Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
II
m
Bill SSililii
It?
iBSmBBBMil
III
ml tlml
URBANA
E
I,
Inf
0L G'CAL SURVEY
00004 3061
STATE OF ILLINOIS
Chief
URBANA
CIRCULAR NO.
49
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
BY
RALPH
E.
GRIM
Marine
Reprinted
Recent
(The
Association
from
American
Sediments
Petroleum
of
Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, September, 1939)
URBANA, ILLINOIS
1939
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
RALPH
E.
GRIM
ABSTRACT
Analyses of many clays by X-ray, optical, chemical and dehydration methods
ha\e shown that clays generally are aggregates of extremely minute crystalline particles of one or more species of a small group of minerals known as the clay minerals.
There are three important groups of clay minerals: namely, kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite. The optical, chemical, base-exchange, dehydration, and lattice structural
characteristics of the clay minerals are considered.
Replacements within the lattice of the illite and montmorillonite minerals, chiefly
~
Al~ + for 5i ++++ and Mg ++ for Al +++ are considered in relation to base-exchange
capacity and particle size characteristics. Physical properties of clays are considered
also in relation to the structure of their constituent clay minerals and the character
of the exchangeable bases that are present. In general plasticity, bond strength, and
shrinkage are relatively high for montmorillonite clays and low for kaolinite clays.
In illite clays these properties vary from low to moderately high. Comprehensive information on the influence of specific exchangeable bases and physical properties remains for future researches. Present data are scant and somewhat conflicting.
The distribution of clay minerals in various types of argillaceous sediments is
considered. Also the origin of the clay minerals based on synthesis experiments and
weathering studies is reviewed.
Clay mineralogy must be considered in making and interpreting mechanical analyses of argillaceous materials, because the clay minerals are affected differently by
diagenetic processes and break down on disaggregation with different degrees of
ease.
CONSTITUTION OF CLAYS
Analyses of many clays by X-ray, optical, chemical, and dehydration
methods have shown that clays generally are aggregates of extremely
minute particles of one or more species of a small group of minerals known
as the clay minerals (19, 30, 45, 49, 98, 132). Kaolinite cannot correctly
be considered as the main constituent of all clays, as many clays contain
may
also contain,
organic material.
of a clay
is
The
Aluminum hydrates
and
in
some
received,
May 14,
1938.
Illinois State
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
467
CLAY MINERALS
In recent years detailed mineralogical analyses have been
large
number
made
of a
(31, 46)
and
of different clays,
illite.
Almost
all
clays are
composed
of
three groups. Other clay minerals occur in few clays, generally in minor
amounts.
KAOLINITE GROUP
The
chief
member
of this
group
is
kaolinite
in this group.
They
definitely.
MONTMORILLONITE GROUP
its
it is
which has a Si0 2 to AI2O3 molecular ratio of 3 and nonin which aluminum has been replaced by ferric iron are
Beidellite (90)
tronite (59),
reputedly
(39) in
members
(96,
classed as a montmorillonite.
ILLITE
The
GROUP
by various workers,
is
close
muscovite, and that the composition varies within limits which have
They suggested
the
name
illite
for this
group of clay minerals and recently advanced the general formula (46)
(OH) JC 7 (A k Fe* MgfMgfi) (Sig-y i4/ 7 )0 2 o, in which the value of 7
varies
from about
of variations of
specific
names
members
to
of the
members.
illite
group,
it
may
be desirable to give
RALPH
468
E.
GRIM
H alloysite
minerals (134).
of the halloysite
minerals awaits the analysis of additional clays, but work to date suggests that they are not very widely distributed.
Mehmel
shown
(OH)isAlWt>
(107) has
Hendricks (64) has suggested the names hydrated halloysite and halloysite,
Allophane.
work shows
which
it
was
first
name
halloysite
applied.
for
may
vary.
Many
mineral
such material.
or allophaneton (144,
is
Ross and
Kerr) and the montmorillonite minerals are more acid soluble than the
other clay minerals, but the use of allophane based on acid solubility has
no mineralogical
significance (92,
Magnesium
is
ignored.
clay minerals.
