A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
HYDRULLIC ROBOTIC ARM
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Dr.A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW

Submitted by: -

DESHDEEPAK MISHRA
FIRDOUS BI
SAURAV SINGH
VIKAS KUMAR PANDAY

(1247640026)
(1247640029)
(1247640091)
(1247640113)

Guided by: -

Mr. ATIF ALI KHAN

ASST. PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, BAREILLY
(U.P.)

2015-16

FOREWORDING LETTER
Forwarding
HYDRULLIC

here

with

ROBOTIC

is

ARM

the

Project

submitted

report
by

entitled

DESHDEEPAK

MISHRA, VIKAS KUMAR PANDAY, SAURAV SINGH, FIRDOS BI

students of this institution.
The Project report is in the partial fulfillment of requirements
towards the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

(Dr.

A.P.J

ABDUL

KALAM

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW).

It has been carried out under the guidance and supervision
of Mr. Sumit Kumar (Asst. Professor) Department of Mechanical
Engineering, F.I.E.T. Bareilly.
Forwarded by: by:-

Approved

Mr. ATIF ALI KHAN

Mr. K.P.S
Chauhan

(Asst. Professor)

(H.O.D)

Dept. of Mechanical Engg.

Dept. of
Mechanical Engg
F.I.E.T Bareilly
F.I.E.T Bareilly

CERTIFICATE
It is certified that DESHDEEPAK MISHRA, VIKAS PANDAY, SAURAV
SINGH, FIRDOUS BI student of B.TECH (final year), Department of
Mechanical Engineering has carried out the project work,
presented in this entitled HYDRULLIC ROBOTIC ARM foe the
award of partial fulfillment of the requirement toward the
Bachelor of Technology in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING from
Dr.A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNVERSITY, LUCKNOW
under my supervision during academic year 2015-2016.
Mr. Atif Ali Khan
Pratap Mall
(Project guide)
incharge)

Mr.Prashant
(Project

Dept. of Mechanical Engg.

Mechanical Engg.
F.I.E.T. Bareilly

Dept. of
F.I.E.T.Bareilly

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to
the best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no material
previously published or written by another person nor material
which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of
any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of
higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been
made in the text.
Signature
Name DESH DEEPAK MISHRA
Signature
Name FIRDOUS BI
Signature
Name SAURAV SINGH
Signature
Name VIKAS KUMAR PANDAY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
After completing our project HYDRULLIC ROBOTIC ARM,
we wish to express my obligations to the college staff. We wish to
express our obligations to our fellow project markers.
We would like to thank and pay our obligations to Mr. K.P.S
CHAUHAN (H.O.D:-Mechanical Engineering) for his guidance
regarding the project.
We would like to pay our special gratitude to:Mr. PRASHANT PRATAP MALL
(Asst. Professor)
Mr. PRABHAT KUMAR
(Asst. Professor)
Mr. SHASHANK SHARMA
(Asst. Professor)
For the guidance. We are also grateful to our family and
friends for tolerating our infrequent appearances over the period
of realizing this project.
Thanking you
NAME DESHDEEPPAK MISHRA
Roll no 1247640026
NAME FIRDOUS BI
Roll no 1247640029

NAME SAURAV SINGH

Roll no 1247640091
NAME VIKAS PANDAY
Roll no 1247640113

ABSTRACT
We have designed this project as a major innovation in the field of air
conditioning. Our project COMPRESSORLESS REFRIDGERATOR
SYSTEM is a perfect combination of electronic and mechanical sciences or we
can call it mechatronics.
Team 12 designed and constructed a thermoelectric cooler with an interior cooling
volume of 0.016 cubic meters (25cm x 25cm x 25cm). The thermo electric cooler
was equipped with on/off control which was found to be adequate to meet the
required precision of +/- 0.2 degrees Celsius put forth in the project requirements.
One liter of water was placed inside the cooler to test the performance of the
device. We tested the maximum performance of the device by cooling a sample
down to 5 degrees Celsius. Temperature control was also tested by cooling one liter
of water from room temperature down to 10 degrees Celsius. On/off control was
found to give adequate performance and we met or exceeded all of our project
requirements set forth in the fall semester.
We designed our project by using Peltier chip and electronic power supply
circuit.Heart of the project is this strong powerful Peltier chip it has a high cooling
and heating capacity at 12v.dc and 220v ac Power supply.
Writing a report on technical aspect is indeed a very challenging task. The
student has to possess not only expertise in the subject matter but also the
technique of selecting appropriate material from the vast fund of knowledge they
have regarding the subject of project and present it in a way which the readers can

easily understand. Judging from the remarks of the experts who reviewed the
report and also on the basis of earlier projects by these students in the Mechanical
field. I have no doubt in my mind that they had done an excellent job.
The institute will, therefore fell amply rewarded if the other students and
teachers may go through this report for enlarging their knowhow of the
COMPRESSORLESS REFRIDGERATOR SYSTEM.
Any suggestions for the improvement of this project and the report from all
quarters will be most welcome.

TABLE OF CONTENT

PARTICULARS: PAGE NO.

CHAPTER -1, Introduction
Objective
Thermo electric effect
Thermo electric Refrigeration
CHAPTER -2, About Project
Peltier effect
CHAPTER -3, Characteristics
Thermo power
Charge carrier diffusion

 Phonon drag
Spin seeback ehhect and magnetic batteries
CHAPTER -4, Principle of Project
Seeback effect
Thermoelectric cooling
CHAPTER -5, Analysis of project
Thomson effect
The Thomson relationships
Figure of merit
Device efficiency
Performance
Materials used to built thermocouples

CHAPTER -6, Details of project

Block diagram
Component detail
Peltier device with heat sink
Solar plate
Silicon
Silicon in solar cells
N- type plus P- type silicon
Application

CHAPTER -7, Component used

CHAPTER -7, Power supply
CHAPTER -7, Conclusion
CHAPTER -8, Reference

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Page No
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
17
22
23
26

Figure No
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Page No
27
28
31
32
37
39
40
41
42
43
44

LIST OF TABLES
Table No
1
2

Page No
45
47

Table No

Page No

3
4

48
48

Chapter-1 Introduction
Objective
The main objective of the project is to build a refrigerator which works solely on
the solar energy. This project also eliminates the use of compressors in refrigerators
which by their noise and energy usage, makes refrigerator a disturbance. We are
also avoiding conversion of solar energy in to electricity thus the efficiency can be
increased compared to conventional solar refrigerator.

