Summary of The Roadmap To Accelerate Achievement

Summary of the Roadmap to
Accelerate Achievement of the

MDGs in Indonesia
Foreword
Ten years ago, at the General Assembly of the United Na ons held in New York in September 2000,
Heads of State and representa ves from 189 countries adopted the Millennium Declara on
to confirm the global concern for the welfare of the people of the world. The objec ves of the
Declara on, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), place people as the main focus of
development and ar culate a set of interrelated goals as the agenda for development and global
partnership. Each goal has been translated into one or more targets with measurable indicators.
In Indonesia and other developing countries, the MDGs are used as a reference in formula ng
policies, strategies, and development programs. The Indonesian government has mainstreamed
the MDGs in all phases of development, from planning and budge ng to implementa on.
This approach has been outlined in the Na onal Long-Term Development Plan 2005-2025, the
Na onal Medium-Term Development Plans, 2005-2009 and 2010-2014, Annual Work Plans and
budget documents. Based on the na onal development strategy that is pro-growth, pro-jobs,
pro-poor, and pro-environment, alloca ons of public funding at the central and regional levels
have been increased annually to support the achievement of the MDG targets. In addi on,
produc ve partnerships between the Government, civil society organiza ons and the private
sector have made a vital contribu on towards accelera ng the achievement of the MDGs.
A er the economic crisis in 1997/1998 Indonesia implemented a series of reforms in various
fields which provided a strong founda on for the Indonesian people to return to a period of
high and sustainable economic growth. Economic growth and the strengthening of democracy
and social ins tu ons during the past ten years have supported the achievement of the MDGs.
Indonesia has already been successful in achieving several MDG targets. For example, in terms
of poverty reduc on, the propor on of the popula on living on less than USD 1 per day
has been reduced from 20.6 percent in 1990 to 5.9 percent in 2008. For several other MDG
targets significant progress has been achieved, and we are confident that other MDG targets
will be realized by 2015. Special a en on will be given to several MDG targets, including the
reduc on of maternal mortality and increasing the ra o of forest cover so that those targets
can be achieved by 2015.
This year, 2010, is a very important moment for Indonesia to again make a commitment to the
global declara on on the MDGs. Indonesia will work harder to con nue to improve the welfare
and quality of life of the people of Indonesia and to achieve the MDG targets on me. To that
end, the Government of Indonesia has formulated the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of
the MDGs. This Roadmap includes details concerning the present situa on, challenges faced,
as well as na onal development policies and strategies. Various approaches that need to be
implemented to accelerate the achievement of the MDG targets are also iden fied in this
Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia
iii
Roadmap. The informa on presented in this publica on is expected to contribute to a be er

understanding concerning the challenges faced and the steps that must be taken to achieve all
the MDG targets in Indonesia.
At the same me, the Government of Indonesia con nues to build an environment that allows all
components of society, including civil society organiza ons, and the private sector to par cipate
produc vely in a community-based, grass-roots movement to benefit all Indonesians. Success
in achieving the MDGs is highly dependent upon good governance, produc ve partnerships
among all components of society, and implementa on of a comprehensive approach to achieve
an inclusive pa ern of growth while improving public services and empowering communi es
in all regions.
Akhirul kalam, we thank and express gra tude to all those who have contributed to the
prepara on of this Roadmap. We hope that what we have produced will be useful for the
na on.
Prof. Dr. Armida S. Alisjahbana, SE, MA

Minister for Na onal Development Planning/
Head of the Na onal Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS)
iv
Acknowledgement
The Na onal Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) in Indonesia from 2010 to 2015 has been prepared by a Team consis ng of a Steering
Commi ee and a Technical Team / Working Group responsible to the Minister of Na onal
Development Planning / Head of BAPPENAS. The membership of the Team is presented in
Appendix 4 of the Roadmap.
To all members of the Prepara on Team we extend our gra tude and thanks for their hard
work and dedica on which have contributed to the comple on of the Roadmap.
Apprecia on and thanks are specifically extended to:
Prof. DR. Nila Moeloek, as the Special Envoy of the President for the MDGs, who has
guided the formula on process of this document.
Dr. Ir. Lukita Dinarsyah Tuwo, MA and Dra. Nina Sardjunani, MA who have coordinated
the prepara on while also maintaining quality assurance for the substance of this
Roadmap.
Dr. Ir. Rr. Endah Murniningtyas, MSc; Dr. Ir. Taufik Hanafi MUP; Dr. Ir. Subandi, MSc; Dr.
Arum Atmawikarta, SKM, MPH; Dr. Ir. Edi Eendi Tedjakusuma, MA; Dra. Tu Riya ,
MA; Ir. Wahyuningsih Daraja , MSc; Dra. Rahma Iryan , MT; Dr. Rd. Siliwan , MPIA;
Dadang Rizki Ratman, SH, MPA; Ir. Budi Hidayat, M.Eng.Sc; Ir. Wet Hernowo, MA; Ir.
Mon y Girianna, MSc, MCP, Ph.D.; Dr. Ir. Sri Yan , MPM, Ir. Adi Wismana Suryabrata,
MIA; Ir. Rahmana Yahya Hidayat, MSc; Woro Srihastu Sulistyaningrum, ST, MIDS;
Mahatmi Saronto Parwitasari, ST, MSIE; Ir. Yosi Tresna Diani, MPM; Dr. Ir. Arif Haryana,
MSc; Randy R. Wrihatnolo, MADM; Emmy Soeparmijatun, SH, MPM; Drs. Mohammad
Sjuhdi Rasjid; Dr. Sanjoyo, M. Ec; Fithriyah, SE, MPA, Ph.D.; Benny Azwir, ST, MM;
Imam Subek , MPS, MPH; Sularsono, SP, ME; Ahmad Taufik, S. Kom, MAP; Dr. Hadiat,
MA; Tri Goddess Virgiyan , ST, MEM; Dr. Hygiawa Nur Rahayu, ST, MSc; Ir. Tommy
Hermawan, MA; Ir. Nugroho Tri Utomo, MRPL Hamzah Riza, SE, MA; Erwin Dimas, SE,
DEA, Msi; Maliki, ST, MSIE, PhD; S. Happy Hardjo, M. Ec; Drs. Wynandin Imawan, MSc,
and Dr. Wendy Hartanto, MA who have contributed in providing data, informa on and
prepara on of the manuscript.
Our thanks are also extended to our development partners from the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) and the Australian Agency for Interna onal Development (AusAid), for their support
in the prepara on of this Roadmap, especially to Alan S. Prouty, MSc; Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Hidayat
Syarief, MS; Rooswan Soeharno, dr, MARS; Hjalte S.A. Sederlof, Ph.Lic (Econ.), MSc; and Sap a
Novadiana, and to all others who contributed to the prepara on of this document but that
cannot be men oned individually.
May the Roadmap be used by all interested par es both within government and the concerned
stakeholders in eorts to accelerate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals
by 2015.
Jakarta, August 2010

Minister for the Na onal Development Planning /
Head of the Na onal Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS)
Prof. Dr. Armida S. Alisjahbana, SE, MA
vi
Table of Contents
FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .....................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................
LIST OF MAPS ...................................................................................................................
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................
iii
v
vii
ix
xi
xi
xiii
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................
SUMMARY BY GOAL ........................................................................................................
OVERVIEW OF STATUS OF MDG TARGETS .......................................................................
GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER .................................................
Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the propor on
of people whose income is less than USD 1.00 (PPP) a day ........
1
9
15
23
25
Target 1B: Achieve full and produc ve employment and

decent work for all, including women and young people ...........
39
Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the propor on

of people who suer from hunger ..............................................
43
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION .....................................................

Target 2A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike,
will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling .......
49
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN ................................

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
educa on, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of educa on
no later than 2015.......................................................................
59
51
61
GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY RATE ......................................................................

Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015,
the under-five mortality rate ......................................................
69
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH ...........................................................................

Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015,
the Maternal Mortality Ra o .......................................................
Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproduc ve health..........
78
71
79
79
vii
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES .......................................

Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS .......................................................................................
91
93
Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS

for all those who need it ..............................................................
93
Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of Malaria and other major diseases ........................................... 101
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ..................................................... 111
Target 7A: Integra ng the principles of sustainable development in
na onal policies and programs and reversing the loss of
environmental resources ............................................................. 113
Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduc on in the rate of loss ......................................................... 120
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the propor on of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water and basic sanita on ...................... 122
Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in
the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers ............................. 129
GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT .................................. 133
Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable,
non-discriminatory trading and financial systems ....................... 136
Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing
countries through na onal and interna onal measures in
order to make debt sustainable in the long term......................... 141
Target 8F: In coopera on with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially informa on and
communica ons ........................................................................... 144
viii
List of Figures
Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.5.
Figure 1.6.
Figure 1.7.
Figure 1.8.
Figure 1.9.
Figure 1.10.
Figure 1.11.
Figure 1.12.
Figure 1.13.
Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.2.
Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.2.
Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.2.
Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.2.
Progress in reducing extreme poverty (USD1.00/capita/day) as

compared to the MDG target .................................................................
Long-term trends in poverty reduc on in Indonesia measured using the
indicator for Na onal Poverty Line and the target for 2015 ..................
The na onal trend in Indonesia of the Poverty Gap Index,
2002 to 2010...........................................................................................
The percentages of the popula on below the na onal poverty
line by major geographical region of Indonesia (2010) ..........................
Percentages of popula on below the na onal poverty line by
province of Indonesia, 2010 ...................................................................
The distribu on of Indonesias poor by urban and rural se ng
(1990-2010) ............................................................................................
The growth rate of labor produc vity (in percentages) for the
agriculture, industry and the service sector ...........................................
Employment to Popula on Ra o for urban and rural areas and for
the na onal level ....................................................................................
The propor on of vulnerable workers to total workers, 1990-2009 ......
Trend in the prevalence of underweight children under five years
of age (1989-2007) using the WHO 2005 standard and the MDG
Target for this indicator in 2015..............................................................
The prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
by province (2007) ..................................................................................
Trends in the average calorie consump on for rural and urban
households (2002-2009) .........................................................................
Trend in the desirable dietary pa ern (PPH) score of food
consump on for rural and urban households, 2002-2007 .....................
Trends for Net Enrolment Ra os for primary and junior secondary
educa on levels (including Madrasah) ...................................................
Net Enrolment Rate for primary school including Madrasah
by province, 2009 ...................................................................................
Gender Parity Index (GPI) of Net Enrolment Rates (NER) senior
secondary schools by province, 2009 .....................................................
Average monthly wages (Rp 000) of male and female workers
in non-agricultural sectors ......................................................................
Na onal trend Infant and Child Mortality per 1,000 live births .............
Propor on of one-year-old children immunized against measles,
by province 2007 ....................................................................................
Na onal trends and projec ons for the Maternal Mortality Ra o
1991-2025...............................................................................................
Percentage of births assisted by skilled provider, by provinces ,
2009 ........................................................................................................
25
26
27
27
28
29
40
41
43
44
45
46
52
52
62
63
72
73
80
80
ix
Figure 5.3.
Figure 5.4.
Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.3.
Figure 6.4.
Figure 6.5.
Figure 6.6.
Figure 6.7.
Figure 6.8.
Figure 6.9.
Figure 7.1.
Figure 7.2.
Figure 7.3.
Figure 7.4.
Figure 7.5.
Figure 7.6.
Figure 7.7.
Figure 7.8.
Figure 7.9.
Figure 8.1.
Figure 8.2.
Figure 8.3.
Figure 8.4.
Figure 8.5.
First and fourth antenatal visits, in Indonesia 1991- 2008 ..................... 81

