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Antonio Fareia Neto
Antonio Marmo
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Germano Lambert-Torres
Universidade Federal de Itajub (UNIFEI)
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Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on APPLIED MATHEMATICS, Tenerife, Spain, December 16-18, 2005 (pp348-352)
Abstract: - This paper deals with the inverse problem of the calculus of variations. A new method for reach a
variational formulation of non-potent operators is introduced. A variational formulation to complete NavierStokes equations has been developed.
Key-Words: - Calculus of variations, Inverse problem, Adjoint of a nonlinear operator, Navier-Stokes equation.
1 Introduction
Variational principles are mainly used today in the
following contexts:
a) For obtaining the differential equations for a
physical problem, together with corresponding
boundary conditions;
b) For the study of symmetry and conservation laws
under infinitesimal transformation groups;
c) For providing that a boundary problem is solvable
(i.e., for showing the existence of solutions for
nonlinear equations);
d) For obtaining solutions of linear and nonlinear
problems using direct methods of variational
calculus.
The use of variational principles in cases c or
d above, leads to the so called inverse problem of
the calculus of variation, i. e. the existence and
formulation of functional F[u], whose variation,
being vanished, supplies the boundary problem in
consideration.
The pioneer work of Vainberg [1] (whose first
results were obtained in 1954), based on concepts of
functional analysis, remained inaccessible to many
applied mathematicians and engineers, until its
importance was recognized by Enzo Tonti [2, 3].
Tonti, in his turn, changed the Vaimbergs work in
a practical device, by developing a procedure to
derive many operational formulae that make it
possible to determine whether a given operator is
potential or not.
According to [4] and [5], it is not always simple to
give a variational formulation to a mathematical
Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on APPLIED MATHEMATICS, Tenerife, Spain, December 16-18, 2005 (pp348-352)
G G
2 Method of Splitting
(1)
TS ( ) =
T ( ) + T ( )
2
TSKEW ( ) =
(2)
T ( ) T ( )
2
(3)
T [u ] = TS ( u ) , u
0
d + TSKEW ( u ) , u
S
SKEW
(4)
1
q
C
Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on APPLIED MATHEMATICS, Tenerife, Spain, December 16-18, 2005 (pp348-352)
T ( q ) = LDtt + RDt + ( q ) T ( ) =
C
= LDtt + RDt + ( )
C
(5)
T ( ) = LDtt RDt + ( )
C
(6)
TSKEW ( ) = RDt ( )
= u vdt = v, u
dv
= u dt = v, u
dt
t
(8)
T [q ] = TS ( q ) , q
(9)
SKEW
G x
G G u x u y
= ; u =
;
vx v y
y
u
P
; ux =
; Px =
x
x
+ TSKEW ( q ) , q
G u
u= ;
v
G
Px
P =
Py
d +
S
(12)
SKEW
where
SKEW
(7)
u, v
( u xx + u yy ) ( u xx + vxy ) + Px + ( u x u + u y v ) = 0
( vxx + v yy ) ( u xy + v yy ) + Py + ( vxu + v y v ) = 0
(11)
GG G
G
G G G G G
T (u ) = 2 ( u ) u + P + u u ,
and
TS ( ) = LDtt + ( )
C
u, v
2
3
=+
a b
(13)
1
1
1
T [q ] = Lq t2 + q 2 dt + Rqt2 dt
2t
2t
C
a b
2 1 , 1
a2 b2
SKEW SYMMETRIC
(14)
G
G G G G G
TS ( u ) = 2 ( u ) u + P
(15)
Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on APPLIED MATHEMATICS, Tenerife, Spain, December 16-18, 2005 (pp348-352)
GG G
G
TSKEW ( u ) = u u
u x
G 1
TSKEW [u ] = 2
3
vx
( u x u + u y v ) u
1
, =
= 2
3
( vx u + v y v ) v
1
= u x uv + u y v 2 vx u 2 v y vu
3
(16)
Thus,
T ( ) = TS ( ) + TSKEW ( )
(17)
G
TS [u ] = 1
G
G
T ( u ) d , u
S
= 1
(
1
G G G G G
G
2 ( u ) u + P d , u =
1
2
1
=
2
1
=
2
1
=
2
=
G G
G G G G G G
2 ( u ) u u , u + P u =
G G
G G 1 G G G G
2 ( u ) , u + u , u + P u =
2
G G G G 1 G G G G
G G
( u ) , u + u , u + P u =
2
GG GG 1
G G G G
G G
u , u + u , u + P u
2
G 1
TSKEW [u ] = u x uv + 2u x uv 2v y vu v y vu =
3
1
= 3u x uv 3v y vu
3
Thus
G
TSKEW [u ] = uv ( u x v y ) dxdy
u = , then
k
)(
TSKEW [u , u ] = v ( u x v y ) h + uvhx