Thermoelectric Effect
Thermoelectric effect, is the direct conversion of thermal differentials to
electric voltage and vice versa. Related effects are the Thomson effect and
Joule heating.
The PeltierSeebeck and Thomson effects are reversible (in fact, the Peltier
and Seebeck effects are reversals of one another); Joule heating cannot be
reversible under the laws of thermodynamics.
Temperature controlled environments are crucial in biomedical research
laboratories and medical institutes. Storing, preparing, analyzing samples, or
culturing bacteria needs precisely controlled temperature environments. Currently,
most commercial products are liquid baths. This requires the sample to be enclosed
in a watertight test tube or petry dish in order to perform the experiment.
Team 12 took on the challenge of designing such a device using an air bath. This
eliminates the need for the experimental specimen to be placed in a well sealed
container before the experiment can commence. As laboratory equipment, the
device must be easy to use, aesthetically pleasing, and control the temperature
precisely and accurately. The final device also has to be free of vibrations to avoid
disturbing any samples which may be put in the temperature controlled
environment.
(1)

Thermo Electric Modules (TEMs) are effectively heat pumps that transfer heat
from one side of the module to the other when a current is applied. This
phenomenon is called the Peltier effect. The goal of this project is to utilize this
phenomenon to build a temperature controlled environment free of vibration and
meet all the project requirements.
Environmental and economic impacts of global electricity generation systems in
the world considering the need for alternative energy sources emerge. Coal, oil,
natural gas, LPG, wood, all the fossil fuels such as biogas and hydro, wind, wave
energies, all energy sources used for energy supply, such as limited.
Nuclear energy, manufacturing and recycling of energy is the type who wants the
very great attention. After removal of substances used as fuel in nuclear reactors
continue to spread radiation to the environment over hundreds of years in places
where they are stored. Who is the radiation emitted from the storage areas when
the environment is not known to affect how and how much .
Thermoelectric generators (Peltier) are the temperature differences between the
two surfaces are elements that produce direct current.
Some studies on the TE generator is as follows:
In a study of electrical energy into heat energy directly and made a system that
charges the battery. A microcontrollers to track the maximum power point and 7.99
W of power was obtained. TE element used 112708'dir TEC. This module is tested
for different temperature and resistance [1].
In a study of a TE generator of electrical energy has been placed in the surface of
the stove. Hot stove as the source, the room air temperature is used as a cold
source, were obtained from the power of about 4 W 'age [2].
In one study, TE generator utilizing solar energy to generate electricity and making
it theoretically hesaplanmtr.30 northern latitude cooling electric TE all year for
the region and a number of different elements for TE cooling power was calculated
[3]. In a study of renewable energy sources, geothermal energy directly to
electrical energy into the microcontroller controlled thermoelectric generator and
the system has been tested [4]. In a study of thermoelectric generators of electricity
production is made by concentrating the sun's energy.
(2)

[5] In this study, thermoelectric (TE) (Peltier) modules with the help of electrical
energy into heat energy from the thermoelectric generator application was made.
Modules connected in series, known as very low yields of the heat exchanger has
been reached between the voltages that are required for use with the placement.
Easy to clean and can be obtained by increasing the number of modules used in
geothermal energy can be converted to electrical energy is everywhere.
Thermoelectric modules (Peltier) One surface of the P-type semiconductor
material, the other surface of the N-type semiconductor material, a semiconductor
system. Electrically connected in series, parallel depends on the heat. Internals are
as shown in the figure. Upper and lower surface of the module in Figure 1 as
shown in. Electrically conductive ceramic thermal insulation used on surfaces to be
preferred. Despite the low cooling heating efficiency of the TE module provides
the opportunity for quiet operation is preferred in many applications. For example,
the recent widespread use of vehicle type refrigerators and CPU coolers for TE
common examples. [6)
WHAT IS THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION?
Refrigeration is the process of pumping heat energy out of an insulated chamber in
order to reduce the temperature of the chamber below that of the surrounding air.
Thermoelectric refrigeration uses a principle called the "PELTIER" effect to pump
heat electronically. The Peltier effect is named after a French scientist who
discovered it in 1834.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

In 1834 Jean Peltier noted that when an electrical current is applied across the
junction of two dissimilar metals, heat is removed from one of the metals and
transferred to the other. This is the basis of thermoelectric refrigeration.
Thermoelectric modules are constructed from a series of tiny metal cubes of
dissimilar exotic metals which are physically bonded together and connected
electrically.
(3)

When electrical current passes through the cube junctions, heat is transferred from
one metal to the other. Solid state thermoelectric modules are capable of
transferring large quantities of heat when connected to a heat absorbing device on
one side and a heat dissipating device on the other.
The Koolatron's internal aluminium cold plate fins absorb heat from the contents,
(food and beverages), and the thermoelectric modules transfer it to heat dissipating
fins under the control panel. Here, a small fan helps to disperse the heat into the air.
The system is totally environmentally friendly and contains no hazardous gases,
nor pipes nor coils and no compressor. The only moving
part is the small 12volt fan. Thermoelectric modules are too expensive for normal
domestic and commercial applications which run only on regular household
current. They are ideally suited to recreational applications because they are
lightweight, compact, insensitive to motion or tilting, have no moving parts, and
can operate directly from 12volt batteries.
WHY IS IT BETTER THAN AN ICE CHEST?
Food and beverages are kept cold and dry. No space is wasted for ice (unless of
course you want ice, in which case we can help to preserve it 3 or 4 times longer
than a plain cooler).
This system consists of Embedded devices, Solar panel, Charger, Battery, Display,
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Temperature sensor, Driver, Peltier Module,
Temperature controlled chamber and Keypad. The solar panel is applied to convert
the heat energy into electrical energy and it is fed to the charger, which is checked
by the implanted system and the output of the charger is given to Battery to store
the electric potential. Again the Battery voltage is given to the ADC, the ADC is
used to measure the Battery voltage and converts it into a digital signal and given
back to embedded system. When the level of the voltage decreased below a
threshold value (<11V), the charger is activated and solar voltage is given to a
battery for storage. The temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature of
the chamber and the output of the temperature sensor is given to ADC, where ADC
converts analog signal to digital signal and given to Embedded system. The
Embedded system is programmed like that when it receives the signal from the
keypad it checks the temperature of the chamber and activates the Driver.
(4)

The driver is used to run the Peltier module. Peltier is a Module which generatesa
voltage when there is a differenttemperature on each side. Conversely, when a
voltage is applied to it, it creates a temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an
applied temperature gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from
the hot side to the cold side. So the Peltier module can cool and heat the chamber.
The keypad is used to set the temperature value to the chamber and at the same
time the display used in this system to show the process carried out in the system.
The following Figure 1 shows the overall system block diagram of the solar
refrigerator for vaccine.

