Polio.
spelling.
206
List of Spellings
praesepe, better
than
not solers.
not solici to.
spatittm, not -cium.
stilus, not stylus.
suboles, not soboles.
proesaepe.
sollers,
sollic/fo,
pulcher,
sucus, better
(ch.
quattuor, better
than
quotiens
the
spelling.
raeda, better than reda
Raetia, not Ehaetia.
not
reccidij
recipero
older
susplcio,
rh-.
temno,
recupero
tempto,
the
older
the
older
is
is
relliquiae
is
the older
spelling.
repuli, retuli (ch. vi.
not
not
reperi,
saepes, saepio,
better than
better than
sario,
not
sep-.
seta,
tinguo.
totiens is
transmit-to, &c.,
and
tramitto,
&c.
satura
(cf. p.
(older)
not
10).
not
Virgilius
(late),
vortex is
ing.
vicesimus,
commoner than
vige-
simus.
10).
ii.
11 n.),
Verginius,
t?erfcx
(ch.
sarrio.
satyra.
ii.
and
tingo
humidus
-go.
saeta,
(ch.
10).
and
teter.
not tempno.
not tento.
tus,
satira
toties
spelling.
restingiio,
succenseo.
suspitio.
rettigio
reliquiae;
sulfur
spelling.
spelling.
religio
than
better than
thesaurus
recidi.
not
6).
not
taeter,
not
ii.
sweats.
sulpur,
suscenseo, better
quatuor.
is
than
and
sulphur
i.
6).
quoties;
APP. B
victima
sescenti,
victuma
spelling (ch.
setius,
vilicus,
sol-
(ch.
ii.
is
the
older
15).
9).
APPENDIX C
LIST OF 'HIDDEN' QUANTITIES
(See p. 12 on ns, n/.)
georgicus (Gk.
abiegnus.
dctus (P. P. P.
& Noun).
hesternus.
illex,
afflictus.
junxij junctus.
jilrgo (older jurigo, from jits
bustum.
calesco,
'
of
Idrdum (older
2 Conj. Verbs.
catella
(Dim. of
and ago).
catena).
I bark.
clnctus.
latro,
cldssis.
tictus.
compsi, cdmptus.
lex.
conjunx.
ttctor.
contio
(probably).
corolla (Dim. of corona).
lilctor.
crastinus
lustrum, expiation.
(from cms).
cresco.
lux.
crispus.
cunctus.
dempsi, demptus.
dlgnus (probably).
dlxij dictus.
csca.
mille.
Etruscus
(cf. Etrtiria}.
exlstimo (from ex
excisus from ex
and aestimo,
and caesus).
as
ndscor.
exstlnctus.
(from /as).
(from *novelle, ch.
nefdstus
nolle
Justus (cf./mae).
nondum
Jictus.
vi.
(cf. won).
flxus.
ftictus.
flosculus
(Dim. of Jlos}.
frango, frdctus.
functus.
furtirn, fiirtivus, filrtum
(from /wr)
nutria.
23).
208
List of
osculum, uscillum
osthcm (cf. os).
(Dim. of
'
Hidden
os).
Paelignus.
paluster
(from palus}.
'
Quantities
scriptum.
segnis.
semestris
(from mensis').
(from semisque).
sestertius (from semis").
sesqui-
ptstor.
Sestius.
plebs.
slgnum (probably).
slstrum (Gk. aeTarpov}.
APP. c
Pollio.
solstitium (cf.
siagnum.
sol').
suesco.
privignus.
sumpsi, silmptus.
prompsi, promptus.
sursum.
tactus.
publicus, Publius
texi, tectus.
(from pubes}.
pilrgo (older pilrigo, from purus
and
ago),
tristis.
(Dim. of unus).
ullus
quartus.
ultra, ultimus.
Usque.
rex.
rexi, rectus.
vdstus.
rbscidus
vendo
unguOj unctus.
(from ros).
rostrum (from j-orfo).
itssi,
ustus.
vallum.
(cf.
venum
vernus (from
rilcto.
vidus, victor.
villa.
rusticus
vmdemia (from
(from ms).
sanctus.
Vipsanius.
sceptrum (Gk.
vlscus.
sclsco.
ifixi.
do).
ver").
mnum and
demo).
INDEX
A, pronunciation, 10
alienus, 96.
alioqui (-n), 164.
phonetic
aliorsum, 136.
aliquis, 95.
