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2014-CSC-0017
Tammy Gammon
Wei-Jen Lee
Zhenyuan Zhang
Fellow, IEEE
Student Member, IEEE
University of Texas-Arlington
wlee@uta.edu, zhenyuan.zhang@mavs.uta.edu
Ben Johnson
Life Fellow, IEEE
Thermon
ben.johnson@thermon.com
servicing
energized
systems
of
less
than
600
volts.
INTRODUCTION
2014-CSC-0017
II.
Kl
K. 1 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
Both electrical shocks and arc-flash explosions represent
electrical hazards in the workplace. Although the electric
utility industry is often associated with electrical WORKPLACE
hazards, potential electrical hazards are present in all
workplaces. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS), 1,63 5 electrical fatalities occurred in the private sector
between 2003 and 2010; however, 52% occurred in the
construction industry alone and only a total of 11% occurred
in the trade, transportation and utilities industries [1]. As
Table I shows, the utilities industries also account for only
small number of the 20, 3 50 nonfatal electrical injuries that
occurred in the same time period.
TABLE I
2003-20 I 0 NONFATAL ELECTRICAL INJURIES, PRIVATE INDUSTRY*
Injury
T e
Shock
Burn
Injuries
12,510
(61%)
7,840
(39%)
21%
20%
1.7%
58%
44%
13%
8.3%
34%
III.
SUGGESTED
K.2
[1]
CONTENT FOR K2
ELECTRICAL SHOCK I
Page 2 of 7
(n)
Touch
Voltage
Contact
Surface Area:
50 V
125 V
200 V
700 V
Dry Conditions
10,000
mm
2,500
1,550
1,275
775
100
mm
136,000
22,000
5,400
[71
Salt-Water,
Wet Conditions
100
10,000
mm
1,275
1,200
1,135
775
mm
6,900
5,850
5,000
Page 3 of 7
2014-CSC-0017
IV.
K.3
2014-CSC-0017
DO
90
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80
ii
70
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Page 4 of 7
IV
PRESSURE THRESHOLDS
140 dB
5 psi
12-15 psi
[36]
37-52 psi
14.7 psi
2014-CSC-0017
Page 5 of 7
TABLE V
PRESSURES RECORDED FROM ARc TESTS
Pressure
Level
Msmt.
Distance
feet (m)
140-165
6 (1.8)
Test Details
Peak
Sound
ms*
8 - 32
dBspl
10 (3)
dBspl
1.83 (0.6)
at opening
Enclosure
2-7
walls
38 psi
Enclosure
10
walls
37
100
100
100
80
280 (920)
20
+0.1
2014-CSC-0017
TABLE VIII
NON-BuRN INJURIES LISTED IN OSHA "ELECTRIC ARc " RECORDS
[47],[48]
Injury Type
Number of records
424
13 (3.1%)
95
3 (3.2%) - 2 smoke
13 (3.1%)
6 (6.3%) - 2 falls,
4 thrown
4 (4.2%)
1 (1.1%) shraQnel
0
14 (14.7%)
inhalation
4 (0.94%)
1 (0.24%)
1 (0.24%)
31 (7.3%)
Laceration
Hearing loss
Total
Voltage
MV/HV Total
LV Total lkV)
120 V - 277 V
480 V
600 V-700 V
Unknown LV
Burns
287
414
5%
67%
3%
25%
Smoke
Inhalation
25
19
Shocks
Fatalites
48
37
95%
17
13
23%
38.5%
5%
38.5%
86%
3%
11%
*More than one worker was mjured in some of the 203 MV/HV and 329
LV incidents.
Page 6 of 7
V.
CONCLUSION
Page 7 of 7
2014-CSC-0017
AUTHORS'INFORMATION
Tammy Gammon earned a bachelor, a master of science and a Ph.D. in
electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 1990s.
She is licensed as a Professional Engineer in North Carolina. Since 2003,
Tammy has worked as senior electrical engineer for John Matthews and
Associates. She performs research and analysis in power and power quality
issues, in fires of electrical origin, in electrical arc and shock injuries, and in
product design and manufacturing. Since 2006, Tammy Gammon has also
served as the research manager for the IEEEINFPA Arc Flash Research
Project.
Wei-Jen Lee (S'85-M'85-SM'97-F'07) received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., and the
PhD. degree from the University of Texas, Arlington, in 1978, 1980, and
1985, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering. He is currently a professor
of the Electrical Engineering Department and the director of the Energy
Systems Research Center.
Prof. Lee has been involved in research on arc flash and electrical safety,
utility deregulation, renewable energy, smart grid, microgrid, load
forecasting, power quality, distribution automation and demand side
management, power systems analysis, online real time equipment diagnostic
and prognostic system, and microcomputer based instrument for power
systems monitoring, measurement, control, and protection. Since 2008, He
has also served as the project manager for the IEEEINFPA Arc Flash
Research Project.
Prof. Lee is a Fellow of IEEE and registered Professional Engineer in
the State of Texas.
Zhenyuan Zhang received the B.S. degree from Chang'an University,
Xi'an, China in 2007. He is now pursuing a Ph.D. in electrical engineering
at the Energy Systems Research Center, Department of Electrical
Engineering, the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.
His focus lies in arc flash research, but he has also been involved in hybrid
energy storage, smart grids, renewable energy, electrical safety analysis and
power systems analysis. Since 2010, Zhenyuan has served as the project
associate for the IEEE/NFPA Arc Flash Research Project.
Ben C. Johnson is presently Senior Consultant for Thermon
Manufacturing Company. His career expands a broad range of industrial
experience, including forty four years with Thermon and eight years in the
petrochemical industry with the Ethyl Corporation and the Diamond
Shamrock Corporation. Mr. Johnson was Thermon's Vice President of
North American Sales for five years and Thermon's Vice President of
Engineering for twelve years, responsible for product application design,
field and construction services. He was previously Thermon's Vice President
of Research and Development. He is the holder of eight patents in the field
of surface heating,and is responsible for numerous new product innovations.
He has authored or co-authored 19 papers for various societies. As United
States delegate to the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), he
is the Convener for TC31 Maintenance Team 79-30,Electrical Equipment in
Flammable Atmospheres, Electrical Resistance Trace Heating and US
Technical Advisor for IEC TC27, Safety in Electroheat Installations. He is
also a member of the US Technical Advisory Committee for IEC TC31. Mr.
Johnson is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and is Co-Chair of the IEEEINFPA
Collaboration on Arc Flash Research.