Overall System Block Diagram Figure-1

(5)

CHAPTER -2, About Project

PELTIER EFFECT
The thermoelectric refrigerator works on the PELTIER effect that The Peltier
Seebeck effect, or thermoelectric effect, is the direct conversion of thermal
differentials to electric voltage and vice versa. Related effects are the Thomson
effect and Joule heating. The PeltierSeebeck and Thomson effects are reversible
(in fact, the Peltier and Seebeck effects are reversals of one another); Joule heating
cannot be reversible under the laws of thermodynamics.

FIG-2

(6)

In 1834, a French watchmaker and part time physicist, Jean Peltier found that
an electrical current would produce a temperature gradient at the junction of two
dissimilar meta

Fig-3
(7)

CHAPTER -3, Characteristics

Fig-4

(8)

Advanced Refrigerator Model and Compressor

In 1977, ORNL engineers led by Virgil Haynes in the Energy Division were asked by
DOE's predecessor agency to work with subcontractor firms to develop a more
efficient refrigerator. Funds received by ORNL paid for the work of subcontractors
selected by the Laboratory.
In one project, ORNL engineers worked with engineers from Amana, a refrigerator
manufacturer, to develop a more efficient refrigerator-freezer. To help them, they
used a computer model of a refrigerator developed in 1977 by Arthur D. Little, Inc.,
under an ORNL subcontract. Amana performed field tests of different models of
refrigerators to determine which ones were most efficient. ORNL provided
technical guidance and expertise for all this work.
The engineers focused on vapor-compression refrigeration. In this device, a
refrigerant under low pressure is evaporated in a coiled pipe called an evaporator.
To get energy to evaporate, the refrigerant pulls heat away from the refrigerator
compartment, chilling it to the desired temperature. A compressor draws away the
evaporated refrigerant, compresses the vapor, and passes it to a condenser, where it
gives off the heat it had absorbed to the kitchen air. The increased pressure and loss
of heat forces the refrigerant to condense into a liquid. The liquid refrigerant is
expanded to the lower pressure, reducing its temperature, and then is returned to
the evaporator. Throughout these cycles, a thermostat regulates the temperature
inside the refrigerator by switching the compressor on and off.

(9)

EXISTING SYSTEM
In recent years the price of thermoplastic materials is declining, so the cost of
semiconductor, solar refrigeration production will decrease, and its performance
has improved, which greatly contribute to the promotion of the technology of solar
semiconductor refrigeration. Now there are many mature technology methods for
the use of solar energy for refrigeration. However, no matter the absorption of solar
energy, or steam jet, etc., All of them need to use fluoride, lithium bromide and
ammonia refrigerants. In contrast, semiconductor refrigeration has more obvious
advantages. It does not use refrigerants without environment pollution and
complicated transmission pipeline. It can only cool a special device or a specific
area. The cooling box has small size and light weight, and it can save the
construction area significantly. No mechanical rotation, so the cooling box is
reliable and the maintenance was easy without noise and wear. It can achieve the
two different purposes of cooling and heating by changing the direction of current.
The cooling was quick and it can be controlled by regulating the work of power, so
the control is very convenient. In this case, the product was designed by combining
the two advantages. The system includes solar cells, controllers, batteries,
semiconductor refrigeration part, and so on. Since solar energy is not continuous,
in order to ensure that the refrigerator can be worked continuously at night and
cloudy days, generally the system was equipped with a battery (battery is also
playing the role of the regulator in this system) and it was also equipped with a
controller which has the function of protecting battery to avoid over charge and
over discharge.

(10)

CHAPTER -4, Principle of Project

Seebeck effect

Fig-5
The Seebeck effect is the conversion of temperature differences directly into
electricity. This effect was first discovered, accidentally, by the German
physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821, who found that a voltage existed
between two ends of a metal bar when a temperature difference T existed
in the bar.
The effect is that a voltage, the thermoelectric EMF, is created in the
presence of a temperature difference between two different metals or
semiconductors. This causes a continuous current to flow in the conductors

(11)

if they form a complete loop. The voltage created is of the order of several
microvolts per degree difference.

In 1821, Thomas Seebeck found that an electric current would flow continuously
in a closed circuit made up of two dissimilar metals, if the junctions of the metals
were maintained at two different temperatures.

Fig-6
Thermo-electric cooling
Thermoelectric coolers are solid state heat pumps used in applications where
temperature stabilization, temperature cycling, or cooling below ambient are
required.
There are many products using thermoelectric coolers, including CCD
cameras (charge coupled device), laser diodes, microprocessors, blood
analyzers and portable picnic coolers.
The typical thermoelectric module is manufactured using two thin ceramic
wafers with a series of P and N doped bismuth-telluride semiconductor
material sandwiched between them

(12)

Fig-7

The N type material has an excess of electrons, while the P type material has
a deficit of electrons. One P and one N make up a couple, as shown in Figure
1. The thermoelectric couples are electrically in series and thermally in
parallel. A thermoelectric module can contain one to several hundred
couples.

(13)

CHAPTER -5, Analysis of project

Thomson Effect
Discovered by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
When an electric current flows through a conductor, the ends
of which are maintained at different temperatures, heat is
evolved at a rate approximately proportional to the product
of the current and the temperature gradient.

dQ
dT
I
dx
dx

(14)

Thomson Relationship

(15)

Fig-8

(16)

Designing of thermal emf refrigeration

Th = Tamb + (O) *(Qh)

where

TH=The temperature of hot side

Tamb=The ambient temperature
O=thermal resistance of heat exch
Qh=heat realeased heat released to the hot side of the thermoelectric (watts).
Qh = Qc + Pin

(17)

Where
Qh = the heat released to the hot side of the thermoelectric (watts).
Qc = the heat absorbed from the cold side (watts).
Pin = the electrical input power to the thermoelectric (watts).
The temperature difference across the thermoelectric (T) relates to T h and Tc
according to Equation

T = Th Tc

The thermoelectric performance curves in Figures 2 and 3 show the

relationship between T and the other parameters.
Estimating Qc, the heat load in watts absorbed from the cold side is difficult,
because all thermal loads in the design must be considered. Among these
thermal loads are:
Active: I2R heat load from the electronic devices
Any load generated by a chemical reaction
Passive

(18)

Radiation (heat loss between two close objects with different temperatures).
Convection (heat loss through the air, where the air has a different
temperature than the object)
Insulation Losses
Conduction Losses (heat loss through leads, screws, etc.)
Transient Load (time required to change the temperature of an object)
As the thermoelectric operates, the current flowing through it has two
effects:
(1) the Peltier Effect (cooling) and
(2) the Joulian Effect (heating).
We know that joulian effect is proportional to the squire of the current so
heating effect will dominates the cooling effect that why we can not increase
the current to a maximum value called Imax for themo-electric.