Unmet needs, Indonesia 1991-2007 ...................................................... 82
AIDS cases per 100,000 popula on in Indonesia, 1989-2009................. 94
Number of AIDS cases in Indonesia, by province, 2009......................... 94
Distribu on of HIV Infec ons, by popula on group, 2009 ..................... 95
Cumula ve percentage on AIDS cases by age group, 2009 .................... 95
Percentage of unmarried women and men age 15-24 who have
ever had sex, who use condom at last sex, according to
background characteris c, 2007............................................................. 96
Propor on of men and woemn aged 15-24 with correct of
comprehensive knowledge about AIDS, by back ground characteris c,
Indonesia 2007 ....................................................................................... 97
Coverage of ART interven ons in Indonesia, 20062009 ....................... 97
Annual Parasites Incidence of Malaria, Indonesia 1990-2009 ................ 101
The Na onal Case Detec on Rate (CDR) and Success Rate (SR)
of TB (%) 1995-2009 ............................................................................... 106
The percentage of forest cover of the total land area of Indonesia
from 1990 to 2008 .................................................................................. 113
Total energy use of various types for the years 1990-2008
(equivalent to Barrels of Oil (BOE) in millions) ....................................... 114
Ozone Deple ng Substance Consump on in Indonesia from 1992
to 2008 ................................................................................................... 114
Propor on of households with access to propoer (improved)
drinkingwater, 1993-2009....................................................................... 122
The propor on of households that have access to improved
drinking water in urban and rural and total according to
the provinces, in 1993-2009 ................................................................... 123
The propor on of households that have access to adequate
sanita on in rural, urban and rural and urban total,
the year 1993-2009 ................................................................................ 123
Proporsi households that have access to adequate sanita on in rural,
urban and total rural and urban, by province, year 2009 ....................... 124
The propor on of urban households living in slums, 1993 and 2009 .... 129
The propor on of urban slum households by province, 2009 ............... 130
The trends for imports, exports, GDP growth and the ra o of imports plus
exports to GDP as the MDG indicator for economic openness .............. 137
Loan to Deposit Ra o (LDR in percent) of commercial and rural credit
banks, 2000 - 2009................................................................................. 138
The trend of foreign debt to GDP and the Debt Service Ra o (DSR) during
1996-2009............................................................................................... 141
Percentage of popula on in Indonesia owning fixed-line telephones or
cellular telephones during 2004-2009 .................................................... 145
Percentage of households owning personal computers and having access to
the internet by province (2009) .............................................................. 146
List of Maps
Map 1.1.
Map 3.1.
Percentages of popula on below the na onal poverty line by province

of Indonesia, 2010 ..................................................................................
The average wages of female workers as percentages of the average
wages of male workers by province in August 2009 ...............................
28
64
List of Tables
Table 1.1.
Table 1.2.
Table 1.3.
Table 2.1.
Table 2.2.
Table 3.1.
Table 4.1.
Table 5.1.
Table 5.2.
Table 6.1.
Table 6.2.
Table 6.3.
Table 7.1.
Table 7.2.
Table 7.3.
Table 7.4.
Annual Implementa on Targets Specified in the Na onal Medium-Term

Development Plan to Reduce Poverty .................................................... 32
Underweight Prevalence Among Children Under Five Years of Age by
Rural and Urban Areas of Indonesia (2007)............................................ 44
Outputs and Targets Specified in the Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan (RPJMN 2010-2104) ................................................. 48
Number and Propor on of Teachers by Academic Qualifica ons and
School Levels for Indonesia (2009)* ....................................................... 54
Program Priori es, Outputs and Indicators 2010-2014 .......................... 57
Priority, Output and Performance Indicators in Educa on, Poli cs,
and Labor, 2010-2014 ............................................................................. 67
Priori es, Outputs, and Targets to Improve the Quality of Child Health
Services, 20102014 ............................................................................. 76
Priori es, Outputs, and Targets to Improve the Quality of Maternal and
Reproduc ve Health Services, 2010-2014 .............................................. 87
Priori es, Outputs, and Targets for Popula on and Family Planning
Programs, 2010-2014............................................................................. 88
Priori es, Outputs and Targets of HIV/AIDS Mi ga on Program,
2010-2014............................................................................................... 100
Priori es, Outputs and Targets in Malaria Control Program,
2010-2014............................................................................................... 105
Priori es, Outputs and Targets in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality Rate
Related to TB, 2010-2014 ....................................................................... 109
Annual Implementa on Targets from the Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan to Improve Natural Resource Management ............ 116
Selected Annual Implementa on Targets in the Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan to Achieve Sustainable Use of Energy Resources ... 119
Priori es, Outputs, and Targets for Improvment of the Access to Drinking
Water and Improved Sanita on, 2010-2014 .......................................... 128
Implementa on Targets to Reduce the Propor on of the Popula on
Living in Slums ........................................................................................ 131
xi
List of Abbreviations
ACFTA
ACSM
ACT
ADB
ADP
AEC
AFTA
AIDS
AKFTA
ANC
APEC
APL
ART
ASEAN
BAPPENAS
BCC
BCG
BEONC
BLT
BOE
BOK
BOS
BPK
BPLHD
BPS
BSM
BSNP
BWA
CAIRNS
CBE
CCS
CDM
CDR
CEACR
CEONC
xii
The ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement

Advocacy, Communica on and Social Mobiliza on
Artemisinin-based combina on therapy
Asian Development Bank
Annual Development Plan
ASEAN Economic Community
ASEAN Free Trade Area
Acquired Immuno-defeciency Syndrome
The ASEAN Korea Free Trade Agreement
Antenatal Care
The Asia Pacific Economic Coopera on Forum
Areal Penggunaan Lain (areas for other uses)
An retroviral Therapy
The Associa on of Southeast Asian Na ons
Kementerian Negara Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (The Na onal
Development Planning Agency)
Behavioral Change Communica on
Bacillus Calme e-Gurin
Basic Emergency Obstetric-Neonatal Care
Bantuan Langsung Tunai (Direct Cash Assistance Program)
Barrels of Oil Equivalent
Biaya Operasional Kesehatan (subsidy for opera onal cost for health
facili es)
Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (School Opera onal Assistance)
Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (Supreme Audit Authority)
Badan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (Local Environmental
Management Agency)
Badan Pusat Sta s k (Central Bureau of Sta s cs)
Beasiswa Miskin (Scholarship for Poor Children)
Board of Na onal Educa on Standards
Broadband Wireless Access
Coali on of Agricultural Expor ng Na ons Lobbying for Agricultural Trade
Liberaliza on
Compulsory Basic Educa on
Carbon Capture and Storage
Clean Development Mechanism
Case Detec on Rate
Commi ee of Experts on the Applica on of Conven ons and
Recommenda ons
Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric-Neonatal Care
CEPT
CFCs
CH4
CITES
GATT
GDP
GER
GHG
GMP
GPI
HCFC
HDR
HIS
The Common Eec ve Preferen al Tari

Chlorofluorocarbons
Methane
Conven on on Interna onal Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam
Community-Led Total Sanita on
Carbon Dioxide
Contracep ve Prevalence Rate
Civil Society Organiza on
Dana Alokasi Khusus (Special Alloca on Funds)
Alert Village: a village that has resources capability and readiness to
overcome health problems and to reach a healthy village)
Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course
Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (Regional Representa ve Council)
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (House of Representa ves)
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (Regional House of Representa ves)
Trivalent vaccines against three infec ous diseases in humans: diphtheria,
pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus
Demand-Responsive Approach
Debt Service Ra o
Dengue Shock Syndrome
Early Childhood Educa on and Development
Educa on for All
Forest Management Unit
Female Sex Worker
The group of 20 is a forum for 20 industrialized and developing countries to
discuss key issues of the global economy
Chair of the coali on of developing countries suppor ng flexibility to
undertake limited market openings on agricultural issues
General Agreement on Trade and Taris
Gross Domes c Product
Gross Enrolment Rate
Green House Gasses
Growth Monitoring Prac ce
Gender Parity Index
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
Human Development Report
Health Informa on System
HIV
HL
HP
Human Immuno-deficiency Virus

Hutan Lindung (Protected Forest)
Hutan Produksi (Produc on Forest)
CLMV
CLTS
CO2
CPR
CSO
DAK
Desa Siaga
DOTS
DPD
DPR
DPRD
DPT 3
DRA
DSR
DSS
ECED
EFA
FMU
FSW
G-20
G-33
xiii
HPK
xiv
HPT
ICCSR
ICCTF
ICT
IDHS
IDU
IEC
IJEPA
ILO
IMCI
IMF
IMR
INHERENT
IPCC
IPPA
IPTP
IRS
ITN
Hutan Produksi yang bisa dikonversi (forest areas which can be converted to
non-forest uses)
Hutan Produksi Terbatas (Limited Produc on Forests)
Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap
Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund
Informa on and Communica on Technology
Indonesia Demographic Health Survey
Injec ng Drug Users
Informa on, Educa on and Communica ons
Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement
Interna onal Labor Organiza on
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
Interna onal Monetary Fund
Infant Mortality Rate
Indonesia Higher Educa on Network
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Interna onal Planned Parenthood Associa on
Intermi ent Preven ve Treatment for Pregnant women
Indoor Residual Spraying
Insec cide-Treated Nets
IUCN
IUD
Jamkesmas
KAP
KPA
KPU
KSA
KUR
LDR
LG
LJK
LKBB
LLIN
LMIC
LMVD
LPG
LPTK
LULUCF
MA
MARP
MDGs
MDR-TB
Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature

Intra-Uterine Device
Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat (Na onal Health Security Program)
Knowledge, A tudes and Prac ce
Kawasan Pelestarian Alam (Nature Conserva on Area)
Komisi Pemilihan Umum (General Elec ons Commission)
Kawasan Suaka Alam (Nature Reserve Area)
Kredit Usaha Rakyat (People-Based Small Business Loan Program)
Loan Deposit Ra o
Local Government
Lembaga Jasa Keuangan (financial service ins tu on)
Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank (non-bank financial ins tu on)
Long-Las ng Insec cidal Nets
Lower Middle Income Country
Lembaga Modal Ventura Dasar
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan (Teacher Training Ins tute)
Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
Madrasah Aliyah
Most at Risk Popula on
Millennium Development Goals
Mul drug-Resistant TB
MDTFs
MI
MMR
MMT
MNCH
MOH
MONE
MORA
MSME
MSS
MT
MTEF
NAMA 11
PAUD
PFM
PHBS
PISA
Mul -Donor Trust Funds