-alia (see Suffix -LI-).
alius, 96.
Prep., 146.
abego for abigo, 35.
Ablative (see Declension).
Ablaut (see Gradation).
absque, 146.
ac (see atque).
accedo for acddo, 38.
a, ab, abs,
Alphabet, 1 sqq.
alter, 77, 96
-ius, Gen., 89
;
altrinsecus, 33.
a^MJMnws, 122.
Accentuation, 25 sqq.
Accfteruns, Plant., 19.
8.
Accusative
(see Declension).
Achivi, 38.
Acute Accent,
25.
Adjective, 73 sqq.
Adverbs, 135 sqq.
adversus (-m), Prep., 136.
ae,
pronunc.
of,
angina, 186
anMo,
H.
38, 147.
animal, 60.
13. 14.
anqttiro, 147.
ante, antes, 147.
148.
aequipero, 38.
-aes in Gen. Sg., 52.
antistes,
aes, 60.
aperio, 146.
aetas, 33.
Prep., 147.
affatim, 136.
a/.
Apocope,
Appius
170.
Agma,
agricola, 46.
Agrigentum, 38.
(see Diphthongs).
-ai of
aio,
a?a, 180.
alacer, 37.
Alcumena, 30.
aftas, Adv., 139.
7.
32.
(see Claudius).
2>H-, 148.
7.
aynus, 178.
AI
ancilla, 29.
i
agfer,
n.
alteruter, 97.
Gen. Sg
49.
210
Index
-asso, -assim,
Vb.-forms
in,
115,
118.
ast, 158.
-aster,
Suffix
-TERO-).
pronunc.
-bundus, e.
buxus, 6.
99.
atque (oc), 23, 32, 156.
atgui (-n), 159, 165.
14
errabundus, 126.
122
n.
Athematic Conjug.,
of,
g.
C.
cadaver,
AU, pronunc.
caelicolum,
Gen.
PI., 52.
cakar, 60.
phonetic
changes, 174.
au-, Prep., 147.
auceps, 30.
audacter (-iter), 138,
caldarius, 33.
caWtts for -Zid-, 30, 31, 34.
calefacio, calf-, 30, 40.
calumnia, calvor, 186.
cafe,
audeo, 33.
ave (see have),
attgeo, 174.
aula (oBo), 181.
cms- (os-) in osculum, &c., 172.
awf, 157.
autem, 159.
awtor for -c-, 24.
autumo, 30.
of, 27.
lime,
7.
Campans for
-wrs, 31.
campester, 187.
cawes, Nom. Sg., 70 w.
canorus, 188.
capesso, 197.
ca^zo, cept, 195.
cardus for -dwws, 34.
caro, flesh, 60.
auxitta, 181.
avunculus, aunc-, 18 w.
cafws, 123.
177.
ballaena, 18.
-ce,
barca, 34.
bellum, 0. Lat. dtiellum, 177.
bene; 175 ; -e, 39.
cMo, 119.
ce^o, 102.
BH,
phon. changes
of
of,
177.
&c., 141.
-i, Perf., 194.
-Mlis (see Suffix -DHLO-).
bis, 77.
fccnMS, O. Lat. duonus, 177.
65.
fcos,
-bra (See Suffix -DHRO-).
-bi
bibo,
ibi,
111
16.
catws, 173.
bracchium, 19.
Particle, 91.
cerebrum, 188.
crew, 196.
cerrzo,
Conj
159
ceteroqui (-n),
-c/t-
brevis, 74.
Broken Reduplication,
Bruges for Phryg-,
8.
192.
(Gk. x),
(see
Chi
-cfA-,
Plaut., 18.
Weakening).
(see Aspirates).
Index
-ci-
and
20.
-ti-,
cor,
circiter,
claudo, 175.
quant, of vowel,
Close By 11.,
181.
collum,
181
98.
cottidie,
couentionid, 62.
crastinus, 185.
crates, 169.
credo, 197.
n.
App. C.
-clum (-culum) (see Suffix -LO-).
On. for Gnaeus, 7.
-co of albico, &c., 126, 197.
coena (see cena).
coepio, 132 ; -ptus sum, 109.
cogo, 172.
cottis,
123.
cosentiont,
15
60.
coram, 149.
corbus for corvus, 18.
comix, 190.
