ABSTRACT

Brain tumor Segmentation is an important procedure for early tumor diagnosis and radio
therapy planning. Although numerous brain tumor segmentation methods have been presented
enhancing tumor segmentation methods is still challenging because brain tumor MRI images exhibit
complex characteristics, such as high diversity in tumor appearance and ambiguous tumor
boundaries. To address this problem, we propose a novel automatic tumor segmentation method for
MRI images. This method treats tumor segmentation as a classification problem. Additionally the
local independent projection based classification (LIPC) method is used to classify each voxel into
different classes. A Novel classification frame work is derived by introducing the local independent
projection based classification model .Locality is important in the calculation of the local
independent projections for LIPC .Locality is also considered in determining whether local anchor
embedding is more applicable in solving the linear projection weights compared with other coding
methods .Moreover, LIPC considers the data distribution of different classes by learning a softmax
regression model, Which can further improve classification performance. In this study 80 Brain
tumor MRI images with ground truth data are used as a training data and 40 images without ground
truth data are used as a testing data. The segmentation results of testing data are evaluated by online
evaluation tool. The average dice similarities of the proposed method for segmenting complete
tumor, tumor core and contrast enhancing tumor on real patient data are 0.84, 0.685 and 0.585,
respectively. These results are comparable to other state of the art methods.

Acknowledgement
We like to thank our guide Mr. Shaik Basheera,

M.Tech, (Ph.D), MISTE, MICSIT, MIAENG,.

Associate professor, Head Department of ECE, for the immense guidance and cooperation in
completing his thesis.

We like to thank Dr V. Murthy Rao Khokalay,M.tech, Ph.D, Msc (envi.Sci), MIAH, MIWKS, MIE,
MIMS,

Principal for giving the opportunity and encouragement to complete this course of study

in Communications and Signal Processing

We like to acknowledge our college MANAGEMENT for extending all the facilities
throughout the course of his study.

We Acknowledge is due for all the course coordinators in the Department of UG

(B.Tech) and the other faculty members for their kind cooperation.

It is a pleasure for us to acknowledge the affection and inspiration of Parents for their
extreme tolerance and encouragement during entire course.

We would also thank all his friends who are involved directly or indirectly during the
project work.

Project Associates
SHAIK.NOWSHAD

(12JE1A0453)

P.L.MADHURI

(12JE1A0429)

SHAIK.HAJAR MUNNI

(12JE1A0419)

K.DEEPTHI

(12JE1A0429)

G.NAVEEN KUMAR

(12JE1A0451)

ii

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in thesis titled, submitted in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Eswar College of Engineering,
Kesanupalli in the partial fulfillment of degree for the award of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY, and is a bonafide work done by us.

The reported results are based on the project work entirely done by us and not copied
from any other source.

SHAIK .NOWSHAD

12JE1A0453

P.L.MADHURI

12JE1A0429

SHAIK.HAJAR MUNNI

12JE1A0419

K.DEEPTHI

12JE1A0411

G.NAVEEN KUMAR

12JE1A0451

iii

Contents
Page No
ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGE

ii

DECLARATION

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-14

1.1 Image Processing

1.1.2 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

1.1.3 Image acquisition

1.1.4 Image enhancement

1.1.5 Image restoration

1.1.6 Color image processing

1.1.7 Wavelet and multi resolution processing

1.1.8 Compression

1.1.9 Morphological processing

1.1.10 Segmentation

1.1.11 Representation and description

1.1.12 Object recognization

1.1.13 Knowledge base

1.2 Applications of image

10

1.2.1 Biomedical image processing

10

1.2.2 Brain tumors

10

1.2.3 MRI Brain Imaging and characteristics of brain tumors

12

1.2.4 MR imaging (MRI)

12

1.2.5 Thesis organization

14

iv

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

15-17

2.1 Problem Statement

17

CHAPTER 3: EXISTING TECHNIQUES

18-24

3.1 Threshold method

19

3.1.1 Global threshold

19

3.1.2 Local threshold

19

3.2 Region based segmentation methods

20

3.2.1 Region growing

20

3.2.2 Region splitting and merging

20

3.3 Intensity based method

21

3.4 Asymmetry analysis

21

3.5 Atlas based method

21

3.6 Contour/surface evolution method

22

3.7 Interactive algorithm

22

3.8 Supervised and unsupervised learning methods

22

CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED METHOD

4.1 Preprocessing

25-38
26

4.2 Local binary pattern

27

4.3 Binary pattern

28

4.4 Enhenced binary pattern

29

4.5 Local line binary pattern

31

4.6 Support vector mechanism

32

4.6.1 Hard margin

34

4.6.2 Soft margin

35

4.7 Local independent projection based classification

35

4.8 LIPC implementation

36
v

4.8.1 Dictionary construction

36

4.8.2 local linear representation

36

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & CONCLUSION

39-45

5.1 Input image

40

5.2 Edge detection image

41

5.3 Counter segmentation

42

5.4 Tumer region part

43

5.5 Data base classification

44

5.6 LIPC classification

44

REFERENCES
BIO-DATA

vi

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No
Fig 1.1(a)

Figure

Page No

Fundamental steps in digital

Image processing.
Fig 1.1(b)

Image acquisition

Fig 1.1(d)

Image enhancement

Fig 1.1(e)

Image

Fig 1.1(f)

Color image processing

Fig 1.1(g)

Wavelet and multiresolution processing

Fig 1.1(h)

Morphological processing

Fig 1.1(i)

Segmentation

Fig 1.2(a)

Brain tumors

11

Fig 1.2(b)

Brain MR Images

13

Fig 4.1

Flow chart of proposed method

26

Fig 4.3

Binary pattern images

28

Fig 4.4

The 9x9 MBLBP operator

31

Fig 4.5

LLBP operator with line length 9

restoration

pixels 8 bits considered

32

Fig 4.6

Suporting vector graph

33

Fig 4.8

LIPC Implementation

37

Fig 5.1

Input images

40

Fig 5.2

Edge detection image

41

Fig 5.3

Counter segmentation

42

Fig 5.4

Tumor region part

43

Fig 5.5

Data base classification

44

Fig 5.6

LIPC

44

classification
vii

Acknowledgement
I like to thank our guide Mr. Shaik Basheera,

M.Tech, (Ph.D), MISTE, MICSIT, MIAENG,.