Madrasah Ib daiyah
Maternal Mortality Ra o
Methadone Maintenance Therapy
Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Na onal Educa on
Ministry of Religious Aairs
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
Minimum Service Standards
Madrasah Tsanawiyah
Medium-Term Expenditure Framework
A coali on of developing countries seeking flexibility to limit market
opennings in trade of industrial goods
Na onal Council for Climate Change
Net Enrollment Rate
Non-formal Educa on
The Na onal Greenhouse Gases Inventory
Na onal Iden fica on Number
Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan
Nitrogen Oxide
Non-Performing Loans
Na onal TB Program
Oil-Based Fuels
Ozone Deple ng Poten al
Ozone Deple ng Substances
Oral Rehydra on Solu ons
Oral Rehydra on Therapy
Pembelajaran Ak f, Krea f, Efek f dan Menyenangkan (Ac ve, Crea ve,
Eec ve and Fun Learning)
Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (Early Childhood Educa on)
Public Finance Management
Perilaku Hidup Bersih Sehat (clean and healthy behavior)
Program for Interna onal Student Assessment
PISEW
PKH
PKK
PLHIV
PLWHA
PMTCT
PNC
PNPM
Program Infrastruktur Sosial Ekonomi Wilayah

Program Keluarga Harapan (Family Hope Program)
Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (Family Welfare Movement)
People Living with HIV
People Living with HIV/AIDS
Preven ng Mother to Child Transmission
Postnatal Care
Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Na onal Program for
NCCC
NER
NFE
NGHGI
NIN
NMTDP
NO
NPL
NTP
OBF
ODP
ODS
ORS
ORT
PAKEM
xv
Posyandu
PPLS
PPP
PSTN
PT
Puskesmas
RANMAPI
RASKIN
RBM
RDA
REDD
Riskesdas
RPJPN
RPJMN
Sakernas
SBM
SD
SDKI
SKRT
SMA
SMP
SPM
SPR
SR
SRH
STI
Susenas
TB
TBA
TFR
TIMSS
UNDP
UNFCCC
UNICEF
xvi
Community Empowerment)
Pos Pelayanan Terpadu (Integrated Health Post, a community-based basic
health monitoring and services at village level)
Pendataan Program Layanan Sosial (Social Service Program Survey)
Purchasing Power Parity
Public Switched Telephone Network
Perguruan Tinggi (Higher Educa on)
Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Primary Health Center)
Rencana Aksi Nasional untuk Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim (Na onal Ac on
Plan on Mi ga on and Adapta on to Climate Change)
Beras Miskin (Rice for the Poor Program)
Roll Back Malaria
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Reducing Emissions from Deforesta on and Degrada on
Riset Kesehatan Dasar (basic health research, conducted by MOH-RI)
Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional (Na onal Long-Term
Development Plan)
Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan)
Survei Tenagakerja Nasional (Na onal Labour Force Survey), conducted by
the Central Bureau of Sta s cs
School-Based Management
Sekolah Dasar (Primary School)
Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (Indonesian Demography and
Health Survey)
Survei Kesehatan Rumah Tangga (Household Health Survey)
Sekolah Menengah Atas (Senior High School)
Sekolah Menengah Pertama (Junior High School)
Standar Pelayanan Minimum (Minimun Service Standard)
School Par cipa on Rate
Success Rate
Sexual and Reproduc ve Health
Sexually-Transmi ed Infec on
Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Na onal Socio-Economic Survey),
conducted by Central Bureau of Sta s cs
Tuberculosis
Tradi onal Birth A endant
Total Fer lity Rate
Third Interna onal Mathema cs Science Study
United Na ons Development Programme
United Na ons Framework Conven on on Climate Change
United Na ons Childrens Fund
UNSD
VCT
WAN
WB
WBG
WHO
WiMAX
WTO
United Na ons Sta s cs Division

Voluntary Counseling and Tes ng
Wide Area Network
World Bank
World Bank Group
World Health Organiza on
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
World Trade Organiza on
xvii
xviii
Introduction
Introduction
In September 2000, at the Millennium Summit of the United Na ons (UN), 189
member states agreed to adopt the Millennium Declara on which was then
translated into a prac cal framework, the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).
The MDGs place human development as the focus of development
and establish a set of measurable indicators of progress to be achieved by 2015.
There now remain five years for developing member states of the UN to achieve the
eight MDGs related to poverty reduc on, a ainment of universal basic educa on, gender
equality, improving maternal and child health, reduc on in the prevalence of communicable
diseases, environmental sustainability, and global coopera on. The MDGs are based on
global partnership and developed countries also have stressed their agreement to fully support
these eorts.
The MDGs have been an important considera on in preparing na onal development
planning documents. The Indonesian government has mainstreamed the MDGs
in the Na onal Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN 2005-2025), the Na onal
Medium-Term Development Plans (RPJMN 2005-2009 and 2010-2014), and
Na onal Annual Development Plans (RKP) as well as the State Budget documents.
National Development Priorities

Based on the current condi on of the Indonesian na on, taking into account the challenges
to be faced over the next 20 years, and the resource endowment of Indonesia, the Na onal
Development Vision for the years 2005-2025 year has been defined to be: an Indonesia that
is self-reliant, advanced, prosperous and just.
To achieve this vision, eight missions related Na onal Development are to be achieved:
1. Realiza on of a society that has strong moral values that are ethical, cultured, and
based on the philosophy of Pancasila,
2. Crea on of a compe ve na on,
3. Crea on of a democra c society based on the rule of law,
4. Crea on of an Indonesia that is safe, peaceful and united;
5. Achievement of an equitable and just pa ern of development;
6. Crea on of a green and sustainable Indonesia;
7. Realiza on of Indonesia as an independent island na on, advanced, powerful, and
based on na onal interests, and
8. Enabling Indonesia to play an important role in the interna onal community.
The strategies to be implemented to accomplish this vision and missions have been translated
into stages of five-year periods that are presented in Na onal Medium-Term Development
Plan documents (RPJMN). The five-year development phases are summarized as follows:
1. the first Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2005-2009) was formulated to
reorganize and develop all regions of Indonesia and to create Indonesia as a safe and
peaceful, just and democra c na on while increasing the welfare of the people;
2. the second Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2010-2014) aims to consolidate
the restructuring of Indonesia in all fields with an emphasis on improving the quality
of human resources, including development of science and technology, and the
strengthening of economic compe veness;
3. the third Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2015-2019) will further
strengthen overall development in various fields by emphasizing the achievement of
compe veness of the economy based on compara ve advantages of natural and
human resources and the expanding capacity of science and technology; and
4. the fourth Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2020-2025) will create a selfreliant Indonesian society, progressive, fair, and prosperous through the accelera on
of development in various fields built on a solid economic structure and based on
compe ve advantages in various fields supported by qualified and compe ve
human resources.
The current Na onal Medium-Term Plan will be implemented during 2010 to 2014. The
Na onal Development Vision during this period has been defined as follows: The realiza on
of Indonesia as a prosperous, democra c, and just na on. This vision has been translated
into three Na onal Development Missions which are to: (i) con nue developing towards a
prosperous Indonesia, (ii) strengthen the pillars of democracy, and (iii) improve the jus ce
system in all sectors.
The Vision and Missions of Na onal Development 2010-2014 have been formulated and
translated into opera onal terms in a number of na onal priori es in the following thema c
areas: (i) reform of the bureaucracy and governance; (ii) educa on; (iii) health; (iv) poverty
reduc on; (v) food security; (vi) infrastructure; (vii) investment and improving the business
climate; (vii) energy; (ix) the natural environment and disasters; (x) border areas, remote areas
and post-conflict areas; and (xi) culture, crea vity, and technological innova on. In addi on
to these eleven na onal priori es, eorts to achieve the Vision and Mission of the Na onal
Development will also be carried out through achievement of other na onal priori es in the
poli cal, legal, and security areas and in the fields of the economy and peoples welfare.
Development of Indonesia After the Global Crisis and

Achievement of the MDG Targets
During the past five years, while the na on has not yet fully recovered from the economic
crisis of 1997/1998, Indonesia has faced significant global challenges. Some of the most
important have been the fluctua on of oil prices, rising food prices, global climate change
and the global financial crisis of 2007/2008. The global economic crisis has resulted in a
world economic recession which has influenced the performance of the domes c economy.
The growth rate of GDP dropped to 4 to 5 percent as compared with the growth rate of the
economy prior to the crisis, which amounted to 7-8 percent. With rising food prices, lower
middle income households and the poor have been forced to expend a greater share of their
incomes on food. Extreme weather events have increased; high rainfall has resulted in crop
failures and damage to crops, fishermen have been unable to go to sea and public health
has been nega vely aected. In this unfavorable global environment, Indonesia con nues to
organize and develop in all fields.
The various crises and global challenges men oned above have provided the lesson that
globaliza on has two dierent sides which provide both opportuni es and challenges. A
na on must be fully prepared in all fields to address the global crises and challenges.
Posi ve economic growth and strengthening of democra c ins tu ons during the last
ten years have strengthened the posi on of the na on to accelerate the achievement of
the MDGs. Currently, Indonesia is the third most populous democracy of the world and has
been able to strengthen the economy to achieve the status of a middle-income country. The
Indonesian na on has also worked consistently over the last decade to achieve the MDG
targets. Although there are s ll many challenges and problems in the implementa on of
development in Indonesia, the Government remains determined to fulfill the commitment to
achieve the MDG targets on me.
Alloca on of funds in na onal and local budgets in Indonesia has increased from year to year
to support the achievement of the MDGs. This has been done to accelerate the achievement
of na onal goals. Se ng measurable targets related to the MDGs that can be monitored and
evaluated has proven to be eec ve in increasing the eciency of resource alloca on. In turn,
evalua on of the progress in achievement of the MDGs has been useful in adjus ng plans to
be more responsive to the needs of poor and vulnerable groups.
In reviewing trends in the achievement of the MDG targets, the current status can be grouped into
three categories of achievement: (a) targets which have already been achieved, (b) targets for which
significant progress has been achieved, and (c) targets that s ll require great eort to be achieved.
The MDG targets that have already been achieved include:
MDG 1 - The level of extreme poverty, that is the propor on of people living with per
capita income of less than USD 1 per day, has declined from 20.6 percent in 1990 to
5.9 percent in 2008.
MDG 3 - The targets for gender equality in all levels of educa on are expected to
be achieved. In 2009, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) at primary schools including
madrasah ib daiyah (SD/MI) was 99.7 percent while at the junior secondary schools
including madrasah tsanawiyah (SMP/MTs) and senior secondary educa on including
madrasah aliyah (SM/MA) the GPI was 101.99 percent. The ra o of literate women to
men in the age group of 15-24 years has reached 99.85 percent.
MDG 6 - An increase in detec on of tuberculosis cases has been achieved, from