211
-cubi, 93.
-d, 195.
cuicuimodi, 89.
ay MS, Poss., 82.
-culi, Pert, 194.
c?<do,
cwZmew, 34 w.
-cz<Zo-, Dim. (see Suffix -LO-).
cwm Prep, (see com)
Conj. (see
quum} the spelling, 25.
;
gender
of, 46.
colonia, 185.
coluber, 37.
columen, 34
cunae, 174.
-cundus, 126.
-cunque, 157.
w.
cofwmts, 21.
cupressns, 6.
colus, 53.
cwr, 161.
c^trro,
compitum, 38.
186.
danunt, 129.
38.
Dative
conecto, conitor,
Adj.),
conubium, spelling
of, 22.
dammtm,
(see Declension).
dautia, 21.
de, Prep., 149.
deabus, 52.
conscribillo, 197.
debilito,
Consonant, pronunc.
of,
15 sqq.
contubernium, 38.
contumelia factum
copia, 172.
copula, 172.
ilur,
final,
rfeoeo,
19.
30.
decem, 78.
decimanus, 186.
120 n.
42
(Pron.), 79 sqq.
decorus, 188.
Defective Nouns, 45.
degener, 192 w., 193.
sqq.
Degrees of Compar.
parison).
(see
Com-
Index
deinceps, 138.
deinde
(dein~),
written, 8
141.
-psi,
195.
Dropping
duellum, 177.
Dvenos Inscr.,
ditis, O. Lat. for
dnim, 116.
dum, 162.
dummodo, 164.
d limits, 173.
DH).
dentio, 107.
denuo, 39.
duomis, 177
dexter, 75.
-fZtts, e.
DH,
phon. changes
Gen., 45.
dlco,
dies,
of,
App. A.
cluonoro(m\ 57 n.
g. pallidus, 104.
178.
E, phon. changes
sq.
for
46;
-?,
e,
dimico, 38.
ecce, eccere,
-e
of Adv., 137.
Prep., 150.
ex,
Diphthongs, pronunc., 13
phon. changes of, 173.
168.
86
eccillam, eccistam,
eccum, 91
n.,
w.
168.
ecquis, 95.
sq.
Prep., 149.
133
decl.,
edo,
195
Prff,
ediw.
116.
r,
21.
eflfo,
79.
of,
175; for
t, 7.
diutinus, 185.
-eZa
dives, dis,
Compar., 76.
Division of Syll., 21.
eZe#o, 37.
-fZfs
elementum, 37.
(see Suffix -I-).
Elision, of
-in,
16
.9,
40
ellum, 168.
133;
datus.
176.
'
m,
'
n.
donimi, 176.
177.
170
of,
ae, 14.
decl., 69.
Diespiter, decl. of, 65.
dilexi, Perf., 195 n.
dis-,
177.
bis,
duo, 77.
dicis,
(see Loss).
of, 42.
ducentum, O. Lat., 78 n.
duco, Imper., 32 ; -xi, 195.
(see Derivative).
T,
drachmum (Gen.
Dual, traces
dews, 123.
Dentals (see D,
PI.), 52.
Demonstratives, 84 sqq.
demnm, 138.
Denominative
end of word, 22
at
Vow., 8.
Doublets, 23.
drachuma, 30
delenio, 38.
defo'ro, 25, 38.
of,
22;
Enclitics, 26 sqq.
n.
Index
ettdo, indu, 150.
-endus, -undus (see
familia, 37
-as, Gen., 49.
/amwZ for famulus, 53 n.
;
Gerund).
enim, 159.
-fariam, 140.
fatum, 124
7.
-entium
(see
Suftix
-NT-)-
Compar.,
enunquam, 168.
-entior,
70
/etes,
cnos,
-ens, -entia,
213
123.
n.
Feminine
(see
femur, decl.
-/endo, Vb.,
-dt,
/erwe, 140.
/ero,
/erwo
(-t/o),
figura, 107.
194.
/tagrro,
/oras,
/om, 140-1.
forceps, 29.
proiiunc.,
forem, 117.
formosus (-ss-), 22.
formus, 29.
/ors, 177 /orfe, 45.
;
fortasse,
142
n.
Fourth
facillimus, 75
facilumed, S. C. Bacch., 140.
139
195.
facultas, 30.
faculter, 138.
