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Figure 11-1: Different flow arrangement and associated temperature profiles in a doublepipe (or concentric tube) heat exchanger.
Note: It is practical to flow hot fluid inside:
1. concerning safety issue
2. minimizing heat loss to surroundings and hence maximizing heat exchange between the
fluids.
2. Cross-flow heat exchangers
Gas or air
Ti or T1
To or T2
ti
or
t1
to or t2
Liquid or water
Cross-flow finned-tube HX
with both fluids unmixed (Figure 11-4(a))
Symbol
ti or t1
Ti or T1
To or T2
ti
to or t2
Symbol
Cross-flow unfinned-tube HX
with one fluid mixed and the other unmixed (Figure 11-4(b))
3. Shell-and-tube HXs
Shell-and-tube HX with one shell pass and two tube passes (Figure 11-6(a))
4. Plate HXs
There are two methods used to analyze heat exchangers, namely: (1) LMTD and (2) effectiveness-NTU
methods. But we will only cover the LMTD method.
Heat Exchanger Analysis
The purpose of heat exchanger analysis can be two-fold:
Analysis #1: To analyze an existing HX for predicting the heat exchange ( Q ) and outlet
temperatures (Tc,o and Th,o). This type of problem is classified as a heat exchanger
performance analysis. An iteration procedure is required for the LMTD method, since
the outlet temperatures are unknown.
Note: FYI (not in final exam), the effectiveness-NTU method in section 11-5 is
preferable for analyzing this problem without the need of iteration.
Analysis #2: To design a new HX for performing a particular task, i.e. meeting a required Q with
specified inlet and outlet temperatures and obtaining the designed heat transfer
surface area A. This type of problem is classified as a heat exchanger design analysis.
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) or the total thermal resistance (Rtotal) is an essential part of heat
exchanger analysis. Typically, a heat exchanger involves two flowing fluids separated by a solid wall
and the heat transfer is given by
Ti
Ts,i
Ts,o
Note: See Week 10 handout for more details about the overall heat transfer coefficient.
To