+u ( u x v y ) k uvk y dxdy
Then
GG
G 1
TS [u ] = u
2
( )
G G
+ u
) ) d + P ud
G
(18)
G
TSKEW [u ] = 2
G
G
TSKEW ( u ) d , u =
0
( ( u ) ( u ) ) d , u =
0
G G G G
1
= 2 (u ) (u ) , u
3
According to (14.0),
TSKEW [u , u ] = v ( u x v y ) h ( u x v + uvx ) h +
The variational formulation for the skewsymmetric operator (16), can be reached as follows
= 2
(19)
u y u u
=
,
v y v v
+u ( u x v y ) k + ( u y v + uv y ) k dxdy =
= ( vv y + uvx ) h + ( uu x + u y v ) k dxdy =
uu x + u y v h
=
, dxdy =
uvx + vv y k
u x + u y u h
=
, dxdy
vx + v y v k
GG G
GG G
G
= u u udxdy = 0 u u = 0
(20)
Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS International Conference on APPLIED MATHEMATICS, Tenerife, Spain, December 16-18, 2005 (pp348-352)
GG GG 1
G G GG
G 1
T [u ] = 1 u , u + 1 u , u +
2
2
(21)
G G
G G G G
+ 1 P, u 2 u u , u
5 Conclusions
A new method for given a variational formulation to
non-potential operators was presented. As an example
of the application of this method, it was given a
variational formulation to complete Navier-Stokes
equations. Which, until now, was believed not have
one, since it is a non-potent operator.
The necessary condition, for applying this method,
is the existence of an adjoint for the operator to be
decomposed.
For each operator in study, it will be necessary to
define a skew-symmetric bilinear form, which, with
respect to itself, becomes the skew symmetric part of
the operator, symmetric.
It is important to note that, in terms of energy, the
symmetric part of the operator corresponds to the
conservative part of the system, while the skewsymmetric corresponds to dissipation.
Observing (10.0), it can be seen that the functional
T [ q ] can be divided into a part that deals with the
electric and magnetic energies and a second part
related to the power dissipation.
Interpreting (18.0), it can be seen that in the
G
functional TS [u ] can be found two terms, one of
them responsible for mechanical work while the other
G
due to P. In TSKEW [u ] is found the work due to the
vorticity.
An overall view of the method shows that it has an
straight forward application, and permit us to deal
with a large class of problems, reaching important
results, allowing us to give an physical meaning to
them.
References:
[1] Vainberg, M.M. Variational Methods of
Monotone Operators in the theory of Nonlinear
Equations, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973.
[2] Tonti, E. Variational Formulation for Linear
Equations of Mathematical Physics Academia
Nazionale dei Lincei, Rend. Cl. di Sci. Fis. e Nat.,
Serie VIII, vol. XLIV, fasc. I, Gennaio, 1968.
[3] Tonti, E. Variational Formulation of Nonlinear
Differential Equations Acadmie Royale de
Belgique, Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences, 50 Serie
Tome LV, 1969.
[4] Brun, M., Carini, A., and Genna, F. On the
Construction of Extended Problems and Related
Functionals for General Nonlinear Equations
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids ,
Volume 49, Issue 4, April 2001.
[5] Vujanovic, B. On one Variational Principle for
Irreversible Phenomena Springer-Verlag, 1974.
[6] Vn, P. and Muschik, W. The Structure of
Variational
Principles
in
Non-Equilibrium
Thermodynamics Periodica Politechnica, 1996.
[7] Morse, M. ; Feshbach, H., Methods of Theoretical
Physics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953.
[8] Finlayson, B.A., The Method of Weighted
Residuals
and
Variational
Principles
with
Applications in Fluid Mechanics, Heat and Mass
Transfer, Academic Press, New York, 1972.
[9] Oliveira, A.M. The Adjoint of a Nonlinear
Operator and the Inverse Problem of the Calculus of
Variations Mat. Aplic. Comp.,Vol. 5, No. 3, pp.
293-300, 1986.
[10] Atherton, R.W. and Homsy, G.M. On the
Existence and Formulation of Variational Principles
for Nonlinear Differential Equations Studies in
Applied Mathematics, Vol. LIV, No. 1, March 1975,
MIT.