Associate professor, Head Department of ECE, for the immense guidance and cooperation in
completing his thesis.

I like to thank Dr V. Murthy Rao Khokalay,M.tech, Ph.D, Msc (envi.Sci), MIAH, MIWKS, MIE,
MIMS,

Principal for giving the opportunity and encouragement to complete this course of study

in Communications and Signal Processing

I like to acknowledge our college MANAGEMENT for extending all the facilities
throughout the course of his study.

I Acknowledge is due for all the course coordinators in the Department of UG (B.Tech)
and the other faculty members for their kind cooperation.

It is a pleasure for us to acknowledge the affection and inspiration of Parents for their
extreme tolerance and encouragement during entire course.

We would also thank all his friends who are involved directly or indirectly during the
project work.

Project Associate
SHAIK NOWSHAD

viii

(12JE1A0453)

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in thesis titled, submitted in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Eswar College of Engineering,
Kesanupalli in the partial fulfillment of degree for the award of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY, and is a bonafide work done by me.

The reported results are based on the project work entirely done by me and not copied
from any other source.

SHAIK NOWSHAD

12JE1A0453

ix

Acknowledgement
I like to thank our guide Mr. Shaik Basheera,

M.Tech, (Ph.D), MISTE, MICSIT, MIAENG,.

Associate professor, Head Department of ECE, for the immense guidance and cooperation in
completing his thesis.

I like to thank Dr V. Murthy Rao Khokalay,M.tech, Ph.D, Msc (envi.Sci), MIAH, MIWKS, MIE,
MIMS,

Principal for giving the opportunity and encouragement to complete this course of study

in Communications and Signal Processing

I like to acknowledge our college MANAGEMENT for extending all the facilities
throughout the course of his study.

I Acknowledge is due for all the course coordinators in the Department of UG (B.Tech)
and the other faculty members for their kind cooperation.

It is a pleasure for us to acknowledge the affection and inspiration of Parents for their
extreme tolerance and encouragement during entire course.

We would also thank all his friends who are involved directly or indirectly during the
project work.

Project Associate
POTHUKUCHI LAKSHMI MADHURI

(12JE1A0453)

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in thesis titled, submitted in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Eswar College of Engineering,
Kesanupalli in the partial fulfillment of degree for the award of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY, and is a bonafide work done by me.

The reported results are based on the project work entirely done by me and not copied
from any other source.

POTHUKUCHI LAKSHMI MADHURI

xi

12JE1A0429

Acknowledgement
I like to thank our guide Mr. Shaik Basheera,

M.Tech, (Ph.D), MISTE, MICSIT, MIAENG,.

Associate professor, Head Department of ECE, for the immense guidance and cooperation in
completing his thesis.

I like to thank Dr V. Murthy Rao Khokalay,M.tech, Ph.D, Msc (envi.Sci), MIAH, MIWKS, MIE,
MIMS,

Principal for giving the opportunity and encouragement to complete this course of study

in Communications and Signal Processing

I like to acknowledge our college MANAGEMENT for extending all the facilities
throughout the course of his study.

I Acknowledge is due for all the course coordinators in the Department of UG (B.Tech)
and the other faculty members for their kind cooperation.

It is a pleasure for us to acknowledge the affection and inspiration of Parents for their
extreme tolerance and encouragement during entire course.

We would also thank all his friends who are involved directly or indirectly during the
project work.

Project Associate
SHAIK HAJAR MUNNI

xii

(12JE1A0419)

DECLARATION
This is to certify that the work reported in thesis titled, submitted in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Eswar College of Engineering,
Kesanupalli in the partial fulfillment of degree for the award of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY, and is a bonafide work done by me.

The reported results are based on the project work entirely done by me and not copied
from any other source.

SHAIK HAJAR MUNNI

12JE1A0419

xiii

Acknowledgement
I like to thank our guide Mr. Shaik Basheera,

M.Tech, (Ph.D), MISTE, MICSIT, MIAENG,.

Associate professor, Head Department of ECE, for the immense guidance and cooperation in
completing his thesis.

I like to thank Dr V. Murthy Rao Khokalay,M.tech, Ph.D, Msc (envi.Sci), MIAH, MIWKS, MIE,
MIMS,

Principal for giving the opportunity and encouragement to complete this course of study

in Communications and Signal Processing

I like to acknowledge our college MANAGEMENT for extending all the facilities
throughout the course of his study.

I Acknowledge is due for all the course coordinators in the Department of UG (B.Tech)
and the other faculty members for their kind cooperation.

It is a pleasure for us to acknowledge the affection and inspiration of Parents for their
extreme tolerance and encouragement during entire course.

We would also thank all his friends who are involved directly or indirectly during the
project work.

Project Associate
KAVAIA . DEEPTHI

xiv

(12JE1A0411)

DECLARATION
This is to certify that the work reported in thesis titled, submitted in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Eswar College of Engineering,
Kesanupalli in the partial fulfillment of degree for the award of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY, and is a bonafide work done by me.

The reported results are based on the project work entirely done by me and not copied
from any other source.

KAVALA . DEEPTHI

12JE1A0411

xv