Evidence
is
common
members
constituents of clays.
Some
lonite.
of the montmorillonite
Fersman
is
not
clear.
tween paramontmorillonite and parasepiolite, which he called palygorskites. Paramontmorillonite and parasepiolite were considered to be
acicular forms of montmorillonite and sepiolite. The xylotile group was
considered to contain the iron analogues of the palygorskites.
De Lap-
parent (25) has suggested on the basis of thermal analysis that palygorskites are mixtures of kaolinite and sepiolite.
Considerations of possible minerals in a series between hydrous
aluminum
in the
silicates
X-ray
morillonite.
and
sepiolite
diffraction
De Lapparent
(23, 26)
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
clay minerals
The name
of
that
is, all
469
is
is
believed to be flake-like.
established.
Von
properly be classed as clay minerals have been found. Also there remain
in the light of
or specific minerals.
An example
of such material
bravaisite.
is
The
(94),
and have as
and the
density
precisely. Kaolinite
vary from
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
The
I.
The
known
uniformly and fairly precise measurements (14) can be obtained from the
aggregates.
Correns and
Mehmel
indices of refraction of
liquids.
pacity.
The variation is greatest for minerals of high base-exchange caVan Baren concluded that liquids that contain the (NH2) group
RALPH
47
1)
cfl
'-2
*-
So
aj
ihim
X> <o
^o
-O
CN
1
</)
OJ
tn
GJ
cu
en
rt
-O
r&
J3
3
o
3
O
JO.
d
3
o
d
3
O
X>
xi.
X!
xJL
II
ii
xjl
II
V
d
X!
Cfl
flj
GRIM
E.
>^
<U
cn
5
II
o 9
pq
^
s s
*-S
X
xg
pq
pq
3
o
03
II
X
||
>?
PQ
pq
pq
pq
CN
iH|N
PO
fl*
it
>
0)
cn
*3
IO
'C
o
9
d
o
9
A
a
/
Optica
acter
Char-
>> >
AV V
aa a
O^-s
>.
+- +
o
CN
i
i
00
OO
cn
>o
VO
1
VO
O
VO
vo
OIO
vo
VO
1
11
<N
vO
to
vO
VO
<N0
PO
^3
VO
IO
<u
cn
cn
PO
'c
^O
l"
l"
PO
>o
PO
O
l"
IO
M
o
H
a
**-]
C/5
t^
>o
d
9
d
B
cn
9
PO
vo
IO
vO
CN
OO
cu
c
jd
IO
<*
0*
On
io
"o
T T -
o
o
IO
l_l
i_J
PO
'?
VO
IO
VO
r^
VO
PO
IO
R)
rt
6
cfl
'c
O
E
c
o
B
o
l"
4-1
>%-^
>,J=
be
VO
PO
bC
>-.
2^;d
'^j
CJ
>"35
<4-l
CU
v-<
VO
*o
PO
VO
C/2
CU
,_,'
O
<*
CJ
o3
4J
t^
VO
CN
VO
VO
VO
*
*7*
'm
vO
CN
vO
VO
VO
tJ"
tJ-
en
cu
VO
VO
VO
VO
vO
VO
PO
IO
VO
vO
VO
CJ
vO
vO
vo
vo
vo
l^-
VO
vo
'
"
1-5
PO
to
"
vO
VO
VO
>
,3
v-i
CU
_3
O
9
<
*o
<u
B
o
en
>^
B^
13
-"^
CU
id
0)
Kaolini
cd
cu
<U
0)
cu
"
"S
^o
id
'
cu
vq
vq
"
3
O
.9
C/3
r
o
II
II
CJ
VO
po
"e3
II
vo
O
"5
J2
_o
oO
o
?-
3
O
PO
Anauxii
CJ
o
9
c
o
<u
'3
'5
a;
-*%
CD
(ha] Mehi
C/5
Hydrat
"2
site
en
cu
cu
1>
ci
3
O
M
la3
O
*>
e-ti cu
g C =5
O
o o
<*5 != 3
bo
bC
03
<u
3
cu
'33
>>
of
cd
CX
13
c)
to
jd
0.