/acwndws, 126.
fames, 71.
ftdi,
-nxt, 195.
finitimus, 75.
/ama, 169.
facesso, 197.
fades, 68.
/ocfo,
-bui, 18.
facilis, facul,
38 ftliabus, 51.
Final, Cons., 40 n.; Vow.,39sqq.
filius,
exemo, 37.
eximius, 122.
eaters, 38.
explenunt, 129.
exsequias ire, 121.
exfra, 141, 150.
(see
104
-ester
letter, 3 sq.
;/ac,
32
114,
festinus, 193.
ys&er, 177.
yides, 70.
ftd*,
132.
19
Perf., 194.
fere,ferme, 140.
/eri'ae, 38.
-esso,
F, the
Gender).
of, 44.
/m',
Decl., 65 sqq.
fregi, 195.
Frequentative s, 101.
frigdaria, 33.
frugi,frugalior, 76.
fruor, fructus sum, 196.
/warn, 117.
fuga, 183.
fuyio,fugi, 195.
214
Index
/Ml, 111.
haereo,
hand, 166
fumus, 178.
Fundanius, Gk. mispron.
haurio,
of, 19.
funditus, 136.
sq.
in Adj., 73 sq.
genetrix, 38.
genus, 171.
of, 178.
Gradation of Vowels,
175.
ibi,
exclamations,
167
Lat., 8.
141.
phon.
18 dropped bet.
from I.-Eur. gh
;
-KO-).
148.
idem, 87.
idolatria, 30, 115, 182.
-idus, e. g. pallidus, 104.
idcirco,
-ie(n)s of
Numerical Adv.,
igiiur, 160.
180.
ignosco,
^ms,
guberno, 3 n., 6.
gurgulio, 192 n.
of,
7 n.
n.
vowels, 19
(see GH).
form, 7
H, pronunc.
C.
doubled in aiio,
symbols of long,
7; pronunc., 10 sq.
phon.
for
&c.,
I, tall
gradus, 179.
granum, 169.
gratis (-Us), 140.
grams, 190.
75
hie,
geno, 106.
178
ngr, 8.
gradior,
-surus, 124.
hilaris, 75.
7.
gaudeo, 197.
-flfflr-,
for n, 8.
59
-si,
grens,
-surus, 124.
heri,
Gender, 45
195
hem, 168.
furvus, 185.
Fusil for Furii, 179 n.
Gams,
hau, 23.
have, 40.
helvus, 185.
fundo,fudi, 195.
funera necfunera, 167.
Future, 112
195
-si,
166
n.
197.
-z'gro of navigo, &c.
-t
of abnt, &c., 128.
fce, 142.
,
ilico,
137.
ilignus, 186.
-Ww,
-tZis
77.
215
Index
Adv., 141.
iliac,
86.
ille,
intrare, 100.
illex
and
illic,
illim,
of
12.
illex,
intrinsecus, 138.
Adv., 141.
Dim. Vbs.,
197.
illuc, Adv., 141.
-im of sensim, &c., 135
&c., 141.
'
im, eum >, 92.
imago, 110.
imitor, 110.
immo, 159.
-illo
Imperative, 118
Imperfect, 111.
-ior (see
;
of
*7fa'w,
sq.
impero, 38.
sq.
implico, 102.
imprimis, 143.
improbo, 166 w.
impune, 139.
imus, infimus, 75.
m, Prep., 150
in-,
Neg-, 166
;
;
w.
166
infitias ire,
n.
121.
87 ; isse, 66.
iracundus, 126.
ipse,
J, the
pronunc., 16
44
n.
jejunus, jaj-, 11 n.
jubeo, jussi, 196.
juglans, 54.
jugum, 173.
jumentum, 180
n.
the letter,
changes of, 178
K,
illex).
K. for
letter,
7;
3,
sq.
phon-
.Kaeso, 7.
Instrumental, 42.
integer, 37.
r,
intelligo, -lexi,
infer,
195 n.
151.
L,
21
for
tl-,
178.
for quinquaginta, 2 n.
216
Index
lad(e\ 60.
lac,
magiater, 172.
Maia, -ii-, 7 n.
lacesso, 197.
lacrima, 21
spelling, 6, 19.
major, 76.
waZe, 39.
wato, Vb., 134.
malus, malum, 46, 53.
lambero, 197.
>wrte, 62.
inaneo, -nsi, 195.