20.0 percent in 2000 to 73.1 percent in 2009 as compared to the MDG target of 70.0
percent. There has also been a decrease the prevalence of tuberculosis from 443
cases per 100,000 popula on in 1990 to 244 cases per 100,000 popula on in 2009.
The MDG targets for which significant progress has been demonstrated include:
MDG 1 - The prevalence of infant malnutri on has been reduced by nearly half, from
31 percent in 1989 to 18.4 percent in 2007. It is expected that the MDG target of
15.5 percent will be achieved by 2015.
MDG 2 The par cipa on rate for primary educa on is close to 100 percent and the
literacy rate of the popula on was more than 99.47 percent in 2009.
MDG 3 The par cipa on ra o of females to males in SMA / MA / Paket C and higher
educa on in 2009 was 96.16 and 102.95. Thus it is expected that the target of 100 will
be achieved by 2015.
MDG 4 The number of deaths in children under the age of five years has decreased
from 97 per 1,000 births in 1991 to 44 per 1,000 births in 2007. It is expected that the
target of 32 per 1,000 births will be achieved by 2015.
MDG 8 - Indonesia has been successful in developing trade and financial systems
that are open, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory - as evidenced by the
posi ve trends in indicators related to trade and the na onal banking system. At the
same me, significant progress has been made in reducing the foreign debt ra o to
GDP from 24.6 percent in 1996 to 10.9 percent in 2009. The Debt Service Ra o has
also been reduced from 51 percent in 1996 to 22 percent in 2009.
The MDG targets where a posi ve trend has been demonstrated but which s ll require
special eorts to achieve the targets by 2015 include the following:
MDG 1 - Indonesia has raised its targets for poverty reduc on and will give special
a en on to reducing poverty levels as measured against the na onal poverty line
from 13.33 percent (2010).
MDG 5 - Maternal mortality has been reduced from 390 in 1991 to 228 per
100,000 live births in 2007. Special eorts are required to achieve the target of
102 per 100,000 live births by 2015.
MDG 6 The number of people living with HIV / AIDS has increased, par cularly
in high risk groups, including injec ng drug users and sex workers. The rate of
increase is also high in some areas where awareness about this disease is low.
MDG 7 - Indonesia has high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, but is commi ed
to increasing forest cover, elimina ng illegal logging and implemen ng a policy
framework to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by at least 26 percent over the
next 20 years. At present, only 47.73 percent of households have sustainable
access to improved water supply, and 51.19 percent of households have access
to improved sanita on. Special a en on is required to achieve the MDG targets
for Goal 7 by 2015.
The success of Indonesias development has been recognized globally and has received
various awards. Progress in developing the na onal economy over the past five years has
reduced the gap between Indonesia and the developed countries.
Developed countries who are members of the Organiza on of Economic Coopera on and
Development (OECD) recognize and appreciate Indonesias development progress. Therefore,
Indonesia along with China, India, Brazil and South Africa were invited to enter the group of
enhanced engagement countries or states with an increasingly enhanced engagement with
developed countries. Indonesia has also joined the G-20, i.e. the twenty countries that control
85 percent of Gross Domes c Product (GDP) of the world, which has a very important and
decisive role in shaping global economic policy.
New Initiatives Moving Forward

Success in achieving the MDGs in Indonesia depends on the achievement of good
governance, produc ve partnerships at all levels of society and the implementa on
of a comprehensive approach to achieving pro-poor growth, improving public
services, improving coordina on among stakeholders, expanding partnerships,
increasing the alloca on of resources, and developing decentralized approaches
to reducing dispari es while empowering communi es in all regions of Indonesia.
In planning to achieve the MDGs, the size, growth and distribu on of the popula on is
one important considera on. Accelera ng the achievement of the MDGs and all related
targets requires that popula on problems are addressed in a comprehensive and integrated
approach, including expanding access to reproduc ve health services and family planning
while protec ng reproduc ve rights. The Indonesian popula on is 237.5 million people (2010
Popula on Census - Preliminary results, BPS), having more than doubled since 1971. Although
the popula on growth rate decreased from 1.97 per cent per annum during 1980-1990 to 1.49
per cent per annum in the period 1990-2000, and to a 1.30 per cent per annum rate in 2005,
the total popula on of Indonesia in 2015 is expected to be approximately 247.6 million people
(Indonesian Popula on Projec on 2005-2025). Of this amount, approximately 60.2 percent
will be in Java which has an area of only 7 percent of the total land area of Indonesia. In
addi on, no less than 80 percent of industries are concentrated in Java.
The Government is commi ed to maintaining a socio-economic environment and culture
where all ci zens, civil society organiza ons and the private sector can par cipate produc vely
in improving the welfare of all Indonesians. In eorts to accelerate the achievement of the
MDGs, the role of communi es, including community organiza ons, and especially womens
groups, have contributed significantly, especially in educa on, health, the supply of clean
water and the living environment. In the future, grass-roots organiza ons will con nue to be
given a en on to speed up achievement of the MDGs and increase the welfare of the people
on a sustainable basis.
Steps to accelerate the achievement of the MDGs during the next five years as mandated
by Presiden al Instruc on No. 3 of 2010 concerning Equitable Development Programming
include the following:
The Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs will be distributed as a
reference for stakeholders in working to speed up a ainment of the MDGs throughout
Indonesia.
Provincial governments will prepare Regional Ac on Plans to Accelerate Achievement
of the MDGs and these will be used is used as a reference in improving planning and
coordina on of eorts to reduce poverty and improve peoples welfare.
Alloca on of funds by the central, provincial and district governments will con nue
to be increased to support the intensifica on and expansion of programs to achieve
the MDGs. A funding mechanism will be prepared to provide incen ves to local
governments that perform well in achieving the MDGs.
Support for the expansion of social services in disadvantaged areas and remote areas
will be increased.
Partnerships between the Government and private enterprises (Public - Private
Partnerships or PPP) will be developed in the social sectors, especially educa on and
health, to expand sources of funding to support achievement of the MDGs.
Mechanisms to expand Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ini a ves will be
strengthened to support the achievement of the MDGs.
Enhanced coopera on with creditor countries will be sought for the conversion of
debt (debt swap) for achieving the MDGs.
Summary by Goal
Summary of the Status of Achievement of the

MDGs in Indonesia
MDG 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
Indonesia has achieved the target of halving the incidence of

extreme poverty as measured by the indicator of USD 1.00 per capita
per day. Progress is also being made to further reduce poverty as
measured against the na onal poverty line from the current rate of
13.33 percent (2010) to the targeted rate of 8-10 percent by 2014.
The prevalence of undernourished children under five years of age decreased from
31.1 percent in 1989 to 18.4 percent in 2007 and Indonesia is on track to achieve the
MDG target of 15.50 percent in 2015. Priori es for the future to reduce poverty are to
expand employment opportuni es, improve suppor ng infrastructure and strengthen
the agricultural sector. Special a en on will be given to: (i) expanding credit facili es
for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs); (ii) empowering disadvantaged
communi es in all regions of the na on to be er access and use resources to improve
their welfare; (iii) improving access of the poor to social services; and (iv) improving the
provision of social protec on to the poorest of the poor.
MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
Indonesia is on track to achieve the MDG target for primary

educa on and literacy. The country aims to go beyond the MDG
educa on target for primary educa on by expanding the target to
junior secondary educa on (SMP and madrasah tsanawiyah-MTs,
grades 7 to 9) to the universal basic educa on targets. In 2008/09
gross enrolment rate (GER) at primary educa on level (SD/MI) was 116.77 percent and
the ne enrolment rate (NER) was 95.23 percent. At primary educa on level, disparity in
educa on par cipa on among provinces has been significantly reduced with NER above
90 percent in almost all provinces. The main challenge in acelera ng the achievment of
MDG educa on target is improving equal access of children, girls and boys, to quality basic
educa on. Government policies and programs to address this challenge: (i) expansion of
equitable access to basic educa on par cularly for the poor; (ii) improvement of the
quality, eciency, and eec veness of educa on; and (iii) strengthening governance
and accountability of educa on services. The policy to allocate minimal 20 percent
of government budget to the educa on sector will be con nued to accelerate the
achievement of universal junior secondary educa on by 2015.
11
MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
Progress has been achieved in increasing the propor on of

females in primary, junior secondary schools, senior high schools
and ins tu ons of higher educa on. The ra o of NER for women
to men at primary educa on and junior secondary educa on
levels was 99.73 and 101.99 respec vely, and literacy among
females aged 15-24 years has already reached 99.35. As a result, Indonesia is on track
to achieve the educa on-related targets for gender equality by 2015. In the workforce,
the share of female wage employment in the nonagricultural sector has increased. In
poli cs, the number of women in the Indonesian parliament increased to 17.9 percent
in 2009. Priori es for the future are to: (i) improve the role of women in development;
(ii) improve protec on for women against all forms of abuse; and (iii) mainstream
gender equality in all policies and programs while building greater public awareness
on issues of gender.
MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
The infant mortality rate in Indonesia has shown a significant

decline from 68 in 1991 to 34 per 1,000 live births in 2007. With
this rate, the target of 23 per 1,000 live births in 2015 is expected
to be achieved. Likewise, the child mortality target is expected to
be achieved. However, regional dispari es remain as constraints to
achieve the targets, reflec ng the discrepancy in accessing health services, par cularly
in underserved and remote areas. The future priori es are to strengthen health systems
and improve access to health services especially for the poor and remote areas.
MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
Of all the MDGs, the lowest rate of global achievement has been
recorded in the improvement of maternal health. In Indonesia,
the maternal mortality ra o (MMR) has gradually been reduced
from 390 in 1991 to 228 per 100,000 live births in 2007. Extra hard
work will be needed to achieve the MDG target by 2015 of 102
per 100,000 live births. Even though the rates for antenatal care and births a ended by
skilled health personnel are rela vely high, several factors such as high risk pregnancy
and abor on are considered to be constraints that require special a en on. Cri cal
measures to reduce maternal mortality are improving the contracep ve prevalence rate
12
and reducing the unmet need through expanding access and improving quality of family
planning and reproduc ve health services. For the future, priori es to improve maternal
health will be focused on expanding be er quality health care and comprehensive
obstetric care, improving family planning services and provision of informa on, educa on
and communica on (IEC) messages to the community.
MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
In Indonesia, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate has increased, especially