^rt
cu
be
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
47i
~ ^
h-5
^J
&<
>;
t ,5 Id
=3
o
s
^
3 5^3
^
cTC-a
J-H
t-H
.ti .t}
x>
2
a,
2u
<+-<
T3 TJ
RALPH
472
E.
GRIM
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Analytical data to show the chemical composition of the clay minerals
are given in Table II.
The
kaolinite
and
do not
aluminum have been found. In the kaolinite minerals (133) the molecular
silica to alumina ratio varies, and there seems also to be a variation in the
water content. The composition of members of the illite (51) and montmorillonite (135) groups varies between wide limits because of replace-
ment
ratio,
of aluminum by
and the presence
a variable molecular
ferric iron,
amounts
of variable
of alkalies
silica to
and
R2O3
alkali earths.
Allophane (134) may vary within wide limits. Little is known of the
precise composition of the magnesium clay minerals (26, 155), but con-
no doubt be found.
The
and the
makeup
it
to be
diffi-
from
its
BASE-EXCHANGE CAPACITY
Base-exchange capacity
Table
III.
The
important groups
halloysite minerals
is
seem
to
not known.
least, the
capacity
TABLE
is
fairly high.
III
Montmorillonite
Illite
3-15
Kaolinite
Exchange capacity
is
known
to
size.
Kelley (81)
silicate minerals.
Other aspects of
dehydration properties
of
1.
Several
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
X ^\
473
^-'
X'
//
/
I
^*
"
/
r
ia
Ul
O
K
7
1
Ul
a.
/
/
10
-i
|
1
"
1
/
e
1
o^
/^
>
-*-"
I
/
r
o
'
l
r
i
/^
S*
-f/
7
L\
100
200
300
400
500
600
800
700
900
TEMPERATURE C
KA0LINITE
HALLOYSITE
LUTE
ALLOPHANE
MONTMORILLONITE
Dehydration
i.
RALPH
474
E.
GRIM
work by Kelley
means
must be used with considerable caution
Recent researches
of the
(11)
is lost
in units
providing a step-like curve. Recent work also indicates that the hydration
characteristics in this temperature range vary with the character of the
on
this point
commercial utilizations of
is
clays.
LATTICE STRUCTURE
Two
(9, 51, 57, 63, 67, 68, 69, 94, 96, 107).
One
unit
is
structural
which consists
except
all
the possible
The second
SuO^ when
re-
may be
The
silicon
atoms are
The
is satisfied
silica
2).
The
structural
units are stacked one above another in the direction of the c-axis,
and
they are loosely held together with water present between the units. The
c
an expanding
lattice.
is
said to
have
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
475
the unit the charge can be assumed to have the strength necessary to
The charge
is
lattice to
may
may
enter
be considered that
y\/W b
expand. It
9.6- 2I.4A +
404 2(0H)
J
C-AXIS
40
2(0H)
b-AXIS
MONTMORILLONITE
Fig.
2.
(0Hfc,AI 4 Si e
20
montmorillonite
of
which
it
is
built
up
RALPH
476
E.
GRIM
ture; that
f+H by
"
is, 6'i"
9A
"^Vfe^D
T.
10. OA
6
4-ySi yAl
C-AXIS
2(0H) + 40
AU'Fe4Mg4-Mg
o'
Xj
2(0H)+ 4
A-y
6
Si
yAl
yK
b
AXIS
is
illite.
limited to an
amount
AI+++.
fied
insufficient to
The
by potassium
of expanding. It
illite is satis-
ions
may
through the potassium ions. Figure 3 shows that the illite and montmorillonite structures are similar except for the replacement in the tetrahedral layer with the resulting potassium ions and the absence of ex-
illite
illite
are replaceable
when they
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
ments
some
which
of
477
may provide an
excess charge
illite,
expand and make available a huge surface area between the units for
base exchange. As a consequence, exchange capacity is lower for illite
than for montmorillonite. Also because the unit layers are held together
tightly, illite does
down by
Both
and montmorillonite
illite
may
in gibbsite,
Mg^
carry some
i.e.,
in possible
in brucite positions.