Latona, 190 n.
latus, Adj., 123, 169 ; Part., 169.
laurus, 53.
Zautta, 21.
-Zwo in Compds., 39.
lava, 173
lego, 111 ; legi and -Zexz, 195.
;
Lengthening, by Compensation,
181 ; bef. nf, ns, 12.
-lens (-lentils} (see Suffix
lentus, 174 w.
maximus, 76.
mecastor, 84 w.
-NT-).
meditor, 110.
weditts, 177.
-Z-
syncopated after
cons., 30.
libertabiis, 52.
Z,ice<, 164.
ligurrio, 107.
lingua, 21.
Zino, Zirt, 196.
linquo, liqui, 195.
-ZZ- for Id, In, Is, 181
memini, 113.
wemor, 122 w.
pronunc.,
Declension)
(see
Adv. use
of,
42
Plur., 47;
stlocus, 179.
Long Vowel, orth. of,
14
loreola,
sq.
-co
locus,
O.
Lat.
7.
n.
sq.
Zzect
of final
-e,
wens, 59 w.
21.
Locative
32.
(cZaro), 62.
mma
-6,
modo, 164
(Praen.), 164
;
39
tarn
M, pronunc.
17
phon. changes,
vow. shortened
final
mille,
167.
3 n.
N. for Marcus,
bef.,
dropped,
syll.
nihil(um') )
M for
27.
moneo, 103.
177.
-m,
modo
n.
modus in Word-groups,
7.
40
e. g.
45.
37.
114-15.
morigerus, 54.
morior, mortuus, 34.
midceo, -Isi, 180, 195.
mulgeo, -Isi, 195.
Index
noenum
>nurinu-r t 192.
(-u), 166.
wo/o, 134.
mas, 173.
Mutation of Vowels
(seo
Grada-
Nominative
Adv. use
tion).
N, pronunc., 17
177
naii i,
phou. changes,
179.
-nde of
of, 25,
wm,
31.
12.
161.
Number,
47.
Numerals, 77
sq.
numerus, 54.
nitmmum, Gen.
-xi,
195
PI., 56.
nunc, 161.
nuncupo, 38.
nundinae, 175.
-nun*, 3 PI., e.g. danunt, 129.
n.
negotium, 167.
nemo, 19.
nempe, 160.
nuntius, 24.
Adv., 138.
nurus, 53.
nu/rte, 175, 182.
witpcr,
neptis, 73.
nequam,
accent
sqq.
w.
167
Noun, 42
nullus, 96.
nostrds, &c.,
w((&es,
'non,' 167.
wee,
woster, 83.
-ns-,
190
wow, 196.
wosco,
novem, 78.
novicius, 189.
novus, 171.
nox, Adv., 135.
navis, 65.
nebulo,
wos, 81.
;
(gn-~),
Declension)
nonus, 78.
(see
of, 137.
wow, 166.
wowwe, 161.
Comparison,
76
we-
qualia, 76.
nequinont, 129.
nequiquam, 95, 166.
166.
nescio,
;
Neuter
(see Gender)
44.
neuter, 97.
neutiquam, 166.
in-r, decl.
of,
new
(new), 164
wew,
-w/-,
pronunc.
lengthening of vow.
163.
97, 172.
nw, Dat., Abl., 81.
w^7^^7 (nfl), 19,
nisi, 163.
-tutor, 110.
of, 13.
m,
obiter,
142.
objurgo, 30.
bef., 12.
obtineo,
spelling
o&m'aw, 142.
occttZo, 102.
nix, 59.
occupo, 38.
oa'or, 76.
woceo, 103.
octo, octanis,
78.
of,
151.
blend
218
Index
odorus, 188.
OE, pronunc.,
15
spelling, 173.
(See OI.)
peditastellus, 187.
offensa, 124.
officina,
pelagus,
34.
of,
Oinumama, 37.
from el, 21
oleo,
from
174 sq.
e
l,
177.
21.
olim, 92.
olla,
perdo, 152.
perennis, 38.
die, 92.
-onus, beside
opera, 47.
-o,
190.
146
53
Particle, 156.
197.
operio,
n., 151.
opificina, 34.
Optative, 116 sqq.
optimus, 34, 37.
perfidus, 152.
optto, 46.
or, e. g. caZor (see
pernicies
-os, e. g.
os,
0. Lat:
172.