among high risk groups, i.e. injec ng drug users and sex workers.
The number of HIV/AIDS cases reported in Indonesia more than
doubled between 2004 and 2005. The incidence of malaria per
1,000 popula on decreased from 4.68 in 1990 to 1.85 in 2009.
Meanwhile, in TB control, the case detec on rate and successfully treated TB cases have
already reached the 2015 targets. The communicable disease control approaches are
focusing on preven ve measures and mainstreaming into the na onal health system.
Beyond that, communicable disease control eorts must involve all stakeholders and
strengthen health promo on ac vi es to increase public awareness.
MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Indonesia has a high rate of greenhouse gas emission, but has worked
to increase forest cover, eliminate illegal logging and is commi ed
to implemen ng a comprehensive policy framework to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions over the next 20 years. The propor on
of households with access to improved sources of drinking water
increased from 37.73 percent in 1993 to 47.71 percent in 2009. At the same me, the
propor on of households with access to improved sanita on facili es increased from
24.81 percent in 1993 to 51.19 percent in 2009. Accelera on of achievement of the
targets for improving access to improved water and sanita on facili es will be con nued
with increased support. A en on will be given to investments on water and sanita on
systems to serve growing urban popula ons. In rural areas, communi es are expected to
play a larger role, with communi es taking responsibility for opera on and management
of infrastructure with advisory support from local authori es. The role and detailed
responsibili es of local governments in natural resource management and water supply
/sanita on will be be er delineated and their skills enhanced.
13
MDG 8: BUILDING GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
Indonesia is an ac ve par cipant in a wide variety of interna onal

forums and is commi ed to con nuing to build successful
partnerships with mul lateral organiza ons, bilateral partners and
representa ves of the private sector to achieve a pro-poor pa ern of
economic growth. Indonesia has benefited from close collabora on
with the interna onal donor community and interna onal finance ins tu ons. The
Jakarta Commitment was signed with 26 development partners in 2009 to provide a
roadmap for all concerned to improve coopera on and management of development
assistance in Indonesia. Indonesia has commited to reducing interna onal borrowing as
a percentage of GDP and this is demonstrated by the reduc on of foreign debt to GDP
from 24.6 percent in 1996 to 10.9 percent in 2009. Indonesias debt service ra o has also
con nued to decline from 51 percent in 1996 to 22 percent in 2009. The private sector
has made major investments in informa on and communica ons technology and access
to cellular telephones, telephone land lines and internet communica ons has increased
drama cally over the past five years. In 2009 some 82.41 percent of the popula on had
access to cellular telephones.
14
Overview of the Status of Achievement of the MDG Targets

Indicator
Baseline
Current
MDG
Target 2015
Status
Source
Goal 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the propor on of people whose income is less than USD
1.0 (PPP) a day
1.1
Propor on of
popula on below
USD 1.00 (PPP) per
day
20.60%
(1990)
5.90%
(2008)
10.30%
World Bank
and BPS
1.2
Poverty gap ra o
(incidence x depth
of poverty)
2.70%
(1990)
2.21% (2010)
Reduce
BPS,
Susenas
Target 1B: Achieve full and produc ve employment and decent work for all, including women and
young people
1.4
Growth rate of
GDP per person
employed
3.52%
(1990)
2.24%
(2009)
1.5
Employment-topopula on (over 15
years of age)
65%
(1990)
62%
(2009)
1.7
Propor on of
own-account and
contribu ng family
workers in total
employment
71%
(1990)
64%
(2009)
PDB Na onal
and Sakernas
BPS,
Sakernas
Decrease
Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the propor on of people who suer from hunger
1.8
Prevalence of
underweight
children under-five
years of age
1.8a
Prevalence of
severe underweight
children under-five
years of age
7.2%
(1989)*
5.4%
(2007)**
3.6%
1.8b
Prevalence
of moderate
underweight
children under-five
years of age
23.8%
(1989)*
13.0%
(2007)**
11.9%
Status:
31.0%
(1989)*
18.4%
(2007)**
Already achieved On-track Need special a
15.5%
* BPS,
Susenas
** Ministry
of Health
Riskesdas,
2007
en on
15
Con nued:
Overview of the Status of
Achievement of the MDG
Targets
Indicator
Baseline
Current
MDG
Target 2015
Propor on of populaon below minimum

level of dietary energy
consump on:
1.9
Status
Source
1400 kcal/capita/day
17.00%
(1990)
14.47%
(2009)
8.50%
2000 kcal/capita/day
64.21%
(1990)
61.86%
(2009)
35.32%
BPS,
Susenas
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Educa on

Target 2A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete full
course of primary schooling
2.1
Net Enrolment Ra o
(NER) in primary
educa on
88.70%
(1992)**
95.23%
(2009)*
100.00%
* MONE
**BPS,
Susenas
2.2
Propor on of pupils
star ng grade 1 who
complete primary
school.
62.00%
(1990)*
93.00%
(2008)**
100.00%
* BPS, MONE
** BPS,
Susenas
96.60%
(1990)
99.47%
(2009)
Female:
99.40%
Male:
99.55%
100.00%
BPS,
Susenas
Literacy rate of populaon aged 15-24 year,

women and men
2.3
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary educa on, preferably by 2005, and in
all levels of educa on no later than 2015
Ra os of girls to boys
in primary, secondary
and ter ary educa on
3.1
3.1a
Status:
16
- Ra o of girls to boys
in primary schools
100.27
(1993)
99.73 (2009)
100.00
in junior high schools
99.86
(1993)
101.99
(2009)
100.00
in senior high schools
93.67
(1993)
96.16 (2009)
100.00
in higher educa on
74.06
(1993)
102.95
(2009)
100.00
Literacy ra o of
women to men in the
15-24 year age group
98.44
(1993)
99.85
(2009)
100.00
en on
BPS,
Sakernas
Baseline
Current
MDG
Target 2015
Status
3.2
Share of women in
wage employment
in the non-agricultural sector
29.24%
(1990)
33.45%
(2009)
Decrease
BPS,
Sakernas
3.3
Propor on of seats
held by women in
na onal parliament
12.50%
(1990)
17.90%
(2009)
Decrease
KPU
Indicator
Source
Con nued:
Targets
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality

Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
4.1
Under-five mortality
rate per 1,000 live
births
97
(1991)
44
(2007)
32
4.2
Infant mortality rate

per 1,000 live births
68
(1991)
34
(2007)
23
4.2a
Neonatal mortality
rate per 1,000 live
births
32
(1991)
19
(2007)
Decrease
4.3
Propor on of oneyear-old children

immunized against
measles
44.5%
(1991)
67.0%
(2007)
Decrease
BPS,
IDHS 1991,
2007
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the Maternal Mortality Ra o
5.1
Maternal Mortality
Ra o (per 100,000
live births)
390
(1991)
228 (2007)
102
BPS,
IDHS 1991,
2007
5.2
Propor on of births
a ended by skilled
health personnel (%)
40.70%
(1992)
77.34%
(2009)
Increase
BPS,
Susenas
1992-2009
Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproduc ve health

5.3
Current contracep ve
use among married
women 15-49 years
old, any method
49.7%
(1991)
5.3a
Current
contracep ve use
among married
women 15-49 years
old, modern method
47.1%
(1991)
Status:
61.4%
(2007)
57.4%
(2007)
Increase
BPS,
IDHS 1991,
2007
Increase
en on
17
Con nued:
Targets
Indicator
5.4
5.5
Adolescent birth rate

(per 1000 women aged
15-19)
Current
MDG
Target 2015
Status
67 (1991)
35 (2007)
Decrease
Antenatal care
coverage (at least one
visit and at least four
visists)
- 1 visit:
5.6
Baseline
75.0%
93.3%
Source
BPS,
IDHS 1991,
2007
Increase
- 4 visits:
56.0%
(1991)
81.5% (2007)
Unmet need for family

planning
12.7%
(1991)
9.1% (2007)
Decrease
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
6.1
6.2
HIV/AIDS Prevalence
among total popula on
(percent)
Condom use at last
high-risk sex
12.8%
(2002/3)
0.2% (2009)
Female:
10.3%
Male:
18.4% (2007)
Decrease
Increase
MOH
es mated
2006
BPS,
IYARHS
2002/2003 &
2007
Propor on of
popula on aged
15-24 years with
comprehensive correct
knowledge of HIV/AIDS
6.3
- Married
- Unmarried
Female:
9.5%
Male: 14.7%
(2007)
Female:
2.6%
Male: 1.4%
(2007)
Increase
BPS,
IDHS 2007
Increase
BPS,
SKRRI 2007
Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
6.5
Status:
18
Propor on of
popula on with
advanced HIV infec on
with access to
an retroviral drugs
38.4%
(2009)
en on
Increase
MOH, 2010
as per 30
November
2009
Indicator
Baseline
Current
MDG
Target 2015
Status
Source
Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of Malaria and other major diseases
Incidence and death
rates associated with
Malaria (per 1,000)
6.6
6.6a
Incidence rate
associated with
Malaria (per 1,000):
4.68
(1990)
1.85 (2009)
- incidence of Malaria
in Jawa & Bali
0.17
(1990)
- Incidence of Malaria
outside Jawa & Bali
Decrease
MOH
2009
0.16
(2008)
Decrease
API, MOH
2008
24.10
(1990)
17.77
(2008)
Decrease
AMI, MOH
2008
3.3%
Rural: 4.5%
Urban: 1.6%
-2007
Increase
BPS,
IDHS 2007
228
(2009)
6.7
Propor on of children
under 5 sleeping
under insec cidetreated bednets
6.9
Incidence, prevalence
and death rates
associated with
Tuberculosis
6.9a
Incidence rates
associated with
Tuberculosis (all
cases/100,000 pop/
year)
343
(1990)
6.9b
Prevalence rate of
Tuberculosis (per
100,000)
443
(1990)
244
(2009)
6.9c
Death rate of
Tuberculosis (per
100,000)
92
(1990)
39
(2009)
6.10
Propor on of
Tuberculosis cases
detected and cured
under directly
observed treatment
short courses
6.10a
Propor on of
Tuberculosis cases
detected under
directly observed
treatment short
course (DOTS)
20.0%
(2000)*
73.1%
(2009)**
70.0%
* TB Global
WHO Report,
2009
6.10b
Propor on of
Tuberculosis cases
cured under DOTS
87.0%
(2000)*
91.0%
(2009)**
85.0%
** MOH
Report-2009
Status:
Con nued:
Targets
Stop,
began to
reduce
TB Global
WHO Report,
2009
en on
19
Con nued:
Targets
Indicator
Baseline
Current
MDG
Target 2015
Status
Source
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and
reverse the loss of environmental resources
7.1
The ra o of actual
forest cover to total
land area based on
the review of satellite
imagery and aerial
photographic surveys
7.2
Carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions
1,416,074
1,711,626 Gg
Gg CO2e
CO2e (2008)
(2000)
7.2a
Primary energy
consump on
(per capita)
2.64 BOE
(1991)
4.3 BOE
(2008)
Reduce
7.2b.
Energy Intensity
5.28
BOE/ USD
1,000
(1990)
2.1 BOE/
USD 1,000
(2008)
Decrease
7.2c
Energy Elas city
0.98
(1991)
1.6 (2008)
Decrease
7.2d
Energy mix for