\JVM\A
C
;jx
o
7.
p p
C\
6(OH)
ff
2A
4 Al
40 + 2(0H)
C-.AXiS
b- AXISKAOLINITE (OH) $
Fig.
The
4.
is
by iron or magnesium
of a gibbsite sheet
of the
aluminum
The
lattice struc-
silica to
have been
alumina ratio of
mem-
composed
To
10
proven.
Al4 Si 4
it
was
"
first
and
OH
to
The
is
when
and hence
is
small.
RALPH
478
E.
GRIM
down
As
it
follows that
surfaces
make up a very
particle.
To
may be
On
and because
of the
The water
film,
the flakes are probably oriented with moveof dipole ends. It has
that the flakes are held together more efficiently through oriented dipoles,
effect is
On the surface of the flakes of some clay minerals, there are positions
where exchangeable cations can be held. Different cations possess different hydration properties (34, 35, 157); for example, the hydration of the
sodium ion is much greater than that of the calcium ion, which in turn is
greater than that of the hydrogen ion. It
its
may
the thickness of the water film around the clay mineral flake.
controlling factor in the thickness of the water envelope
is
further
the distance
of the flake at
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
bentonites, which are
composed
of montmorillonite, swell
The
and composition
479
etc.,
little
i.e.,
may
or not at
plasticity,
be ascribed
markedly
in
all.
bonding strength,
size
on working with water and the attractive force between particles, and
(2) to the character of the exchangeable base. By composition is meant
makeup
the
Mg^
Two
replacements
may
be expected to
of montmorillonite,
on the surface of the clay mineral flake results from both the struc-
nomenon
of plasticity results
The phe-
tending to draw the clay mineral flakes together, the thickness of water
film keeping the flakes apart,
film.
film because of
low dehydration ability would on the basis of this concept yield a sticky
plastic mass.
is
held a greater
is
may be
much
on the properties
of clays,
disrupt the
makeup
two lubricated
it
would
between
etc.,
known tendency
owing
a lubricant.
The
well
is
well
known that colloidal organic material inThe exact mechanism of the effect is not
The
field for
Data
is
needed research.
at
morillonite,
of
mont-
RALPH
480
E.
GRIM
It follows
of
number
of extremely
of
the development of the water film on the flakes, and with the attractive
force
between
The
or
state in clays.
great
of plasticity of
such clays will be high. Also, the huge surface area for the development
of
will
be relatively high. The great surface area that possesses attractive force
suggests that the bonding power will also be high. Although the attractive
force,
because
it
ually, the
huge
effect will
be
number
mass
large.
ment
is
on
illite
their surfaces.
and
development
illite
area in an
of
illite
when
are larger
volume
worked
than those of montthe clay
of clay.
The
is
total surface
Some
illite
illite
shows
clays.
much
less plasticity,
bond
strength,
etc.
This varia-
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
481
amount of replacement
~
Al'] H~ in the silica tetrahedral sheets of the lattice.
When
nite;
by
when they
is
amount
of such
replacement.
The
The
units of
the c-axis so that in the presence of water the mineral does not tend to
Clay composed
of kaolinite
may
flakes.
some
illite
clays.
There
is,
illite
it
agreement with the well known fact (32) that a small amount of montadded to clays of low plasticity
and bond strength greatly increases these properties. For these reasons
wide variety of
clays (14, 49, 50), the writer has reached the conclusion that the unfired
amount
that
is
by the
type
abundance
illite
may be
is
studied.
all
proportion to the
may
Only by fractionation
become
evident.
be too small to
may
be largely
RALPH
482
GRIM
E.
which are
many
preted.