The thermal resistance of the heat sink causes a temperature rise above
ambient. If the thermal resistance of the heat sink is unknown, then estimates
of acceptable temperature rise above ambient are:

Natural Convection20C to 40C

Forced Convection10C to 15C
Liquid Cooling2C to 5C (rise above the liquid coolant temperature)
As we have done our design on a Melcor thermoelectric . The specifications
for the are (these specifications are at Th = 25C):

(19)
Qmax = 51.4 watts
Vmax = 15.4 volts
Imax = 6.0 amps
Tmax = 67C
to determine if this thermoelectric is appropriate for this application, it must
be shown that the parameters T and Qc are within the boundaries of the
performance curves.
Our main aim to maintain the temperature of container 5C which contain 16
litres of air in 0.5minute.
we know 1000litres =1m3
16 litres=0.016 m3
density of air=1.293 kg/m3.
mass of air =0.016*1.293=0.020688kg
specific heat of air=1kJ/Kgk
As

Q=m*s*(th-tc)=0.020688*1000*(35-5)=620.64 J

this is maintain in 0.5minutes so

Required power=620.64/(0.5*60)=22 watts
(As we assume that the ambient temperature Tamb=25c the rise in the temperature
due to sink resistance is 10C
So final temperature will be =25+10=35C)

(20)
Performance Curve (T vs. Qc)

Fig-9 Performance Curve (T vs. Voltage )

(21)

Fig10

(22)
So by the graph
maximum current = 3.6amp .
corresponding voltage by graph between temperature and voltage
voltage=10v
Now we will determine the corresponding value of temperature by these values of
current and voltage.
We know that the temperature at hot side
Th = Tamb + (O) *(Qh)
Value of heat released at hot side
Qh = Qc + Pin
Now Pin that is the input power to produce this effect is
Pin=V*I
V=10volt
I=3.6amp
Pin=10*3.6=36watt
And Qh=Qc+Pin
=22+36

(23)
=58 watts
And

Th= Tc +Rcon*Qh

Now the temperature is also rise due to its convective resistance , we assume that
the convective resistance of the sink is 0.15C
So

Th=25+0.15*58=33.7C

The calculated Th is close enough to the original estimate of Th, to conclude that
the CP1.4-127-06L thermoelectric will work in the given application
Material used for insulation
The material used for the assembly components deserves careful thought. The
heat sink and cold side mounting surface should be made out of materials that
have a high thermal conductivity (i.e., copper or aluminum) to promote heat
transfer.

However, insulation and assembly hardware should be made of materials that

have low thermal conductivity (i.e., polyurethane foam and stainless steel) to
reduce heat loss.

Environmental concerns such as humidity and condensation on the cold side

can be alleviated by using proper sealing methods. A perimeter seal (Figure 4)
protects the couples from contact with water or gases, eliminating corrosion and
thermal and electrical shorts that can damage the thermoelectric module.

Typical thermoelectric from Melcor with a perimeter seal

(24)

Fig-11
Single Stage vs. Multistage
Given the hot side temperature, the cold side temperature and the heat load,
a suitable thermoelectric can be chosen. If T across the thermoelectric is less
than 55C, then a single stage thermoelectric is sufficient. The theoretical
maximum temperature difference for a single stage thermoelectric is
between 65C and 70C.

(25)

If T is greater than 55C, then a multistage thermoelectric should be

considered. A multistage thermoelectric achieves a high T by stacking as
many as six or seven single stage thermoelectrics on top of each other.

Performance

Fi
g 12 Performance Analyses Between Existing And Thermoelectric Model (cooling Graph)

The above graph depicts the plot of time in minutes and load
temperature in degree Celsius for thermoelectric model and
existing domestic model. From the graph, it is clear that thermoelectric model
attains the minimum temperature about 8C
in 40 minutes and maintains the same, where as the existing model takes 1hour to
attain the same. Further the thermoelectric model maintains 8C for nearly 5hours
and then it starts decreasing as shown. where as in existing model negative

(26)
temperature is achieved after 4 hours 10 minutes of time. This is the only
disadvantage of the thermoelectric model in which the time taken to freeze is more.

Fig-13 Performance Analyses Between Existing And Thermoelectric Model (Heating Graph)

This graph depicts the time taken to heat cabinet from 8C. This is the deviation
observed from domestic refrigeration system and thermoelectric refrigeration
system. Thus both Heating & Cooling are achieved using Peltier modules and it is
experimentally evaluated.

Materials used to built thermocouples.

Silicon, Bismuth, Nickel ,Cobalt ,Palladium, Platinum, Uranium, Copper,
Manganese, Titanium, Mercury, Lead , Tin, Chromium, Molybdenum
,Rhodinium ,Iridium ,Gold ,Silver , Aluminium, Zinc, Tungsten,
CadmiumIron, Arsenic, Tellurium, Germanium.

(27)

(28)

(29)

Figure of merit-14

(30)

Figure-15
Conventional cooling systems such as those used in refrigerators utilize a
compressor and a working fluid to transfer heat. Thermal energy is absorbed and
released as the working Fluid undergoes expansion and compression and
changes phase from liquid to vapor and back, respectively. Semiconductor
thermoelectric coolers (also known as Peltier coolers) offer several advantages
over conventional systems. They are entirely solid-state devices,
with no moving parts; this makes them rugged, reliable, and quiet. They use no
ozonedepleting chlorofluorocarbons, potentially offering a more environmentally
responsible alternative to conventional refrigeration. They can be extremely
compact, much more so than compressor-based systems

(31)

ADVANTAGES OF THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION

Compact Size: Very little space is required by the cooling system.
The thermoelectric module is the size of a matchbook.

Lightweight: A 36 qt. capacity unit weighs only 17 lbs.

Portable: Carries with one hand and is unaffected by motion or

tilting.

Lower Priced: 20% to 40% less expensive than compressor or

absorption units.
Low Battery : Averages approximately 4. 5 amps less than your cars
headlights.

DRAW:
Battery Protection: Used in combination with the Koolatron
"Battery Saver" you can always be assured of having starting power.
Performance: Koolatron coolers maintain "cool" temperatures in
ambients up to 90 degrees F.
Heating Option: Koolatrons can be operated in the heating mode
for short periods of time. Specialty Heater ONLY versions of our
insulated boxes are used by Meals on Wheels, other senior hot meal
programs, school hot meal programs and by caterers all across the
country.
Safety: No open flames, propane, or toxic refrigerants used.
Reliability: Thermoelectrics have a 40 year proven track record in
military, aerospace, laboratory, and now consumer applications.
Easy Service: Most parts are easily replaced by the enduser with a
screw driver.