renewable energy
3.5%
(2000)
3.45% (2008)
7.3
Total consump on
of ozone deple ng
substances (ODS) in
metric tons
8,332.7
metric
tons
(1992)
0 CFCs
(2009)
0 CFCs while
reducing
HCFCs
7.4
Propor on of fish
stocks within safe
biological limits
66.08%
(1998)
91.83%
(2008)
7.5
The ra o of terrestrial
areas protected to
maintain biological
diversity to total
terrestrial area
26.40%
(1990)
26.40%
(2008)
7.6
The ra o of marine
protected areas to
total territorial marine
area
Status:
20
59.70%
(1990)
Increase
Ministry of
Forestry
Reduce at
least 26% by
2020
Ministry of
Environment
52.43%
(2008)
0.14%
(1990)*
4.35%
(2009)**
en on
Ministry
of Energy
and Natural
Resources
Ministry of
Environment
not exceed
Ministry
of Marine
Aairs &
Fisheries
Increase
Ministry of
Forestry
*Ministry of
Forestry /
**Ministry
of Marine
Aairs &
Fisheries
Increase
Indicator
Baseline
Current
MDG
Target 2015
Status
Source
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the propor on of households without sustainable access to safe drinking
water and basic sanita on
7.8
Propor on of
households with
sustainable access to
an improved water
source, urban and
rural
37.73%
(1993)
47.71%
(2009)
68.87%
7.8a
Urban
50.58%
(1993)
49.82%
(2009)
75.29%
7.8b
Rural
31.61%
(1993)
45.72%
(2009)
65.81%
7.9
Propor on of
households with
sustainable access to
basic sanita on, urban
and rural
24.81%
(1993)
51. 19%
(2009)
62.41%
7.9a
Urban
53.64%
(1993)
69.51%
(2009)
76.82%
7.9b
Rural
11.10%
(1993)
33.96%
(2009)
55.55%
Con nued:
Targets
BPS,
Susenas
Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers
Propor on of urban
popula on living in
slums
7.1
20.75%
(1993)
12.12%
(2009)
BPS,
Susenas
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial
systems
7.1
Propor on of urban
popula on living in
slums
20.75%
(1993)
12.12%
(2009)
BPS & The

World Bank
7.1
Propor on of urban
popula on living in
slums
20.75%
(1993)
12.12%
(2009)
7.1
Propor on of urban
popula on living in
slums
20.75%
(1993)
12.12%
(2009)
BI Economic
Report 2008,
2009
Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through na onal
and interna onal measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
8.12
Ra o of Interna onal
Debt to GDP
24.59%
(1996)
10.89%
(2009)
Reduce
Ministry of
Finance
8.12a
Debt Service Ra o
(DSR)
51.00%
(1996)
22.00%
(2009)
Reduce
BI Annual
Report 2009
Status:
en on
21
Con nued:
Targets
Indicator
Current
MDG
Target 2015
Status
Source
Target 8F: In coopera on with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies,
especially informa on and communica ons
8.14
Propor on of
popula on with
fixed-line telephones
(teledensity in
popula on)
4.02%
(2004)
3.65% (2009)
Increase
8.15
Propor on of
popula on with
cellular phones
14.79%
(2004)
82.41%
(2009)
100.00%
8.16
Propor on of
households with
access to internet
11.51%
(2009)
50.00%
BPS,
Susenas
2009
8.16a
Propor on of
households with
personal computers
8.32% (2009)
Increase
BPS,
Susenas
2009
Status:
22
Baseline
en on
Minister of
Communica on
and Informa cs
2010
Coming Home from

the Field
Goal 1:
Eradicate Extreme Poverty
and Hunger
24
Goal 1:
Eradicate Extreme Poverty
and Hunger
Target 1A:
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is less than USD 1.00 (PPP) a day
Current Status
The incidence of extreme poverty (using the measurement of USD 1.00 purchasing power
parity per capita per day) has been reduced in Indonesia from 20.6 percent in 1990 to 5.9
percent in 2008, and Indonesia has already achieved and exceeded Target 1 for reduc on of
extreme poverty. Figure 1.1 presents the trend for the declining percentages of the popula on
es mated to have levels of consump on below USD 1.00 (PPP) per capita per day as measured
by World Bank/BPS annually from 1990 to 2008. The declining trend is expected to be sustained
to 2015 and beyond.
Figure 1.1:
Progress in Reducing Extreme Poverty
(USD1.00/capita/day) as Compared to
the MDG Target
20.6
25
12.0
5.9
8.5
6.7
6.0
7.4
6.6
2003
9.2
7.2
10
Target:
10.3
2002
9.9
7.8
9.9
15
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2001
2000
1999
1998
1996
1993
0
1990
Percentage
14.8
20
Source:
BPS, Susenas, The World Bank 2008.
25
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
32.5
31.0
14.2
13.3
2009
2010
37.2
35.0
16.6
15.4
2008
2005
2007
35.1
16.0
2004
39.3
37.3
36.1
17.4
16.7
2003
38.4
37.9
18.4
18.2
2002
2001
48.0
38.7
23.4
19.1
1999
2000
49.5
24.2
1998*
17.8
2006
25.9
22.5
13.7
1993
11.3
1990
30.0
27.2
10
17.4
26.9
21.6
33.3
20
28.6
30
40.1
40
15.1
40.6
50
35.0
47.2
60
42.3
Figure 1.2:
Long-Term Trends in Poverty
Reduc on in Indonesia Measured
Using the Na onal Poverty Line
54.2
Using the prevailing na onal poverty line, the incidence of poverty has generally trended
downwards during the period 1976 to 1996 (Figure 1.2). The economic crisis in 1997/8
resulted in a drama c increase in the number of Indonesians below the poverty line. The
incidence of poverty more than doubled to 24.2 percent in 1998 when a nega ve GDP growth
rate was recorded and prices increased drama cally. Since 1999, the na onal poverty rate had
been reduced to 13.33 percent (2010) as the na onal economy has recovered and as ini a ves
to reduce the incidence of poverty proved to be eec ve in benefi ng the poor. Although the
percentage of the popula on living below the poverty line in 2010 had been reduced, the
total number of people living below the na onal poverty line was s ll high, amoun ng to
31.02 million people. At the same me it is important to note that the decline of the poverty
rate from March 2009 to March 2010 is only 0.82 percent and that was less than during the
previous year (2008/2009) when the decline of the poverty rate was 1.27 percent. As a result
it is necessary to take steps to increase the rate of poverty reduc on.
1996
1987
1984
1981
1980
1978
Source:
BPS, Susenas, several years.
1976
Number of poor populaon (milliions)
Naonal Poverty Line (percentage)
The Poverty Gap Index is an indicator which measures the gap between the average income
of the poor and the na onal poverty line. During the period 2002-2010 the trend for this
indicator was generally downward, although there was a significant increase in 2006 reflec ng
increases in the na onal price of fuel and other basic consumer goods. A er 2006 there has
been a posi ve downward trend reflec ng the impact of the measures to stablize prices and
mi gate the impact of price increases on the poor (see Figure 1.3). In 2009 the average Poverty
Gap Index for all areas was 2.5, and in 2010 there was a further decline to 2.2. The Poverty Gap
Index measured for rural areas (3.05) was significantly higher than for urban areas (1.91) and
the highest levels were found in the rural areas of the provinces of Papua Barat (12.52), Papua
(11.51), Maluku (6.94), Gorontalo (6.26), Aceh (4.87), Sulawesi Tengah (4.8), Yogyakarta (4.74),
and Nusa Tenggara Timur (4.47).
The total number of poor is large and the distribu on of the poor among the provinces and
islands of Indonesia is uneven. Of the 31.02 million people living below the na onal poverty
line in 2010, the largest share (55.83 percent) are resident on the island of Jawa. Sumatera
26
ranks second in terms of percentage of the popula on living below the poverty line (21.44
percent) while Bali/ Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi are the geographical regions with the third
and fourth largest shares of people living below the poverty line (Figure 1.4).
Figure 1.3.
The Na onal Trend in
Indonesia of the
Poverty Gap Index,
2002 to 2010
Poverty Gap Rao
3.4
3.1
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.2
2002
2003
2004
2005
Sulawesi
7.6%
2006
Maluku
1.5%
2007
2008
2009
2010
Papua
3.3%
Sumatera
21.4%
Kalimantan
3.3%
Source:
BPS, Susenas.
Figure 1.4.
The Percentages of the Popula on
Below the Na onal Poverty Line
by Major Geographical Region of
Indonesia (2010)
Bali & Nusa Tenggara

7.1%
Jawa
55.8%
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2010.
There remain significant dispari es in the incidence of poverty among the 33 provinces of
Indonesia. Poverty rates in 17 provinces are below the na onal average, while in 16 provinces
they are above the na onal average (see Figure 1.5). The provinces where the incidence of
poverty is more than double the na onal average of 13.33 percent include Papua (36.80
percent), Papua Barat (34.88 percent) and Maluku (27.74 percent). In Sumatera the incidence
of poverty is s ll higher than the na onal average in the provinces of Aceh, Sumatera Selatan,
Bengkulu and Lampung.
On the islands of Jawa and Bali, the provinces of Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta and Jawa Timur
also have an incidence of poverty that is higher than the na onal average. On the island
27
of Sulawesi, the provinces of Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara and Gorontalo also have
poverty rates higher than the na onal rate while the same is true for the provinces of Nusa
Tenggara Barat (NTB) and Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). The three provinces with the lowest
incidence of poverty in 2010 were Jakarta (3.48 percent), Kalimantan Selatan (5.21 percent)
and Bali (4.88 percent). The geographical distribu on of the incidence of poverty by province
is presented in Map 1.1.
27.7
35
15
10
5
-
DKI Jakarta
Bali
Kalimantan Selatan
Bangka Belitung
Kalimantan Tengah
Banten
Kalimantan Timur
Kepulauan Riau
Jambi
Riau
Kalimantan Barat
Sulawesi Utara
Maluku Utara
Sumatera Barat
Jawa Barat
Sumatera Utara
Sulawesi Selatan
INDONESIA
Sulawesi Barat
Jawa Timur
Sumatera Selatan
Jawa Tengah
DI Yogyakarta
Sulawesi Tenggara
Sulawesi Tengah
Bengkulu
Lampung
Aceh
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Gorontalo
Maluku
Papua Barat
Papua
Percentage
20
3.5
4.9
5.2
6.5
6.8
7.2
7.7
8.1
8.3
8.7
9.0
9.1
9.4
9.5
11.3
11.3
11.6
13.3
13.6
15.3
15.5
16.6
16.8
17.1
18.1
18.3
18.9
21.0
21.6
23.0
23.2
30
25
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2010.
34.9
36.8
40
Figure 1.5
Percentages of Popula on
Below the Na onal
Poverty Line by Province of
Indonesia, 2010
Naonal Average
Map 1.1.
Percentages of Popula on Below
the Na onal Poverty Line by
Province of Indonesia, 2010
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2010.
The poverty rate is significantly higher in rural areas than in urban centers in Indonesia. The
poverty rate in rural areas of Indonesia was 16.56 percent in 2010 compared to 9.87 percent
in urban areas (Figure 1.6).
28
17.4
16.6
18.9
21.8
2005
20.4
20.1
20.0
12.3
11.7
2004
20.2
21.1
10.7
9.9
2009
2010
11.7
13.5
12.5
14.5
14.6
9.8
13.4
1996
13.6
19.1
21.9
13.8
14.3
13.5
10
1993
15
1990
Percentage
20
16.8
19.8
25
Figure 1.6.
Percentages of Urban and Rural
Popula ons below the Na onal
Poverty Line (1990-2010)
24.8
22.4
26.0
25.7
30
Urban
2008
2007
2006
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
Source:
BPS, Susenas
Several Years
Rural
Challenges
A major challenge is to reduce the propor on of the na onal popula on living below the
na onal poverty line while also reducing dispari es in the incidence of poverty among
provinces and districts.
The government is faced with the challenge of maintaining a high growth rate of GDP in
order to expand employment opportuni es for the poor.
To break the cycle of poverty there is a need to further strengthen the provision of educa on
and health services and social protec on.
Decentraliza on has brought new challenges to both central and local government
authori es in Indonesia to coordinate programs to reduce poverty and to u lize fiscal
resources eec vely to promote inclusive growth, empower the poor and improve public
services.
Policies and Strategies

