CONTENTS

Chapter No.

Title

CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ';TABI,ES

1.1

I'RKEAMBLE

SC'CII'E AND OBJECTIVES

13

I'Kfil'llOliS WOKE;
I .3 1 Irltefnational Scenario
1.3 1 . 1 General

E .3.1.2 Studies on lithaiogy corltrolled

aquifer systerrl
1.3.I .3 Studies on stnscture csntralled

aquifer systems
1.3.1.3 Studies an aquifer parameter

f 5.1.5 Studies on Numerical Modelling evaluatia~l

1.3.2 National Scenario

1.3.2.1 General

1.1.2.2 Basic goundwater exploration

I .3.2.3 Studies srr aquifer paritrneters
1.3.2.4 011coastal aquifers of India

1.4

Madras metropolitan environment

1.4.1 Population

1.4.1.1 Population density

1.4.2 Vegetation

1.4.3 Climate
1.4.4 Surface water resources

1.4.5 Probler~is
1.4.5.1 Denland for water
1.4.5.2 Supply

1.3.6 Projected water needs

1.4.7 Wastage
1.4.7.1 Pollution by industrial effluent
1.4.8 Other factors affecting groundwater pollutior~
1.4.8.1 Buckingha~n.Canal

1.4.8.2 Sea water intrusion

1.5

Order of presentation

1,I

Il'llysiography

2.1

L>rainrtge

22.1 Surfrfiici:drainage

2.2.2 Subsdace drainage

2.3

Landuse
2.3.1 Com~nerciallmduse
2.3.2 Industrial Imduse

2 3 . 3 Institutional h.nduse
2.3.4 Recreational use and open spaces

2.3.5 Metro structures: settlements

2.3.6 Transport

I11

2.4

Rernote sensing

2.5

Factors encouraging recharge

GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT
3.1

Introduction
3.1.1 Alluvial deposits
3 1.2 Li~nestorle

3.1.3 Volcanic rocks

3.1.4 Sandstone
3.1.5 Igneous and ~netmorphicrocks

3.1.6 Clay

32

Geology and structures

3.2.1 XrcIlearl crystalli~le
3.2.2 6iondwala and Tertiary sedirtlents

3.2.3 Recent Alluviu~n

3.3
4

S~atigraplzicsequence arzd sub - surfacc geology

I ccronics

6 .

3.5

Acjuikr geatnetw

4.1

Intraductiar~

4.2

Rainfall
4.2.1 Reitluirenxent;af additional rain gauges

4.3

'Temperatures

4.4

Other climatological factors

4.4.1 Humidity
4.4.2 Potential evaporation
4.4.3 Wind speed
4.4.4 Cloud amount

4.5

Rainfall volurl~es

HYDROGEOLOGY
5.1

lnaoduction

5.2

Types of aquifers and types of flow

70

5.2.1 Bounded aquifers

5 -2.2 Leaky aquifers

5.2.3 Water table aquifers

5 2 . 4 Anisofropic aquifers

5.2.5 Coastal aquifers

5.2.5.1 Basic principles
5.3

Beflavio~irof groundwater system

5 3.1. Depth to water level

5.3.3 Water \eve1 fluctuations
5,4

Aquifers geomuhy and boundary conditioris

55

Aquifers parameters
5.5. I Punping tests
5,5.1.1 Exhactisn stmctures
5.5.1 2 Fieid meswemenfs

5.5.1.3 Messurements of water levels

5.5.1.4 Time interval sf water level measwenlents

5.5.1 .S Discharge measurements

85

5.5.2 Computations
5.6

Results
5.6.1 Well co-ordinates

V1

HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY
Irlhaductian

Sampling and analysis of water

Expression of analysis
6.3.1 Precision and accuracy of analysis
Methods of interpretation
6.4. I Total dissolved salts

6 - 4 2 Electrical conductivity
6.4.3 Calciurx~carbonate saturation lridices
6.4.3.1 Equilibrium Ca nlehod

6.4.3.2 Equilibrium pH method

6.4.4 Schoeller's indices of base exchange
6 4.5 Schoeiler's water type
f,.iS.Qr

('or~osivityratio

tiraph~aalrepresciltatiorr
6 5.1 Mydrogeachernical facies
6.5.2 Piper's diagram

6.5.3 Manda's ~Iassifieation

Groundwattr hardness
Groundwater sitlinity atd sodium h w d
Stuyfmd's classification

Mcehmism cantrolling groundwater chemistry

6.9.1 Giltb's ratio

6.10 Modelling of geochemical patterns using numerical Analysis 138

VII

6.10.1 Principle component analysis

139

6.10.2 Factor analysis

140

GEOI'EIYSICAL STUDIES

7.1

Introduction

7.2

Methodology

151

7.2 1 Electrical resistivity metliods

7.3

Resistivity of geological formations

7.4

Vert~calelectrical sounding
7.4.1 Electrode configuration

7.4 2 Geo-electric parameters

75

Interpretation of VES data

7.5.I Qualitative interpretation

7.5.2 Qumtitativc interpretation

7.5.2. I Arxalytical rrxethad

7

fitlsrllts arid

discussion

7 6.1 Cjeoflydrslogic i~lterl]r&ation

7.6.2 Ileptfzwise: behaviour of resistivities

URBAN FVATER RESOURCE

I SO

8.1

Aquifers boundaries and groundwater storage

180

82

Integated approach

182

8.2. I Natural availability far human uses

182

8.2.2 Natural water resource system

1 84

Water budgeting

t 86

L'III

83

8.4

8.5

Problems and prospects

I87

8.4.1 Extraction

187

8.4.2 Factors affecting infiltration due to urbanisation

187

8.4.3 Factors of saline intrusion

189

8.4.4 Effects of industrial effluent

191

Modelling salinity intrusion

194

8.5. I Introduction

194

8.5.2 Evolutian of numerical concepts

I95

8.5.2.1 Concepts af Hubert

105

8.5.2.2 Glouer's solution

195

8.5.2.3 Cooper's solutio~l

196

8.5.2.4 I-fenry's solutiorl

136

8.5.2.5 Numerical approximation

197

8.5.2.6 Saltwater upconing

108

8.5.2.7 Madiernatical models

198

8.5.2.8 S f l q ) interfilct. rtppsoaches

199

8.5.2.9 Salttvater orlly

200

8.5.2.10 Dispersed interface approach

20 1

8.5.2.11 No11 - density deperrde~ltmodels

20 1

8.5 2.12 l"ensity dependent ~ ~ l o d e l s

202

8.5.2.13 Discussiorl of ay)proacttcs

203

8.5.3,14Model eatlsidered

304

8.5.2. IS One dixner~sionalapproximation of saltwater 204

8.5.2.16 Governing equations

204

8.6

Simulation sf saltwater intrusior~

208

8.7

Balance potential

268

8.7.1 Water demmd

208

8.7.2 Water supply

208

8.7.3 Waterdeficit
8.7.4 Results infe'erred

IX

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

9.1

Summary

Conclusion

REFERENCES