 Low Maintenance:

(32)

The only maintenance required with any

Koolatron unit is periodic. "dusting" and Vacuuming to ensure good
heat dissipation.

COMPARISON

OF

THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION

and OTHER METHODS OF REFRIGERATION

Thermoelectric:
"Peltier" effect

Cooling is achieved electronically

heat is pumped with electrical energy.

using

the

Compressor : Cooling is achieved by vaporising a refrigerant (such

as freon) inside the refrigerator heat is absorbed by the refrigerant
through the principle of the "latent heat of vaporisation" and released
outside the refrigerator where the vapour is condensed and
compressedinto a liquid again. Uses mechanical energy.
Absorption: Cooling is achieved by vaporising a refrigerant
(ammonia gas) inside therefrigerator by "boiling" it out of a water
ammonia solution with a heat source (electric or propane).
Uses the principle of "latent heat of vaporisation". The vapour is condensed
and reabsorbed by theammonia solution outside the refrigerator. Uses heat
energy.

COMPARISON
SYSTEMS:

OF

THE

FEATURES

OF

ALL

THREE

Compactness: Koolatron thermoelectrics are the most compact because of

the small size of the cooling components
sink.

cooling module / heat sink / cold

(33)
Weight: Koolatron units weigh 1/3 to 1/2 as much as the other units
because of the lightweight cooling system no heavy compressor.

Portability: Koolatrons are the most portable because they are light
enough to carry with one hand and are not affected by motion or tilting.
Compressor models are quite heavy and the absorption models must be kept
level within 2 3 degrees.

Price: Koolatron coolers cost 20%

40% less than the equivalent sized

compressor or absorption units available for recreational use.

Battery Drain: Koolatron coolers have a maximum current drain on 12

volts of 4. 5 amps. Compressor portables draw slightly more current when
running but may average slightly less depending on thermostatic control
settings. Absorption portables draw 6. 5 to 7. 5 amps when running and may
average about 5 amps draw.

Battery Protection: Consider the "Battery Saver" option as discussed in

the previous section.

Cooling Performance: Compressor systems are potentially the most

efficient in hot weather. Some models will perform as a portable freezer
and will refrigerate in ambient temperatures of up to 110 degrees F.
Koolatron units will refrigerate in sustained ambient temperatures of up to
95 degrees F. If they are kept full, they will refrigerate satisfactorily even
if peak daytime temperatures reach 110 degrees F because the contents
temperature will lag behind the ambient. The food will be just starting to
warm up when the air cools off in the evening which will bring the food
temperature back down to normal. Absorption type refrigerators provide
almost the same cooling performance as Koolatron portables but are less
efficient at high ambients.

Freezing

Ice

Cubes:

Compressor
systems
will
usually
make a quantity of small ice cubes.
Gas absorption systems can do the same except in hot weather. Koolatron
thermoelectric units do not make ice cubes but can preserve them in a

plastic container for 2

applications.

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3 days which is often adequate for most

Safety: Koolatron systems are completely safe because they use no gases
or open flames and run on just 12 volts. Compressor systems can leak
freon which can be extremely dangerous especially if heated. Absorption
systems may use propane which can be extremely dangerous in the event of
a leak.

Reliability: Koolatrons thermoelectric modules do not wear out or

deteriorate with use. They have been used for military and aerospace
applications for years because of their reliability and other unique features.
Compressors and their motors are both subject to wear and freon filled coils
are subject to leakage and costly repairs. Absorption units are somewhat
temperamental and may require expert servicing from time to time,
especially if jarred when travelling.

EASE OF SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE: Koolatron units

have only one moving part, a small fan (and 12 volt motor) which can
easily be replaced with only a screw driver. Most parts are easily replaced
by the enduser. Compressor and absorption units both require trained
(expensive) mechanics and special service equipment to service them.

Logistic Circuitry
The logistic circuitry is isolated from the high voltage high current circuitry by a
solid state relay (SSR). In Figure 1, the basic logic of the circuitry is depicted.

(35)

Figure 16: Logistic Circuitry Flowchart

The Micro-Controller receives the set-point temperature from the user through a
three button interface. Software in the Micro-Controller then compares the setpoint temperature to the temperature feedback from the temperature sensor. Output
of the temperature sensor is analog, which means that it needs to be converted to a
binary number for the micro-controller to be able to understand it. This is done by
an analog to digital converter. The Analog to digital converter uses a five volt
precision voltage reference in order to perform the transformation from analog to
digital. In the final step, the software in the micro controller determines whether or
not to turn the thermo electric modules on or off. The temperature inside the box is
then displayed on a liquid crystal display for the user to see.

Device Testing

(36)

Max Capacity Testing

The performance of our device was tested using equipment from the
Dalhousie Chemistry department. Three thermocouples were used to record
temperature during various experiments. Each thermocouple was connected
to a computer in the laboratory which would collect the data from the sensor
and write it to an Excel spreadsheet. The first step in our testing was to
calibrate the three thermocouples using an accurate thermometer. The
thermometer which we used was filled with mercury and had gradations
every tenth of a degree. A magnifying lens aided in reading the mercury
level. The thermocouples and thermometer were immersed in an ice bath
which was then heated from 0 C to 30 C. Readings were taken from the
thermometer every 20 seconds for 2000 seconds and recorded. This data was
then plotted versus the output from the computer for each of the
thermocouples. Unfortunately some of the data around the freezing point for
all three thermocouples was not exactly on the calibration curve. The result
of these data points being slightly off gave an R2 value of 0.9995.

(37)

Figure 17: Thermocouple Calibration Curve

This was remedied by excluding the data for the first and last five degrees on
the curve. We felt that this was acceptable since the range of our device is
only five to 25 C. The R2 value for this arrangement was 0.9999 which
indicated an almost perfect linear correlation.

(38)

Figure 18: Modified Thermocouple Calibration Curve

The first experiment that was performed on our device was cooling of the
empty volume from room temperature to five degrees Celsius. In this test
two thermocouples were placed on the interior heat sinks and one
thermocouple was placed in the air of the cooler volume. The device was
then switched on where it proceeded to cool from 20 C to 5 C in
approximately 1.4 hours. The temperature of the air flowing through the
exterior heat sinks during this experiment was roughly 31 C as measured by
an alcohol in glass thermometer.

(39)

Figure 19: Interior Temperature for Air Cooling

The second experiment we did to test the maximum capacity of our device
was to attempt to cool one litre of distilled water from its temperature out of
the tap to five degrees Celsius. In this test the temperature of the water
dropped from 23.9 C to 5 C in approximately nine hours. When we potted
the data we noticed a change in the slope of both the interior air temperature
and interior heat sink temperature at about 10,000 seconds. We attributed
this to the opening of the laboratory window at this time which lowered the
ambient temperature of the room, thus increasing the heat transfer out of the
cooler. When the window was closed at about 16,000 seconds it can be
observed that the slopes change again, this time in the opposite direction.