The
plasticity
is
amount
inter-
an added
difficulty.
its
By
character,
characteristics
is
some reason
may
there
vary with
some
properties,
is
cations, particularly
the structural units along the c-axis with a consequent break-up of the
clay particle into extremely minute flakes. There
for spreading of the structural units of a
number
The character
H+
Na+ montmorillonite
of smaller flakes
than an
properties because of
its
is
much
less
tendency
montmorillonite clay so
clay will be
made up
H+ montmorillonite
clay.
clay
that
Na+
dration, such as
H+ and
low hydration,
low hy-
and
may be
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
483
drying shrinkage (30). Clays with Al+++ ) Fe+++ have lower shrinkage
than those carrying Ca++ and Mg++ and these clays in turn have less
,
Na+ ion.
Green strength tends to be higher for + clays than for clays carrying
Na+ Clays with the divalent ions possess an intermediate strength. In
.
some
is
known
that
and a dry
H+ bentonites
have higher green strength than Na+ bentonites and that frequently
Na+ bentonites have greater dry strength than + bentonites. The ex-
is
by no means
clear,
but
it
strength
is
more
water film on
It
is
well
by
and development
of the
the flakes.
all clays with high ability for removing
composed of members of the montmorillonite group
illite, and that the efficiency of many of them is in-
that almost
are
oil
or certain types of
creased
is
known
would seem to be
and + That
Na+
as exchangeable cations.
Work on
Data
make
understanding of
growing body of
known
list
fail
to determine its
Kaolinite
commonly
clays,
is
in a relatively
pure
many
sedimentary
Tertiary clays of the Coastal Plains of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf
of
(19,
soils
RALPH
484
E.
GRIM
Nacrite and dickite occur mostly where there has been hydrothermal
in sediments. Kaolinite may also have such
but as Ross and Kerr (133) have suggested, much
of the so-called kaolinite of hydrothermal origin is probably nacrite or
alteration,
mode
of occurrence,
dickite.
Anauxite
is
not a
common
is
(1).
They
also
minerals for the reason that the minerals themselves await precise study
and
classification.
Data on
minum
of
hydrous
alu-
silicates.
In the
field of
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
485
when
the
or
MO'.AhOz
Sericite
MgO
ratio
is less
than 0.2:1.
When
the
MgSOi
leads to
K, and
Na do not.
In the system Al203-Si02-H 2 0-K 2
in
formed
centration, montmorillonite
is
in
is
formed instead
in the acid.
Above 4ooC.
of kaolinite.
Ewell and Insley (36) have synthesized kaolinite and beidellite under
by Noll. Early synthesis
work
is difficult
development
of
X-ray
of identifying the
which has
been reviewed by Rosier (131), Harrassowitz (j6i), and Ross and Kerr
(133). Hydrothermal versus supergene origin and the character of acid
soils.
Schwarz (140) and his colleagues have concluded that in the change
feldspar to kaolinite there
and alumina
is first
of
into silica
Soil studies
kaolinite or halloysite
erals
sols followed
RALPH
486
material
is
relatively
unimportant
E.
if
GRIM
the soil forming process
is
long
continued, and that climate and land form are the important factors.
Rainfall, temperature, drainage, plant cover,
mine the
pH of
etc.,
Much work
is
relation of
only beginning
to appear.
Bray
(12) has
forming in
of the montmorillonite
Von Englehardt
and
group are
and
have pointed out that constituents of several German soils
belong to the same group. Several soils from the southern part of the
United States have been investigated by Bray and the writer in unIllinois soils.
