Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Markets
Industrial
Common
Refrigerants
NH3
R134a
R404A/507
R22, R290
Transport
R134a
R404A
Refrigeration
Food Retail
Refrigeration
Foodservice
A/C
Commercial
A/C
Residential
R404A/507
R407A, R22
R134a
CO2
R404A/507
R407A, R22
R134a
R290
R410A
R407C
R22
(R32 Asia)
R410A
R22
(R32 Asia)
Semi-Hermetic
Scroll
Hermetic
Scroll
Units
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Hermetic
Semi-Hermetic
Scroll
Hermetic
Rotary
Common
Compressor
Technologies
Screw
Reciprocating
Scroll
Units
100%
100
90%
%
1996
CAP
65%
65%
32.5% - 2025
2.5% - 2030
0% - 2040
50
25%
10%
0
1999
2004
No New
Equipment EU
US
2010
No New
Equipment US
2015
2020
2013
Freeze
A5 Nations
EU
A5 Nations
As Of January 2013, Article 5 Countries Start Process Of Phasing Out HCFC R22
3
Europe
F-Gas Regulation Under Revision
Propose Specific Application
Bans On High GWP Fluids (i.e.
R404A In Commercial
Refrigeration)
GWP-Based Phase-Down Is Also
Being Considered
Refrigerant
R134a
R125
R143a
R32
R404A
R507
R407C
R410A
Today
100%
Carbon Price
100
%
1996
CAP
29.90
64.40
87.40
14.95
74.98
75.90
35.09
39.68
90%
65%
65%
32.5% - 2025
2.5% - 2030
0% - 2040
50
25%
10%
0
1999
US
EU
A5 Nations
2004
No New
Equipment EU
2010
No New
Equipment US
2015
2013
Freeze
A5 Nations
2020
NAP
Devel'd Countries
NA Proposal
Non A5 Countries
100%
NAP
A5 Countries
80%
NA Proposal
A5 Countries
60%
40%
20%
0%
2005
F-Gas Proposal
2010
2015
2020
F-Gas Proposal
Reserved Right To
Amend Based On Any
International
Agreement Allowance
For NAP Adoption
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2055
Pressure
Or
Capacity
A3 Flammable
B2L Toxic, Mildly Flam.
New Replacement
Refs
Todays Refs
CO2
DP: DR5
400-675
HWL: L41
ARK: ARM 70
R-410A
Like
R404A &
R407/22
Like
NH3
R410A
< 1500
DP: DR33
HWL: N20, N40
ARK: ARM 32
R290
R134a
Like
R123-Like
(V.Low Pr.)
R32
HFO 1234yf
HFO 1234ze
~600
DP: XP10
HWL: N13
R407F R407A
R404A
R407C
R22
(3922)
R134a
500
1000
GWP Level
1500
2000
Qualitative Chart
Not To Scale
Working Pressures
Physical Properties
Energy
(Annual / Peak Energy)
Technology Changes
Stratospheric Ozone
(Montreal Protocol)
LCCP
(Life Cycle Climate
Performance)
Direct
Global
Warming
~10%
Holistic Approach:
Safety
Performance
Environment
Economics
Refrigerant
Leakage
Leak during life
1. life
Leak
Rate leak
End of
recovery
2. Charge
Amount
Leak
during production
3. Refrigerant GWP
Indirect
Global
Warming
~90%
Energy
Consumption
Energy used during life
Source
energy
4. EnergyofConsumed
Embodied energy of all material
5.
Source Of Energy
used for manufacturing of fluid
Pressure
Or
Capacity
A3 Flammable
B2L Toxic, Mildly Flam.
New Replacement
Refs
Todays Refs
CO2
DP: DR5
400-675
HWL: L41
ARK: ARM 70
R-410A
Like
R404A &
R407/22
Like
NH3
R410A
< 1500
DP: DR33
HWL: N20, N40
ARK: ARM 32
R290
R134a
Like
R123-Like
(V.Low Pr.)
R32
HFO 1234yf
HFO 1234ze
~600
DP: XP10
HWL: N13
R407F R407A
R404A
R407C
R22
(3922)
R134a
500
1000
GWP Level
1500
2000
Qualitative Chart
Not To Scale
R32
New L-41
DR-5
GWP = 2088
GWP = 675
GWP = 460
GWP = 500
Pros/Cons:
Lower Applied Cost
Attributes
Pros/Cons:
Low Applied Cost
Lower GWP
R32
< R410
~ R410
20% Less
10% Less
+3-4%
+Displacement
-1% to +1%
-2% to +0%
H/P Capacity
+1-5%
+Displacement
HSPF
+1-2%
-1% to +2%
Depends On Appl.
Not Required
New Oil
10
Pros/Cons:
High Applied Cost
Industry
Evaluation
Will
Continue
On R32
and New
L-41
Sample Only
R22
Mild-Flammable**
Flammable
A3
A1
A1
A2L
R22
N20 etc
L20 etc
R407C
N20 etc
L20 etc
R410A
R32
R134a
R290
XP10, N13,..
1234yf/ze,..
Path
MEA
If A Countrys Energy Standards Require For The HVAC Sector & Design Cost Can Be Justified
If Additional Cost (Above And Beyond Cost In Path 3 For A2L Reasons) Can Be Justified
Pressure
Or
Capacity
A3 Flammable
B2L Toxic, Mildly Flam.
New Replacement
Refs
Todays Refs
CO2
DP: DR5
400-675
HWL: L41
ARK: ARM 70
R-410A
Like
R404A &
R407/22
Like
NH3
R410A
< 1500
DP: DR33
HWL: N20, N40
ARK: ARM 32
R290
R134a
Like
R123-Like
(V.Low Pr.)
R32
HFO 1234yf
HFO 1234ze
~600
DP: XP10
HWL: N13
R407F R407A
R404A
R407C
R22
(3922)
R134a
500
1000
GWP Level
12
1500
2000
Qualitative Chart
Not To Scale
R407Series Of
HFCs
Would Be
Similar
>65%
>90%
13
Sample Only
R22
R404A
R134a
Mild-Flammable**
Flammable
A1
A1
A2L
A3
R22
N20 etc
L20 etc
R404A
N40 etc
L40 etc
R407A/F
N40 etc
L40 etc
R134a
XP10 etc
1234yf/ze
WI, RI, FS
CO2/134a
CO2/XP10
CO2/1234
Smkt.
CO2 Trans
Smkt.
R290
Path
1
For Large & Small Ref. Systems Better LCCP Than R404A; Neutral To Better Effy.
For Large Ref Systems (And Vending Machines) Better LCCP Than R404A
If Addl. Cost For Safety Of A3 Refrigerant Can Be Justified & In Small Systems
For Large Industrial Ref. Systems, Ammonia Currently Used (Not Shown)
RI, FS
14
Smkt = Supermarket
WI = Walk-In
RI = Reach-In
FS = Food Service (Ice etc)
LCCP = Life Cycle Climate Performance
HPMP = HCFC Phaseout Management program
Summary
Clarity on Choice of Refrigerant For The Short Term Critical For
Industry To Move Forward
R410a Current Choice To Replace HCFCs
Will Make The Current Regulations Being Implemented
Although Proven Technology Will Need Time To Adopt