(40)

Figure 20: Results from Cooling of Water

Temperature Control Testing

One liter of water was cooled from room temperature to a set-point
temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. One thermocouple was connected to each
internal heat sink and one thermocouple was submerged into the water
together with the temperature sensor of the logistic circuitry.

(41)

Figure 21: 1 Liter of Water cooled to a setpoint temperature of 10 degrees Celsius

The graphs in Figure 2 show the controlling characteristics of the device.

The pink and yellow graphs are the temperatures of the internal heat sinks.
When the temperature of the internal heat sinks is seen to be dropping, the
thermo electric modules are on. As the temperature of the water reaches its
set-point temperature of 10 degrees Celsius, the temperature of the internal
heat sinks are seen to be rising. This indicates that at this point, the thermo
electric modules are turned off. Once the temperature of the heat sinks
reaches that of the water, the thermo electric modules start cycling on and
off in order to maintain steady state temperature. This is more clearly shown
in Figure

(42)

Figure 22: Controller Characteristics

When the temperature of the water dips below its set point temperature, the
temperature of the internal heat sinks is seen to spike. This phenomenon is
explained by how the controller works. The temperature sensor sends back a
temperature signal to the micro-controller. Software in the micro controller

then compares the temperature to the set point temperature. It notices that
the temperature is below the set point temperature, so the thermo electric
(43)
modules are switched on. The temperature of the heat sinks rise until the
temperature of the water returns to its set point temperature, the thermo
electric modules are then turned off and the cycle continuous throughout
steady state conditions.

Table-1: Precision of the Cooler

(44)

Forced versus Natural Convection

When we initially designed our device we anticipated using forced
convection on the exterior heat sinks. To test our design in this regard we
placed thermocouples on both exterior heat sinks and a third inside the box
to monitor the interior heat sink temperature. Within ten minutes the exterior
heat sink that was relying solely on natural convection had risen to a
temperature of 54 C, while the forced convection heat sink maintained a
temperature of only 36 C. The slope of the graph also indicated that the
temperature of the heat sink without the fans would have kept rising to a
significantly higher value had we not switched off the device and allowed it
to cool down. This demonstrates that it is imperative that there be a thermal
cut-off switch wired into the circuitry of our device.

(45)

Table 2: 11Forced Convection vs Natural Convection Test

Time Constants
Using data obtained during both the air and water tests it is possible to
compute time constants for the system. The time constant for the air test was
approximately half an hour. The time constant for the system during the
water test was roughly two and three quarters hours. This is a large
difference however the heat capacity of the water sample was far greater
than that of only the air during the first test.

(46)

Table-3: Time Constant for Cooling Air

Table -4: Time Constant for Cooling Water

(47)

Coefficient of Performance Calculation (COP)

COP is as measure of the performance of a heat pumping device. It is
defined as the heat required removing the heat divided by the actual heat
removed. The device was measure to draw 5.2 Amps of current at 11.2 Volts.
This results in a power consumption of 58.5 Watts.
For the calculation of COP, it was assumed that only the air inside the box
was cooled together with the aluminum heat sinks. Heat loss from the inside
of the cooler to the outside was assumed to be zero during the cooling of the
box as it is a transient process.
Refering to Figure 6, it took 6000 seconds for the temperature of the air to
reach 5 degrees Celsius from a starting temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.
The volume of the inside air is 0.015625m^3 and the volume of the internal
heat sinks are 2*0.0001487m^3. Using:
COP = Pdelivered * time / [ MC(T2-T1)|air + MC(T2-T1)|aluminum]
Where:
Pdelivered = (5.22A)(11.2V)(6000s) = 351 KJ
MC(T2-T1)|air = (0.015625m^3*1.2kg/m^3)*(1000J/KgoC)(25-15)=281.25
J
MC(T2-T1)|aluminum=(2*0.0001487
m^3*2700
kg
/m^3)(900
J/KgoC)*(25-15) = 10840J
Then:
COP = 11121.25/351,000
COP = 0.0317
This low COP shows the inefficiency of the device. Thermo electric modules
are inherently inefficient. Commercial products are working on an efficiency
that is about 5% of the Carnot efficiency.

(48)

Safety Issues
Safety is the first priority whenever using any type of industrial equipment.
Through the building process, there were several areas where safety precautions
needed to be exercised.

Hot wiring Styrofoam

Styrofoam was used for the insulation and to form a plug for the construction
of the inner box. An electric hot wire kit was used to cut the foam. Care must be
taken to work in a well ventilated area and to wear eye protection and gloves
when handling the hot wire device As well, the hot wire gave off a mild electric
shock if contacted Gloves eliminated this problem.

Fiberglass
The inner box was constructed from fiberglass. It was important to work in a
well ventilated area to protect from fumes. Latex gloves provided excellent
protection from the wet resin when forming the fiberglass and were easy to dispose
with Face masks were used when sanding hardened fiberglass to prevent breathing
in abrasive particles.

Welding and Grinding

The frame of the cooler was constructed from steel tubing. When welding,
an approved welding mask was utilized to avoid permanent eye damage from
exposure to the brilliant light of the welding arc. The use of gloves and eye
protection and flame retardant clothing were also employed to prevent burn
damages. Additionally all welding was done in a well ventilated area to
minimize exposure to welding fumes.

(49)
Bending and Crimping
The sheet metal equipment in the machine shop was used extensively to form
the panels for the thermoelectric cooler. When using the metal shear care was
exercise to keep fingers out of the clamp and blade portion of the machine.
When using the brake to bend edges for the panel, care was exercised to keep
fingers from being pinched and to stay out of the way of the bending lever if
someone else was using it. When using the band saw, it was important to keep
fingers away from the blade and not to use excessive force. Of course eyewear
must be worn at all times in the machine shop.

Cooling fans
The fans which cool the device spin at speeds up to 3000 RPM. Therefore, it is
important that the fan shrouds and guards be in place prior to operation.

Soldering
Many of the wire connections needed to be soldered. It was important to wear
gloves and eye protection when using a soldering iron to prevent injury.
Although this device has relatively few moving parts, there are several topics of
safety which should be addressed when using the thermoelectric cooler. The most
dangerous component of the machine is the power supply. The power supply
converts a 120V AC current, which is unusable by the components of the
thermoelectric device into 12V DC which is what most components of the cooler
use. The exception to this is the two 50 mm fans on the inside of the box which run
on 5V this problem is solved by wiring these two fans in series so each only gets
half of 12V. They then run close to their recommended voltage. 120V AC is
dangerous. 12V DC is not dangerous at the current load our device runs at.