(156)
also Correns
Schliinz (18)
and Fry
(62),
halloysite,
suggested that
soil colloids
pH
pH
of the soil
might be expected that at say pH 4.5 colloidal material reasonsilica would form and at say pH 7.5 laterization would take
place. Mattson has indicated that this is in agreement with the tendency
of laterites and kaolinites to occur in the warm regions, and with the
available data on the chemical composition of soil colloids. There is a
suggestion that less siliceous material, that is, hydroxides, kaolinite and
halloysite tend to form under warm climatic conditions, and more
siliceous material, that is, the montmorillonite minerals tend to form
content,
it
ably high in
The
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
The
The
known except
487
that
commonly
it is
is
formed
rather than kaolinite have not yet been ascertained. Likewise the factors
and
the prime
is
not
mode
itself
Illite is
altered
by weathering
be
considered later.
any attempt
The
is
silt
many
size
or properties
and
to permit a
of the
mineral constituents. Clay mineral studies indicate that certain characteristics of these
chanical analyses.
is
in the plane of
Such a process
will
by
it
to
cleaving
is
easily dispersed
shows a particle
making mechanical analyses
all of it
by simple
size of 1 or less
agitation in
Clearly in
RALPH
488
E.
GRIM
should break
some
illite
down more
of clays has
down
and that
number
shown that the montmorillonite minerals and some illite
easily.
Study
of a large
may
The
and other
illite
clays measure
laceous materials
is
little
of disaggregation.
changes in
argil-
size
must be considered
mechanical
if
is
no longer adequate
to designate
should include data regarding the kind and amount of clay minerals
present.
finest
coarser grades.
have shown
illite,
kaolinite,
and montmorillonite-
type material. Data on the clay minerals in these limestones and dolomites proved to be of significance in correlation, in working out geologic
history,
and
in certain
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
489
may
be associated with
diagenesis
chemical studies
is
great need
for careful
may
may
be worked out.
are,
first
There
permit a
There
of
and min-
and illite minerals are very similar (46) It is easily conceivable that
a mud composed of montmorillonite in the presence of available potash
would take up the alkali and be changed to illite. Montmorillonite has
high adsorptive ability and the structural change would be small. Possibly
in fresh water such a change would not take place whereas it would in
salt waters. Noll's (113) synthesis work suggests that the pH of the environment and the character of the alkali or alkali earth present would
lonite
be controlling factors.
On
the other
ments, and
This
mode
may
hand
it is
illite is
a prime constituent of
many
of
soils.
argillaceous sedi-
illite
change
is
tion.
soils
may
develop in
of reasoning
would lead
tendency to adsorb
little
morillonite, or
It
are
known
RALPH
490
The
E.
minerals,
and
changed to
it
some
may be
changes of the magnesium clay minerals
is
kaolinite. Possible
GRIM
into
of the environ-
ment.
LIST OF
i.
Allen, V.
T.,
REFERENCES2
of California,"
Am.
Min.,
3.
4.
Sci., 36,
of
6.
7.
*8.
*g.
10.
11.
12.
13.
*i4.
15.
*i6.
*ij.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Black,
U.S.Dept.ofAgr. 1935.
Correns, C.
Scientific Results of
23.
24.
De
Lapparent,
J.,
of Attapulgite,"
and Eng.
Compt. Rend.,
2
Articles marked with an asterisk either are comprehensive in scope or contain
extensive bibliographies.
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
25.
"The Place
Compt.
*26.
of Montmorillonite in the
491
group
of Phyilite Silicates,"
Kaolin Formation,"
of
Chemie,
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
*34.
*35.
*36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
*44.
*45.
of Minerals
and
Sci., Ill,
*46.
Soc.
May,
Am.
Cer.
1939.
"Petrology of the Pennsylvanian Shales and Non-Calcareous Underclays of Illinois,' Bull. Am. Cer. Soc, 14, pp. 1 13-19, 129-34, 170-76. 1935.
48. Grim/R. E., and Bradley, W. F., "A Unique Clay from the Goose Lake, Illinois, Area," /. Am. Cer. Soc. May, 1939.
49. Grim, R. E., and Bray, R. H., "The Mineral Constitution of Various Ceramic
Clays," /. Am. Cer. Soc, 19, pp. 307-15. 1936.
50. Grim, R. E., Bray, R. H., and Bradley, W. F., "The Constitution of Bond
Clays and Its Influence on Bonding Properties," Trans. Am. Foundrymen's
Assoc, VII, pp. 211-28. 1936.