193
132.
pergro, perrexi,
Suffix -S-).
Orthography, 23
of,
permities, 69.
sq.,
calos, 59.
mouth,
and
perperam, 139.
App. B.
for
eu, 174.
perstroma, 33.
pertisus, 39.
pessum, 121.
pefo, -tm, 196.
107, 196.
paenula, 7.
palam, Prep., 151.
pmso,
palumbes, 70 n.
pango, pepigi, and peyi, 195.
papaver, 122 n.
Papirius Crassus, his use of
for z, 5.
-io,
pirws, 54.
pZeoes, 70.
ptecto,
r,
197.
plemmque,
pZico, 37.
Plinius, 38.
Pluperfect, 115.
Plural, only (see Number).
plus, plurirmis, 76.
jpo-,
Prep., 146.
poema, decl.
of, 53.
poena, 14.
poZ, 168.
IKrfto, 146.
polubrum, 146.
pomen'itw, 152.
pone, Prep., 152.
Index
pono, 146 ; posni, (posivi), 196.
-por forpwer, 117.
porrigo, porgo,
32
219
prope, 152.
Proper Names,
porrexi, 132.
Italic, 184.
Propertias, 37.
porrum, 179.
portorium, 33.
propino, 101.
propter, 153.
possum, 134.
post, postid, &c., 152.
postridie, 33.
Vowel-change
Weakening).
(see
potts,
tet
tremonti.
Carm.
Compd.,
Praenestine,
tarn
modo, 164
n.
praes, 36.
praesens, 152.
praesertim, 139.
praestigiae, 182.
praesto, 134.
praeter, 152.
prehendo, prS-, 41
premo, -ssi, 196.
Q, phon. changes
of,
178.
prendo, 19.
Present, 110.
77.
Carm.
puertia, 34.
puZcer, spelling of, 7, 19, 25.
-putt of iwpMZz', &c., 194 ; pulsus,
praebeo, 19.
pmeda, 19.
prividois,
viciniae,
primust
proxumae
137.
potts (pofe)
proximus, 152
50.
Sal., 57.
probus, 152.
Procope,
procul, 152.
procus, 176.
profestus, 38.
161
g-wrtm,
-libetf
-quam, 164.
quando, 162.
Quantity, 12
list
of
-vis,
164
Hidden
',
App. C.
quantus, 98.
quare, 161.
quartus, 77.
otm, 161.
quasillus,
181 M.
gw, 156.
querela, 188.
querquerus, 192 w.
gwz'a,
quidam,
-libet, -vis,
quidem, 159;
2wm, 164
quinque,
szg-,
95.
&c., 41.
sq.
78
quindecim,
96, 160.
29
Index
93
quis,
-quam,
sqq.
-piam,
-nani,
-quis, 95.
164
-ciVca,
r miens, 59.
nidus, 175.
quominus, 164.
quondam, 141.
quoniam, 163.
Buga
(-), 62.
ritrt
-zVtte
(see Carvilius).
quoque, 157.
gwo, 98
175.
rubicundus, 126.
-Sda, 106.
m?s,
rotandus, 126.
-rr-for rs, 179 sq.
ruber, 178.
(see co-).
guofws, 98.
quum, 162.
B, pronunc., 16, 21, 30 phon.
for s, 179 for
changes, 177
d, 21 ;-for7 21.
-r, long vow. shortened bef., 40.
;
sacellum, 30.
sacerdos, 30.
mfeo, 190.
nma'o, 107.
saepes, 70 n.
salignus, 186.
re-, red-,
Prep., 153.
193.
reccidi, Perf., 29.
soZ/o, salui,
rebellis,
saZtew, 142.
sq.
Adv., 141.
recta,
Beduction
(see
Weakening,
196.
176.
Perf.,
sca&o, 170.
scamnum, 163,
n.
sanguinolentus, 38.
sanguis, -guen, 44 n.
sarcini, 186.
54.
,
Shortening).
77.
scaturio, 107.
scrtfce<,
remex, 38.
Scipio Afr.,
repandiroslro-,
Pacuv., 193.
69
retro,
142.
ue-
for
SCR.
in word-group, 27.
ARR,
21.
Pron., 82.
Prep., 153.
secundum, Prep., 153t
se,
se (sed),
Betrograde Formation,
193.
secundus, 77.
rettuli,
of, 45.