Fortunately, the power supply is sealed off and electrically isolated. As long as the
power supply is not disassembled and a proper 3 prong plug
(50)
connector is employed, it should not pose a safety threat. Whenever electrical
components are being worked on, ensure that the power cord is disconnected
from the wall plug.
Another safety issue when using the box is its weight. The box weighs about
40 lbs and care must be taken to put it on a flat level surface when being used.
The surface should also be stable. This will ensure that the box will not fall
when being used possibly causing injury to the user and definitely damaging
the box.
Some of the edges on the box are somewhat sharp. As much as possible, we
have grinded and sanded down the edges of the panels. Both the top panel and
the sheet metal on the lid have had the seams TIG welded by Albert so that no
sharp edges or corners would be exposed when the box is assembled. However,
if the box is disassembled to change the thermo-electrics or to make changes to
the controller, special care must be exercised. The fit of the panels is quite snug
so attention must be paid when popping panels into place.
This device contains sensitive electrical equipment. It should be operated in
an area where static electricity is not present. The user should ensure that they
are well grounded and not statically charged when handling any of the electrical
components of the device. Although there is no danger posed to the user by
static electricity, components could be damaged or ruined, requiring
replacement and or reprogramming.
Finally, the temperature at the thermoelectric modules is a concern. At
temperatures above 70 C, the bismuth telluride material will melt and the
modules will subsequently fail. To avoid this potential problem, a thermostatic
switch has been installed in the device. This switch is to be attached to one of
the external heat sinks on the cooler. It is wired inline with the power supply to
the thermo electrics. If the temperature of the heat sinks exceeds 50 C, the
power to the thermoelectric is cut and the unit stops producing heat. This
feature is essential to ensure long life of the thermoelectric modules.

(51)

CHAPTER -6, Details of project

1. COMPRESSOR LESS PORTABLE REFRIGERATOR
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig-27

(52)

Controller
The controller for the device was changed from a PID controller to an ON/OFF
controller. The microcontroller that was purchased by the design group was
capable of being programmed with a variety of control routines. The design team
naturally wanted to go with the more complex solution of a PID controller in order
to be assured of getting the best response.
After testing our device and discovering its response characteristics we have
learned that the most complicated solution is not always the best. The ON/OFF
control reaches its target temperature at the heat transfer arrangements maximum
capacity and delivers no overshoot due to the inherent damping of the device. The
ability of the ON/OFF controller to maintain a constant temperature was also
proven to be more than sufficient.

Fan Type
The centrifugal fans that were in the original design were substituted for axial flow
fans. It was noted during mock-up testing that the axial flow fans produced much
more air flow than the centrifugal fans with similar power input. The axial flow
fans also avoided the air flow ducts that are required by the radial flow fans.
The downside to the axial flow fans is that they increase the thickness of the
fan and heat-sink arrangement on both the inside and outside of the cooler. This

lead to a small decrease of useful volume on the inside of the cooler as well as
making the cooler larger in its outside dimensions.
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Temperature Sensor
The thermistor that was going to be used as the sensing device was changed to a
semi resistive temperature sensor. This was mainly because of its compatibility
with the controller circuitry. It was found in testing that the precision of this sensor
was sufficient to meet the requirements of the project.

Exterior Casing
The design of the exterior casing was changed to accommodate for the change in
fan type as well as avoid some of the difficulty associated with creating the
complex shape of the original casing design. The new casing includes separate
fan/heat-sink shrouds which are also used to mount the exterior fans in place over
the exterior heat-sinks.

Lid
Originally the lid was designed with hinges. It was later determined that the hinges
were not necessary and so a free lid is now used.

Input
In order for the user to set the temperature of the device three buttons are now
used. While using these buttons is not quite as intuitive as the knob that was
initially in the planning, they were much easier incorporate into the micro-

controller

programming.

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Additional features and improvements

In this section there are some additional features and improvements that
could be added to the device. Some of these are beyond the scope of the
original project, however they could be used as ideas for a continuation of
the project.

Heating Capability
Currently the device does not have the necessary programming and circuitry to
allow for heating of the interior chamber. If this were added it would allow for
control over a much larger temperature range. Due to the construction materials
used and the limitations of the thermoelectric modules the interior temperature of
the unit would have to be limited. The modules are capable of generating a vast
amount of heat, yet the glue holding them together becomes liquid at less than one
hundred degrees Celsius.

Additional Thermoelectric Modules

The current model uses only two thermoelectric modules. It was calculated that
this arrangement would meet the design requirement of bringing the interior
temperature down to five degrees Celsius from room temperature. The two module

arrangement met this requirement but just barely. Also there was no requirement on
the cooling time, which was found to be rather long.
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If another heat transfer arrangement similar to the two currently in the
device was added both the minimum temperature and the time of cooling would be
decreased significantly. This would mean a total of three thermoelectric modules
and six heat sinks.
If another thermoelectric module were to be added to each of the existing
heat transfer arrangements the cold heat sink temperature could be reduced
dramatically and freezing of the interior chamber would be possible. It is predicted
that that could cause two problems. Firstly the controller currently does not register
temperatures below zero degrees Celsius making control below freezing
temperatures impossible without reprogramming. Secondly the air bath was not
designed with the possibility of freezing condensation in mind. This could possibly
cause damage to the heat transfer pipes.
The current power supply in the device should be able to power two more
thermoelectric modules according to its specifications.

Recalibration
It has been noted in testing that the device maintains and displays a temperature
that is not exactly representative of the actual temperature inside the chamber. To
rectify this problem the device must be recalibrated using accurate voltage and
temperature data measured over the entire operating temperature range of the
device. The new more accurate calibration curve would then have to be put into the
micro-controller programming in place of the existing calibration curve.

(56)

Portability
It could be possible to make this device more useful if it were capable of being
operated from a battery pack or a solar collector. This option would allow for the
device to be used in areas without electricity as well as in vehicles. For this to be
possible the performance and energy efficiency of the device would have to be
maximized. There are two key ways that the efficiency of the device could be
increased. Firstly the ON/OFF control could be replaced with a PID control in
order to use the thermoelectric modules at a lower power while they are on. This
will increase the efficiency since thermoelectric modules generate excess heat as
the power input is increased lowering their performance. Secondly additional
thermoelectric modules could be added to decrease the load on each individual
module. The lower the load the more efficiently the modules will run.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The
LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin,
as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to
obtain the convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external
calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room
temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output
impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to
readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power
supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. The temperature sensor LM35 senses the
temperature and convert it into an electrical signal which is applied to the
microcontroller through the ADC. The temperature range of the sensor is 1 to

255. A Peltier cooler is used as a thermo-electric generator. When operated as a

cooler, a voltage is applied across the device, and as a result, a difference in
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temperature will build up between the two sides. When operated as a generator,
one side of the device is heated to a temperature greater than the other side, and as
a result, a difference in voltage will build up between the two sides.

