TUTORIAL SOLUTIONS-CHAPTER 2 (WATER QUALITY

PARAMETERS)
Q1.
E.W. of CaCO3 = 50.04
a. Ca2+ (n = 2 because valence = 2)
E.W .

40.08
20.04
2

mg / LasCaCO3 83.00(

50.04
) 207.3
20.04

b. Mg2+ (n = 2 because valence = 2)

E.W .

24.305
12.15
2

mg / LasCaCO3 27.00(

50.04
) 111 .2
12.15

c. CO2 (n = 2 because H2CO3 has 2 hydrogens)

E.W .

44.01
22.00
2

mg / LasCaCO3 48.00(

50.04
) 109.2
22.00

d. HCO3- (n = 1 because valence = 1)

E.W .

61.02
61.02
1

mg / LasCaCO3 220.00(

50.04
) 180.4
61.02

e. CO32- (n = 2 because valence = 2)

E.W .

61.02
30.00
2

mg / LasCaCO3 15.00(

50.04
) 25.02
30.00

Q2.
Ion

Concentrati
on (mg/L)

Atomic
weight

Ca2+

150

40

Mg2+

60

24.3

12.2

HCO3-

39

61

61

CO3

2-

H+

Valenc Equivale
e
nt
weight
2
20

24.5

60

30

1 10-7

1.0

1.0

Hardness (mg/L as
CaCO3)
50
= 375
20
50
60
= 246
12.2
50
39
= 32
61

150

24.5

50
= 41
30

50
1 10 1 = 5
-7

10-6

OH-

1.7

17.0

17.0

Total Hardness (TH) = Ca2+ + Mg2+

= 375 mg/L + 246 mg/L
= 621 mg/L as CaCO3
Kepekatan H+ dan OHH+ = 10-10

1000 mg
mol
g
1

g
L
mol

= 1 10-7 mg/L
OH- = 10-4

1000 mg
mol
g
17

g
L
mol

= 1.7 mg/L

Alkalinity (mg/L) = (CO32- )+ (HCO3-) + (OH-) (H+)

= 41 + 32 + 5 - 5 10-6
= 78 mg/L as CaCO3

Q3.
(a)

50
1.7 17 = 5

Example of bar chart as above but the values are as follow

Ca2+= 257.9, Mg2+ =22.2
TH = 257.9 + 22.2 = 280.10 mg/L as CaCO3
HCO3- = 248.0 = CH
SO42- = 32.1
Water softening;
Mg < 40 mg/L as CaCO3
Given: CO2 = 4.6, Ca = 257.9, Mg =22.2, HCO3- = 248.0, SO42-= 32.1;
all mg/L as CaCO3
Solution:
b. Calculate TH, CH, and NCHi
TH = 257.9 + 22.2 = 280.10 mg/L as CaCO3
CH = 248.0 mg/L as CaCO3
NCHi = 280.10 248.0 = 32.10 mg/L as CaCO3
c. Compute lime additions (all mg/L as CaCO3)
Lime = CO2 = 4.60
Lime = HCO3- = 248.0
Since Mg2+ < 40 add an excess of lime = 20.0
Total lime = 4.6 + 248.0 + 20.0 = 272.6 mg/L as CaCO3
d. Compute Soda ash additions (all mg/L as CaCO3)
NCHf = 80.0 40.0 = 40.0

NCHR = 32.10 40.0 = -7.90

Negative number, therefore no soda ash required
Q4.
i)

Optimum alum dosage

Plot graph alum dosage vs turbidity

Optimum turbidity
value

Optimum alum
dosage

From the graph, optimum alum dosage = 16 mg/L

ii)

M=

Theoretical amount of alkalinity that will be consumed at the

optimal dosage (express concentration as mg/L as CaCO 3). With
molecular weight= 594 g/mol, moles of alum added per liter
( molarity, M) is;

= 2.69 x 10-5 moles/L

Since 1 mole of alum consume 6 moles of HCO3Molarity of HCO3- consumed = 6 x 2.69 x 10-5
= 1.62 x 10-4 moles/L

Concentration of HCO3- consumed;

= (1.62 x 10-4 moles/L ) ( 61g/mole)( 1000mg/g)
=9.9 mg/L

Express concentration s as mg/L as CaCO3

9.9

= 8.08 mg/L as CaCO3

Q5.
Rate constant
Given: BOD5 = 220.0; L = 320.0 mg/L
Solution:
a. Setup Eqn.
220.0 = 320.0 (1-10-k(5))
0.6875 = 1 - 10-k(5)
-0.3125 = -10-k(5)
b. Divide through by -1 and take log of both sides
log (0.3125) = log (10-k(5))
-0.5051 = -K(5)
c. Solve for K
K = 0.1010 or 0.101d-1
Q6.
Ultimate BOD's for different K's
Given: BOD5 = 280.0; K = 0.0800 d-1 or K = 0.120 d-1
Solution:
a. For K = 0.0800 d-1
280.0 = L (1 10-(0.08)(5))
L= 280 / (1-0.3981)
L = 465.199 or 465.2 mg/L
b. For K = 0.120 d-1
280 = L (1-10-(0.12)(5))
L = 373.93 or 373.9 mg/L