173
(s-)> 179.
scobis, 170.
153.
Bivers, Gender
uo-,
repulsa, 124.
requies, 70.
res,
14 w.
dropped, 40
-s
rabies, 69.
Becomposition, 35
e,
seats,
semel, 77.
sew*-, 77.
138;
Index
semper, -iternus, 142, 182.
senatus, decl. of, 67.
Seneca, 37.
senex, decl. of, 44.
Sentence-Accent, 26.
seorsum, 137.
sepelio, 37.
soror, 177.
of, 19,
Specimens of Early
spes, 69.
spopondi, 182.
-ss- for tt, 178
-(s)so,
reduced to
Vb.-forms in, 197.
;
-m,
Stem, 43
n.,
183
-suffix
(see
Suffix).
196
sterno, stravi,
Shortening of Vow., 39
sternuo, 105.
sfe^'w for statim,
sqq.
163.
sic, 163.
si,
-stinguo, -nxi,
s-
n.
mark
Sicilicus,
of
double cons.
O. Lat.,
stratus, 169.
10
w.
195.
stlis, stlocus,
194
steti,
siem, 116.
similis, 139.
sn, 163.
sme, 153.
Single Cons, for Doxible,
stoft/s,
Stress-Accent, 28.
singuli, 78.
194, 196.
siquidem, 41.
sz's for si
vis, 16 n., 172.
sisto, 134.
sit'e, sew, 158.
-so, Vb.-forms in, 196.
so-, O. Lat. Demonstr.. 85.
sobrinus, 179.
socer, -rus, O. Lat., 54.
sodes, 33.
Strong Root-grade
solus, 97.
somnolentus, 38.
somnus, 177, 184.
sono, sonui, 101.
sows, 123.
sordes, 68.
(see
Grada-
tion).
196.
studium, 184.
7, 22.
sits,
Prep. 153
146.
Subordinate Words, 26
sq.
subtemen, 180.
swbter, 153.
31.
swtn, 109.
-lid-.
soZeo, soZiftts
179.
stlattarius, 169.
sto, decl. of, 133
169.
8.
soldus for
22.
status, 170.
57.
severus, 54.
sex, 78.
smo, sm,
.<?,
statim, 139.
77
91
25.
sesqui-, 77.
sica,
App.
Lat.,
sescenti, 78.
sestertius,
sort's, 58.
sero, sevi,
O. Lat.
sors,
sepulcrum, spelling
sequins, 153.
sequor, 108.
221
222
Index
190
MEN-, 190
191
-TER-,
-NT-, 191;
;
-R191 ;
-T-,
tanquam, 162.
tantus, 98
-tidem, 141.
;
30
-WENT-, 191;
Gutt., 191 ; -S-, 191
-ES-,
191 ; -YES-, 192. (Verb), 197
-t-.
sq.
-dh-, 197 ; -d-, 197
197
197; -as-, 197; -to
-s-,
fe#Ms, 182.
and
telum, 180.
197
197;
>tZto,
;
-igo,
-co,
197;
-ro,
197.
Stems (Noun,
Suffixless
192.
Adj.),
26.
techina,
fe#o, texi,
195.
Tense-Stems, 110
tenus,
136.
Adv., 137.
77.
fer,
fcre&ra, 188.
tertius, 77.
super, 153.
fertws,
superbus, 152.
supercilium, 38.
sq.
Thematic Conjugation,
Theta (see Aspirates).
and -- confused, 20.
121.
Suppression of
Syll.,e.g. ido(lo}-
latria, 30.
supra, 154.
-w,
-ftnus,
-KO-).
Adv., 139.
tingo, 37.
Prep, (see
stf&).
Adv.
(see tenus}.
tis, Gen., 80.
-tnus (see Suffix -UO-).
Tmesis, 146.
sow, 65.
susplcio, 38.
toga, 183.
sustatt, 132.
lotto, sustuli,
SMWS, 82.
tolutim, 139.
Syncope, 28 sqq.
132.
tormentum, 180.
torqueo, torsi, 196.
tof,
tacitus, 110.
98.
tarn,
162
iofws,
tetigi,
164
n.
-ira,
98.
97.
Adv., 141.
tamen, 159.
tango,
98.
tfoftw,
tarn moclo,
103.
forreo,
tabes, 70.
talis,
99.
Supines, 120.
SMS-,
38.