Indonesia is commi ed to reducing poverty in all regions, districts and villages. A mul dimensional approach will con nue to be applied, one that includes ac ons to achieve a
sustained period of pro-poor growth, to create employment opportuni es, to empower
communi es and to improve delivery of basic social services to all communi es. The
government is commi ed to establishing a more conducive environment for all stakeholders
to work to reduce poverty and achieve the na onal goals of development. It is expected that
29
the incidence of poverty as measured by the na onal poverty line will be reduced to 8 to
10 percent by 2014 in accordance with the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (20102014).
The Na onal Team for Accelera ng Poverty Reduc on, led by the Vice President and senior
cabinet ocials, will take the lead in improving coordina on of implementa on of all
policies and programs to reduce the incidence of poverty. Cabinet members to be directly
involved include the Coordina ng Minister for Peoples Welfare, the Coordina ng Minister
for Economic Aairs, the Minister of Health, the Minister of Na onal Educa on, the Minister
of Social Aairs, the Minister of Finance, the Minister for Coopera ves and SMEs and the
Minister of Na onal Development Planning (BAPPENAS).
The na onal priori es iden fied to reduce poverty and achieve the target for poverty are
grouped into three policy areas:
1. Policies to achieve a sustained period of pro-poor growth will provide the founda on
to provide produc ve employment for the poor. It is expected that growth of GDP
will reach 6.3 to 6.8 percent during 2011 to 2013 and increase to 7 percent in 2014.
2. Arma ve ac ons to empower the poor and break the cycle of poverty will be
implemented in three clusters of programs: First - Strengthening Social Services and
Social Protec on (Cluster 1). Government support to strengthen the provision of
health and educa on services will be expanded through the Na onal Health Security
Program (Jamkesmas), the Family Hope Program (PKH) and provision of Scholarships
for the Children from Poor Households. Second - Support will be expanded to empower
communi es to reduce their poverty through PNPM Mandiri (Cluster 2). The government
will increase support for the PNPM Mandiri Program to Rupiah 12.1 trillion per year and
coverage will be expanded to include all 78,000 villages in Indonesia. Third - Facili es
to increase the capacity of MSMEs and coopera ves will be expanded through (i.)
entrepreneurship and capacity building on business management; (ii.) provision of
informa on services and business consultancy; and through expansion of the PeopleBased Small Business Loan Program (KUR) (Cluster 3). KUR will be expanded to channel
funds through local microfinance ins tu ons to increase access of medium and small
scale enterprises and coopera ves to credit. Bank guarantees will con nue to be provided
in the form of Penyertaan Modal Negara (PMN) by Perum Jamkrindo and PT Askrindo.
3. Increasing eec veness of poverty reduc on programs:
a. Priority will be given to improving coordina on of policies and programs to reduce
poverty. Increased coordina on across programs within the three clusters is key
for eec ve poverty reduc on. Therefore, coordina on of all poverty allevia on
policies will be intensified through the establishment of the Na onal Team for
Accelera ng Poverty Reduc on under the oce of the Vice President in accordance
with Presiden al Decree 15/2010 concerning the Accelera on of Poverty Reduc on.
30
b.
c.
d.
This eort will be supported by enhancing capacity and func ons of various technical
ministries and government oces at the na onal, provincial and district levels. The
coordina on of poverty reduc on will also be conducted at provincial and district
levels by the Provincial and District Coordina ng Teams for Poverty Reduc on.
Concerted eorts for poverty allevia on will also involve private sector partnerships
through CSR and other types of funding such as zikat, infaq and sodaqoh. The
above eorts will be supported by implementa on of an accurate monitoring and
evalua on system to achieve greater eec veness in programming to alleviate
poverty.
Building local capacity to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate poverty reduc on
programs, will be given special a en on in those provinces and districts with the
highest incidence of poverty.
Fiscal policies and instruments will be adjusted to be er support local government
in figh ng poverty and providing services at the community level.
Targe ng of the poor and near poor in poverty reduc on programs will be carried
out in a systema c manner at the local level using the latest database on the poor.
To maintain the accuracy of targe ng of these groups, it is planned that the Survey
for Social Protec on Program will be implemented every three years.
In order to implement the policies to reduce poverty as presented above and to achieve
the targets for poverty reduc on in 2015, the government has prepared and will implement
the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2010-2014) which defines programs and
ac vi es with specific targets as presented below in Table 1.1.
31
Table 1.1.
Annual Implementa on Targets
Specified in the Na onal
Medium-Term Development
Plan to Reduce Poverty
Prioritas
Output/Indicator
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
84.40%
94.50%
100%
8,868
9,000
90
95
Formulated financing and health insurance policy

Guidance and
Development of
Health Security
Percentage of the
popula on (including
all the poor people)
who have health
security
59%
70.30%
Increased basic health services for the poor (JAMKESMAS)

Basic Health
Services for the
Poor (Jamkesmas)
The number of
primary health centers
providing basic health
services for the poor
8,481
8,608
8,737
Increased referral of the poor for health services at hospitals

Health Referral
Services for the
Poor (Jamkesmas)
The percentage of
hospitals that serve
poor pa ents /
JAMKESMAS program
par cipants
75
80
85
Increased guidance, par cipa on and self-reliance of family planning acceptors
Development of
policy and
guidance to
family planning
equality
Number of new family

planning acceptors
(KPS and KS-I) (poor
and other vulnerable
groups) to receive
coaching and free
contracep ves
through 23,500
government and
private family planning
clinics (millions)
3.75
3.80
3.89
3.97
4.05
The number of ac ve
poor family planning
par cipants (KPS
and KS-I) and other
vulnerable groups to
receive coaching and
contracep ves free
through the 23,500
government and
private family planning
clinics (millions)
11.9
12.2
12.5
12.8
13.1
Increased guidance and self reliance of family planning acceptors (Pre-S and KS-1)
Source:
RPJMN 2010-2014
32
Total number of PUS

group members of
produc ve age who
become members of
KB Mandiri Groups
22,000
44,000
66,000
88,000
110,000
Prioritas
Increasing selfreliance of family

planning
acceptors (Pre-S
and KS-1)
Output/Indicator
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Total number of working

partners who provide
capital assistance and
business guidance to
economic working groups
34
34
34
34
34
Total number of working

partners to become
facilitators for working
groups
Table 1.1 Con nued
Provision of educa on subsidies/ scholarships for students from elementary schools

Provision of
lementary School
Scholarships
Provision of
Junior Secondary
School
Scholarships
Provision of High
School
Scholarships
Provision of
Voca onal
Educa on
Scholarships
Ins tu onal
Service Delivery
Ac vi es
Number of primary
school students from
poor households to
receive scholarships
2,767,282
3,916,220
3,640,780
3,370,200
3,103,210
The achievement of expanded and equitable access to junior high schools in all districts and ci es
Number of junior high
poor households to
966,064
1,395,100
1,346,020
1,275,840
1,195,700
The achievement of expanded and equitable access to quality high school educa on in all districts
and ci es
The number of high
poor households to
378,783
501,898
614,396
714,653
800,000
The achievement of expanded and equitable access to quality voca onal educa on in all districts
and ci es
The number of vocaonal school students
from poor households to
305,535
390,476
475,417
560,358
Expanding the availability and equitable access and quality of PT interna onal compe
The number of poor
students receiving
scholarships
65,000
67,000
67,000
69,000
645,298
veness
70 ,000
Provision of scholarships for students from poor households (MI, MTs, and MA)
Providing
Scholarships for
Qualified
Madrasah
Educa on
Number of students
receive scholarships (MI)
640,000
640,000
640,000
640,000
640,000
The number of students

receive scholarships (MT)
540,000
540,000
540,000
540,000
540,000
The number of students

from poor households
receive scholarships (MA)
320,000
320,000
320,000
320,000
320,000
33
Table 1.1. Con nued
Prioritas
Output/Indicator
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
59,538
59,538
Increased availability of scholarships for students from poor households

Provision of
Scholarships for
Islamic Higher
Educa on
The number of
students from poor
households targetd to
(PTA )
59,538
59,538
59,538
Implementa on of condi onal cash aid to benefit the poorest households (PKH);
Condi onal Cash
Transfers (PKH)
Total number of the

poorest households
to receive condi onal
cash assistance (PKH)
816,000
1,116,000
1,516,000
1,404,000
1,170,000
The provision of rice to poor households

Provision of
Subsidized Rice for
the Poor (RASKIN)
Total recipient
households (15 kg
per household per 12
months)
17,5 million
Annual targets will be determined based on surveys of

need,
The realiza on of the land redistribu on

Provincial Land
Management
Implementa on of the
redistribu on of land
(hectares)
210,000
210,000
210,000
210,000
210,000
Increasing the availability of temporary employment for the unemployed and development of
community infrastructure
Development and
Expansion of
Employment
Opportuni es
The number of unemployed people to have

temporary jobs
24,000
people
90,000
people
90,000
people
90,000
people
90,000
people
Number of districts /
ci es to implement
temporary
employment crea on
for the unemployed
231
districts/
ci es
360
districts/
ci es
360
districts/
ci es
360
districts/
ci es
360
districts/
ci es
- Facilita on of child workers to return to school or receive skills training