"The Mica in Argillaceous Sediments," Am. Min., 22, pp. 813-29.
*S 1
193747-
52.
53.
Grim, R. E., Lamar, J. E., and Bradley, W. F., "The Clay Minerals in Illinois
Limestones and Dolomites," Jour. Geol., 45, pp. 829-43. J 937Grout, F., "The Plasticity of Clay," Trans. Am. Cer. Soc, 14, p. 71. 1912.
RALPH
492
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
*6i.
*62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
*72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
E.
GRIM
Gruner,
1929.
78.
Joseph, A.
79.
Kastner,
80.
Katz,
F.,
F.,
"Clay as
"X-Ray
1930.
J. R.,
"The Laws
of Swelling," Trans.
Faraday Soc,
1933.
*8i.
Kelley, W. P., and Jenny, H., "The Relation of Crystal Structure to BaseExchange and Its Bearing on Base-Exchange in Soils," Soil Sci., 41, pp. 367-82.
1936.
82.
Kelley, W.
Exchange,"
P.,
"The
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
83.
*84.
85.
86.
493
P., Jenny, H., and Brown, S. M., "Hydration of Minerals and Soil
Colloids in Relation to Crystal Structure," Soil Sci., 41, pp. 259-74. 1936.
Kelley, W.
Kelley, W. P., Dore, W. H., and Brown, S. M., "The Nature of the BaseExchange Material of Bentonites, Soils, and Zeolites as Revealed by Chemical
Investigation and X-Ray Analysis," Soil Sci., 31, pp. 25-45. 1931.
Kerr, P. F., "Attapulgus Clay," Am. Min., 22, p. 534. 1937.
"Montmorillonite and Smectite as Constituents of Fuller's Earth and
,
Ksanda, C.
89.
Lehmann,
94.
Maegdefrau,
E.,
Zeit.f. Krist.,
*95-
299-
323. 1937.
96. Marshall, C.
97.
"Base-Exchange Equilibria
Chem. Ind.,
Zeit. f. Krist.,
1933.
*98.
Silts
and Clays,"
Zeit.f. Krist.,
"The Orientation
Faraday Soc,
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
of Anisotropic Particles in
1926.
106.
Halloysite,
and Montmorillonite,"
,
"The Structure of Halloysite and Metahalloysite," Zeit. f. Krist., 90,
pp. 35-43. 1935.
*io8. Meyer, W. W., "Colloidal Nature and Related Properties of Clays," /. Res
U. S. Bur. of Standards, 13, pp. 245-58. 1934.
109. Mueller, J., "Electric Treatment of Argillaceous Earths," Chem. and Ind.,
107.
no. Nagelschmtdt,
in.
RALPH
494
*ii2.
*i 13.
114115.
116.
117118.
119.
E.
GRIM
1937.
120.
of
1933.
121.
Nutting,
P. G., "Adsorption
Sci.,
122.
Acad.
*i23. Orcel, J., "The Use of Differential Thermal Analysis in Determining the Constituents of Clays, Laterites, and Bauxites," Congress Int. Min. Met., I, pp.
359-71. 1935.
124.
Pauling,
L.,
"The Structure
of
127.
128.
129.
130.
3,
Roborgh, R. ){. J., and Kolkmeijer, N. H., "On the Structure of the Adsorption Complex of Clays," Zeit.f. Krist., 94, pp. 74-79. 1936.
Robinson, W. O., and Holmes, R. S., "The Chemical Composition of Soil
Colloids," Bull. 1311, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1931.
1 93 1.
PROPERTIES OF CLAY
495
143. Staley,
Tran.
F.,
Am.
1911.
149.
Urbain,
Aluminum
Silicates,"
Com p. Rend.
*i5o.
Rocks.
154.
d.
Von Weimarn,
New
159.
"WASSHER'S"
ftfeuARf BINDERS
507
S.
Goodwin
Urbana,
I1L