Superlative Degree, 75
ire,
tessera,
superne, 154.
svppetias
pronunc., 34.
Prep., 154; hactenus, &c.,
tenuis,
-ter,
summits, 75.
sumo, -psi, 195 n.
suo, 176.
?i.
Tecumessa, 30.
fed, 81.
194.
Trees, gender
of,
45.
Index
223
tremebundus, 37.
urna, 180.
tremo, 171
tremonti, 128.
tredecim, &c., 77.
ires, tri,
tribunal, 40.
Gen., e. g. nominus, 61
Neuts. in (see Suffix -ES-).
-MS,
usque, 154.
ut, 160.
--
<,
-tfun'o
uter,
Pron., 97.
utinam, 160.
174.
utrum, 161.
-MMS (see Suffix -UO-).
ttfor,
(see Desideratives).
124
-tu8 (-SMS), P. P. P.
tus, &c.,
tus, 7.
offundi-
letter, 4, 8,
18
16,
18
pronunc.,
Pron., 84.
for quinque, 2 n.
vae, 168.
82.
V, the
V, the
136.
T^MSCMS, 180.
tute,
18
pronunc.,
12 phon. changes, 173 u for
12
for unaccented vow.
o,
bef. labial, 35
from av, ov, 39.
-u of cornu, &c., scansion of, 67.
letter, 4,
Conj., 157.
for vo-, 173.
g-, Prefix, 166.
vehemens, 20.
ve^o, -xi, 196.
veZ, 157.
ve,
ubi, 141.
vS-
ubicumque, 157 n.
Adv., 141.
ucus (see Suffix -KO-).
-ugo, (see Suffix in Gutt.).
Ui, pronunc. 15.
-uis, Adj., 73.
-ul- for K, 30.
-SKs (see Suffix -LI-).
-uc,
ullus, 96.
M^wa, 181 w.
uls, ultra, 154.
ventus,
Mi<MS, 180.
-urn (-OTMW),
of,
vapulo, 110.
U-stems
accent
174
w.
Fenws, 59.
Gen. PL,
56.
of (see Syncope).
18.
&c.)
sq.
Verb-stem
Tense-stem
suffixes,
suffixes,
197
193
sqq.
unus, 77.
transcr.
Causative,
sqq. ;
Iterative,
&c. (see Iterative, Causative,
tmde, 141.
undecim, 29, 78.
-MW^MS (see Gerund).
unquam, 96, 142.
Upsilon, Lat.
pronunc. of,
Verb, 99 sqq.
Conjugations,
99 sqq.
Voices, 108 sqq.
110
sqq.
Moods, 116
Tenses,
126
sqq.
Person-endings,
;
umerus, 54.
of,
224
Index
verum
Conj., 159.
(-0),
veliw,
116.
'
83.
vest's, 58.
54.
voluntas, 123.
vos, decl. of, 82.
vester,
voltiirus,
vestispica, 182.
vetus,
74
Vowel, Grades
pronunc. of,
vicem, Adv., 139.
CT-,
(see Gradation)
Quantity (see Quant., Shortening, Lengthening) pronunc.
11.
of,
9 sqq.
videlicet,
m?eo,
vuft,
of, 41.
114;
w'de??,
pronunc.
"Weakening of
Vowel, 34 sqq.
X, the
letter, 2.
-x (see Suffixes in Gutt.).
m-WS, 171.
decl. of, 45.
(Verb) (see
volo).
viso, 197.
vitam vivitur, 101).
vivo, vixi, 196.
vivifs, 185.
vo-, O. Lat. for ve-, 173.
-?-o-
Unaccented
vir, 54.
virectum, 189.
vis
dation).
viginti, 78.
ns (Noun),
W,
"Weak Grade
5T,
unaccented changed to
vu,
35.
the letter, 6
lon)
of
Z, the letter, 5, 6.
Zeta, Lat. transcr.
nunc.
of,
of, 18.
pro-
..-..
'
./I** />
^-.~
7.
t~M~{-*h
/v
,/
JU
-A- ^^//Wi
+~~*~'i~*tf
*0^_^i
t /<<; -*,
t*J*+..*~*
**~-t.
;.
r.
**^
JLS
+*+ 1* f
,
'*
Jl~
3~^&L~
#*-t{_
LINDSAY, W. M.
Short Historical
Latin Grammar.
PA
2071