Fig-28

Embedded Units
The temperature control chamber provides the user with an accurate range of
ambient temperature. The chamber is shown in the figure. 3. The user can build
this simple circuit and protect any issues with temperature. Moreover, it is easy to
develop depends on the environment or requirement that is needed for different
types of testing.

(58)

Fig-29

Temperature Controlled Chamber

Also, using the variable resistors allows user to be flexible to the ambient
temperature when the temperature is one of the variables in the testing.The
chamber consists of hot and cold chamber for both the purposes. Table 1 shows the
specifications of the temperature controlled chamber

Passive Heat Load

The passive heat load for the unit was first calculated based upon a
25cm x 25cm x 25cm interior volume. Two inches of polystyrene insulated
was assumed (k=0.027w/mK). Also included were a rubber seal on the door
which was 50 cm2 in area.
(59)
qtot k ins

T
T
k rubber
x
x

(3)

where: qtot is the heat transfer in watts, kins is the resistance to heat transfer,
and krubber is 0.014w/mK
T is assumed to be 20 C and x is 0.50m.
This gives a qtot of 10 W.

Active Heat Load

The active heat load is the equivalent of the cooling power that the unit will
need to provide when the sample at room temperature is placed in the
container. It was decided that one liter of water at room temperature would
be the test sample for which all calibration and calculations would be made.
The time to cool this load from 25 C to 5 C was determined to be 1 hour,
or 3600 seconds. Based on these values:
Q c p mT

(4)
If the Cp of water is 4.14 KJ/kg*K, then Q = 82800J and dividing by 3600s
to get power (W), Qdot = 23 W for the active heat load. Therefore, the total
load is 23 + 11 W = 34 W of power required. This assumes that there is no
thermal resistance between the sample and the air in the unit. This may be an
incorrect assumption but it does overestimate the cooling load.

Heat Load Required to be Dissipated by Heat Sink

The Peltier module is running at 12V and 5.2 amps of current. The following
Vin vs. I graph shows a normal operating range of the TEM.

(60)

Figure 30: Thermoelectric Module Performance

The power consumed by the TEM is assumed in the worst case scenario to
be added to the heat on the hot side.
q hot PTEC

Q passive Qsample Qsafetyfactor

2

(5)
Division by two denotes that we have two TEMs, two hot side heat sinks
and two cold side heat sinks to improve system efficiency. Therefore, qtot=
107W. This is the maximum heat load to the hot side of each TEC and
therefore each of the heat sinks.

Maximum Temperature Rise on Hot Side of TEC

Max temp rise = 107W x 0.17 C/W = 18.2 C
The T over the TEC is 25 5 +18.2 (C) = 38.2 C, where 25 is the
ambient temperature on the hot side, 5 is inside desired temperature and 18
is the added heat load. The following table will show that the operating
point for heat removal of 18W (for each TEC) and a T of 38C only
requires a current draw of 4.5 Amps.

(61)

Figure 31: Thermoelectric Performance Graph

(62)

Fig-32

(63)

Elements Used
IR Transmitters x 3
IR Receivers x 3
LED Red x 2
LED Green x 1
LED Yellow x 1
8bit Microcontroller i.e ATMEGA8 for processing
DC Motor x 1
IC L293D for Motor Driver Circuit
10K Preset (Variable Resistance)
10K x1 Resistance, 150R x1 Resistance
22pF x2 Capacitance, 1000uF x1 Capacitance
Crystal Oscillator 3.57 MHz
12V DC Adapter Socket
3 pin Connector

 Heat Sink
7805 (5V Voltage Regulator)
6pin Power Switch
General Purpose PCB
Soldering Iron
Solder
Connecting Wires
Other necessary components

(64)

Fig-33

LCD DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (commonly abbreviated LCD) is a thin, flat display device
made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light
source or reflector.

(65)

Fig 34 Interfacing Lcd With Pic 16f877a

It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very small

amounts of electric power. In this system LCD is used to display the current

temperature values in C along with indication whether system is in cooling mode

or heating mode. It receives input regarding this information from the micro
controller

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Fig-35

Light Emitting Diodes

Diode Symbol + Arrows for light
Points to ground

(67)

Fig-36

(68)

Fig-37

(69)

Chapter
7:
Conclusion
Recommendations

and

Future

Conclusion
As the constant temperature air bath has met nearly all of its requirements. A
recalibration of the device would be required before all of the requirements
are met.
During construction of the device several minor changes were made to the
design. Each of these changes we feel was justified as they made for easier
construction while maintaining the performance of the device with respect to
the project goals. The device passed its final inspection and was deemed to
have a professional appearance by the design project coordinator.
The performance characteristics of the final device were tested thoroughly
with the assistance of the Dalhousie Chemistry Department and presented in
this report. The device was discovered to have ample precision and total heat
transfer capabilities while not meeting its accuracy requirement.

Future Recommendations
There were several aspects of the design that were changed during the
building phase of the project. Usually these changes were made for ease of
construction. Some of the changes were made as a result of test data
received from the mockup. In this section each of these changes are
received from the mockup. In this section each of these changes .

(70)

Chapter 8: References
[1] Shun Chen, Jun Zuo and Dan Xie Design of solar power semiconductor
refrigerator in the proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Intelligent
Control and Automation July 6-9 2010, Jinan, China.
[2] Haidar. S, Isaac. I Thermo-electric Cooling Using Peltier Cells in
Cascade, (2004).
[3] Sanjaykumar A Borikar and Uday S Wankhede Experimental analysis
of solar refrigeration system in the proceedings of the International
Conference at Purdue, July 14-17, 2008.
[4] Sort Nivas M, Vishnu Vardhan D, Raam Kumar PH, Sai Prasad, Ramya.
K Photovoltaic Driven Dual Purpose Thermo-electric Refrigerator for Rural
India in the InternationalJournal of Advancements in Research &
Technology.
[5] WHO. (1999). "Epi Equipment Test Procedures: E3. E3:Refrigerators
freezers for storing vaccines and freezing ice packs, Last Update: Febuary
18, 1999, Retrieved: July 18, 2005.
[6] Raghied Mohammed Atta Solar Water Condensation Using Thermoelectric Coolers in the International Journal of Water Resources and Arid
Environments 1 (2): 142-145, 2011.

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