Q7.
i) DO initial, ultimate BOD and temperature after mixing.
By using given formula
DO= QwDOw + QrDOr
Qw + Qr
DO

(0.48 x 2) (3 x8)
0.48 3

=7.17 mg/L

By using given formula

La = QwLw + QrLr
Qw + Qr
La

(0.48 x60) (3 x5)

0.48 3

= 12.6 mg/L
By using formula

Temp m

Tf= QwTw + QrTr

Qw + Qr
(0.48 x30) (3 x 20)

0.48 3

= 21.4 0C
ii) Initial Deficit of the stream
Da = DOs-DO
From Table 2.2 , at 21.4 0C , DOs=8.99
Initial Deficit = 8.99 -7.17= 1.82 mg/L
iii) Dissolved oxygen concentration at 50 km downstream
Velocity = Distance ,x
Time,t

Time = (50km)(1000m/km) = 0.96d

(0.6m/s)(86400s.d
Calculate kd and kr at 21.7 0C by using formula
kT = k20 ()T-20
where = 1.135 for kd
=1.024 for kr
kd at 21.7 0C = 0.37 x (1.135)21.4-20 = 0.44d-1
kr at 21.7 0C = 0.5 x (1.024)21.4-20 = 0.52d-1
Calculate oxygen deficit in river water after exertion of BOD for time, t,
by using formula
D = kd x La (e-kdt e-krt) + Da(e-krt)
kr - kd
D

0.44 12.6 0.44(0.96)

(e
e 0.52(0.96) ) 1.7 e -0.52(0.96)
0.52 0.44

=4.39 mg/L
DO=8.99 4.39 = 4.6 mg/L

Q8.
Solution:
a)
i) It is the amount of O2 required to oxidize a substance to CO2
and H2O
ii) Calculated by stoichiometry if the chemical composition of the
substance is known.
CH3COOH + 2O2

ThOD =
mg/L O2

2CO2 + 2H2O

267

(ii)

Yield of BOD analysis at 20C with dilution factor, p=0.1 are

as tabulated in Table Q2.
Table Q2
Dissolve Oxygen, DO
(mg/L)
6.9
5.7
4.9
4.2
3.7
3.3

Time (day)
0
1
2
3
4
5

BODt

(i)

Plot graph

vs time and determine the

(ii)
(iii)

reaction rate constant, k at 20C, k20.

Calculate the ultimate BOD, Lo
Calculate the BOD3 at 30C.

(b)
(i)
Tim
e
(day
)
0
1
2
3
4
5

DO
(mg/L)

BODt

6.9
5.7
4.9
4.2
3.7
3.3

12
20
27
32
36

BODt

0.4368
0.4642
0.4808
0.5
0.5179

Known: k = 2.61 (B/A)

Where:
A = intercept at [t/masa]1/3 axis
B = gradient
From graph [t/masa]1/3 vs time,
A= 0.42
B= 0.02

k =

2.61 0.02

0.42

= 0.1243/day @ 20C

(ii)

Ultimate BOD, Lo.

kt
known; y t BODt Lo 1 e
y 5 BOD5 Lo 1 e ( 0.1243 5

Lo BOD5
BOD5 = 36 mg/L

1 e

Lo 36

1 e

Lo 36

0.4580

0.6125

Lo 78.6 mg / L

(iii)

Calculate BOD3 at 30C.

find k30
k30= k20 (1.047(30-20))

0.6125

k30= 0.1243 (1.047(10))

k30= 0.1968 per day
kt
known; y t BODt Lo 1 e
y 3 BOD3 Lo 1 e ( 0.1968 3)
y 3 BOD3 78.6 0.446

y 3 BOD3 35 mg / L

Formula Given:

(1)

DO= QwDOw + QrDOr

Qw + Qr

(2)

La = QwLw + QrLr
Qw + Qr

(3)

Tf= QwTw + QrTr

Qw + Qr

(4)

kT = k20 ()T-20

(5)

D = kd x La (e-kdt e-krt) + Da(e-krt)

kr - kd

(6)
(7)
(8)

X = c / Y ( S0 S)
1+ kd c
= V / Q0
c = VX / Q0Xw