- Reduc on of the number of children working in worst forms of child labor
Increased Worker
Protec on for
Women and the
Elimina on of Child
Labour
34
The number of child

workers withdrawn
from the worst forms
of child labor;
3,000
4,300
5,600
6,900
8,400
The percentage of
child workers withdrawn from the worst
form of child labor
who return to school
and / or acquire skills
training.
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Prioritas
Improving Urban
Community SelfReliance (PNPM
Urban)
Output/Indicator
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Table 1.1. Con nued
Empowering communi es and accelera ng reduc on of poverty and unemployment in urban

neighborhoods / sub-districts (PNPM Urban).
The number of
eighborhoods/ villages
which benefit from
facilita on to
empower
8,500
villages in
1,094
ubdistricts
7,482
villages in
805
subdistricts
4,968
villages in
460
subdistricts
552 villages
in 460
subdistricts
482 villages
in 460
subdistricts
Empowering communi es to accelerate reduc on of poverty and unemployment in districts and

rural villages / (PNPM Perdesaan).
Improving Rural
Community
Self-Reliance
(PNPM-MP)
Regula ons,
Guidance, Control
and Opera on of
Se lement
Development
(RISE)
The target areas of

applica on of PNPMMP and strengthening
PNPM
4,791
subdistricts
Coverage areas of
post-disaster
reconstruc on and
rehabilita on in crisis
districts: Nias and Nias
Selatan
2 districts /
9
subdistricts
Number of subdistricts
served by the
suppor ng
infrastructure and
socio-economic
ac vi es.
237
Supervision,
Financing and
Development
of Water Supply
Systema
4,943
subdistricts
4,946
subdistricts
4,949
subdistricts
237
237
237
237
Accelera ng poverty reduc on through infrastructure development and community

empowerment (RIS PNPM + PPIP)
Number of villages
improved through
development of
infrastructure
Regula ons,
Guidance, Control,
Financing, and
Management of
Sanita on
Improvement
4,940
subdistricts
3.9
2.45
1,237
1,237
1,226
35 districts/
ci es
system
on-site
40 districts/
ci es
system
on-site
45 districts/
ci es
system
on-site
50 districts/
ci es
system
on-site
1,165
500
700
813
210 districts/ ci es (SANIMAS)

Target areas for
infrastructure
development and
waste water facili es
with on-site systems
(district / city)
30 districts/
ci es
system
on-site
4.650 villages (PAMSIMAS)

Number of villages
facilitated
1,472
35
Table 1.2 Con nued
Prioritas
Output/Indicator
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Increased empowerment and self reliance of two million micro enterprises in coastal se lements, opera ng in 300 districts/ ci es supported by one unit BLU
The number of groups
of micro-enterprises in
coastal areas and small
islands are bankable
Business Services
and Community
Empowerment
Development of micro
tools LKM
100 units
100 units
100 units
100 units
100 units
Rural Community
Empowerment Funding / PNPM MK
120
districts/
ci es
120
districts/
ci es
120
districts/
ci es
120
districts/
ci es
120
districts/
ci es
Facilitators
480 people
480 people
480 people
480 people
480 people
Micro Business Groups
800,000
businesses
800,000
businesses
800,000
businesses
800,000
businesses
800,000
businesses
Increasing realiza on of the lending program (KKP-E and KUR) commercial financing, Islamic
financing, development of rural agricultural business centers, and development of farmer groups
PUAP
Rural
Agribusiness
Development
(PUAP) and
Strengthening of
Rural Economic
Ins tu ons through
LM3
36
Realiza on of lending
for agriculture (CTF-E,
and KUR)
1,5 trillion
Rupiah
2 trillion
Rupiah
2 trillion
Rupiah
2 trillion
Rupiah
2,5 trillion
Rupiah
Realiza on of
distribu on of Sharia
financing and
commercial financing
for agricultural sector
4 trillion
Rupiah
5 trillion
Rupiah
6 trillion
Rupiah
7 trillion
Rupiah
8 trillion
Rupiah
Total number of
agricultural business
centers in rural areas
200
200
200
200
200
Total number of
farmer groups PUAP
(units)
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
Policy
Development, Ins tu onal Strengthening, Coordina on
and
Facilita on of Local
Governments in
Less
Developed Regions
(P2DTK/SPADA)
PNPM
Increasing socio-economic recovery and growth in less developed regions
Improvement of
Tourism Sector
PNPM Mandiri
Increased number of tourist villages through PNPM tourism ini a ves
Support the Peoples

Business Credit
Guarantee Cooperaon (KUR)
Budget available to guarantee Peoples Business Credit (KUR)
The number of
districts, subdistricts
and villages targeted
in less developed
regions
Number of tourism
villages
Percentage of budget
available to guarantee
KUR
51 districts,
186
subdistricts,
4,596
villages
200
100%
80 districts
**)
450
100%
80 districts
**)
550
100%
80 districts
**)
80 districts
**)
450
350
100%
100%
Prioritas
Policy
Coordina on
Peoples
Business Credit
(KUR)
Output/Indicator
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
75%
80%
Table 1.1. Con nued
Increasing peoples business credit policy coordina on (KUR)

Percentage of policy
recommenda ons to
be implemented
60%
65%
70%
Increased coverage of credit / bank financing for coopera ves and SMEs
The expansion
of credit
services /
financing banks
for
coopera ves
and SMEs,
which
supported the
development of
synergies and
coopera on
with financial
ins tu ons
Increasing the
role of nonbank financial
ins tu ons,
such as KSP /
KJKS, a venture
capital,
factoring,
leasing
companies,
pawnshops
in support of
finance for
coopera ves
and SMEs,
coupled with
the
development
of informa on
networks
Coopera on involving
financing from banks
and financial
ins tu ons / other
financing.
5 MOU
5 MOU
5 MOU
5 MOU
5 MOU
Regional Credit
Guarantee
Ins tu ons (LPKD)
doing co-guarantee
with the na onal
insurance agency
7 Prov.
8 Prov.
9 Prov.
10 Prov.
10 Prov.
The number of
coopera ves that can
access credit /
financing banks
through linkages
100
100
100
100
100
Number of MFIs
(coopera ves and
rural banks), which
work closely with the
bank financing
100
100
100
100
100
Number of Regional
Credit Guarantee
Ins tu ons
The increased capacity and coverage of non-bank financial ins tu ons to provide financing to
coopera ves and SMEs
Number of non-bank
financial ins tu on
established
100 KSP/
KJKS
1 LMVD
100 KSP/
KJKS
1 LMVD
100 KSP/
KJKS
1 LMVD
100 KSP/
KJKS
1 LMVD
100 KSP/
KJKS
1 LMVD
37
Table 1.1. Con nued
Prioritas
Output/Indicator
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
100 MFIs
100 MFIs
100 MFIs
100 MFIs
Increased ins tu onal capacity of MFIs.

Improved
ins tu onal
capacity and
quality of
services
microfinance
ins tu ons
(MFIs),
including the
accredita on
and
cer fica on
service for
MFIs, including
MFIs
incorporated
under the law
of the
oopera ve
Source:
Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan 2010-2014
38
Revitalizing
the educa on
system, training
and
coopera ve
extension
for members
and managers
of coopera ves,
as well as
poten al
coopera ve
members and
cadres
The number of MFIs

that are registered and
accredited in
accordance with the
law of the MFI
100 MFIs
Increasing the capacity and quality of services microfinance ins tu ons (MFIs).
The number of MFIs
that par cipate in
management training
1,000
managers
MFIs
1,000
managers
MFIs
1,000
managers
MFIs
1,000
managers
MFIs
Total HR
management sta
KSP/ KJKS cer fied
1,200
people
1,200
people
1,200
people
1,200
people
1,200
people
Total LDP KJK and

reinforced TUK
2 Unit
2 Unit
2 Unit
2 Unit
900 people
900 people
900 people
900 people
900 people
Number of managers/
heads of branch KJK
which included
training and
cer fica on of
competencies for MFIs
System of educa on, training and coopera ve educa on for members and managers of
coopera ves, as well as poten al coopera ve members and cadres of the more eec ve
The number of
par cipants increase
public understanding
of coopera ves among
the strategic groups.
1,000
people
1,000
people
1,000
people
1,000
people
1,000
people
The number of
par cipants increased
understanding of
educa on and training
of coopera ves and
human resources in
coopera ves
1,750
people
1,750
people
1,750
people
1,750
people
Target 1B:
Achieve full and productive employment and decent work
for all, including women and young people
Current Status
Since the 1970s employment condi ons in Indonesia have been influenced by the demographic
transi on of the popula on structure and two economic crises that occurred in 1997/1998
and 2007/2008. The demographic transi on, from a popula on structure dominated by the
younger genera on in the 1970s to the current structure dominated by those of middle age,
has resulted in a rapid increase in the working popula on. In 1971, the working age popula on
amounted to 63.34 million whereas it is es mated to have reached 171.02 million in 2010.
The development of various indicators for "the crea on of full and produc ve employment
opportuni es and provision of decent jobs for all, including women and young people" is
detailed as follows:
The growth of gross domes c product (GDP) per worker during the 1990-2009 period has
varied significantly, with an average annual growth of about 2.53 percent.
Growth of GDP per worker in the period before the crisis of 1997/1998 (during 1990-1995)
was rela vely high, amoun ng to 5.42 percent as compared to the period a er the crisis
period (1997/1998 - 2008). A er the crisis, the growth rate of labor produc vity showed a
tendency to decline, averaging 3.36 percent per year during the past 10 years. The lower growth
rate of "post crisis" labor produc vity was partly due to the dwindling capital accumula on per
worker during the post crisis period. In the industrial sector the highest growth rate occurred
in 1995, amoun ng to 18.68 percent and the lowest in 2001, amoun ng to -0.05 percent. In
the same year (1995), the agricultural sector also experienced the highest growth rate of 12.15
per cent, and the lowest in 1998 amounted to -12.91 percent (see Figure 1.8).
The ra o of the employed to working age popula on in the 1990-2009 period experienced
a rela vely small, but quite dynamic change. The strong economic growth during the 19901997 and 2004-2008 period resulted in the employment growth rate exceeding the rate of
workforce growth. The employment opportuni es created during this me were able to
absorb new members of the workforce entering the labor market. Meanwhile, at the me of
the economic crisis, job opportuni es were s ll created even though they were mainly in the
informal sector (Figure 1.8).
The last two decades have seen a diminishing ra o of employment to the working age
popula on, from 65 percent to 62 percent. The growth of the working age popula on has
been higher than the growth of the workforce, indica ng that there is a higher preference
39
among students to con nue their schooling to higher levels of educa on rather than to find
a job.
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
-5%
-10%
-15%
Agriculture
Industry
Services
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
Source:
BPS, Extracted from Sakernas and
Indonesia Sta s cs in years 1990,
1993, 1996, 1999-2009
1991
-20%
1990
The growth rate of labor producvity (%)
Figure 1.7.
The Growth Rate of Labor
Produc vity (in Percentages) for
the Agriculture, Industry and the
Service Sector,
1990-2009
Total
Improvements in the quality of job opportuni es have resulted in a reduc on in the

propor on of self-employed workers and family workers (generally in the informal sector)
to total employment. The employment ra o in the sector has decreased from 71 percent
in 1990 to 64 percent in 2009 (Figure 1.9).
80%
Figure 1.8.
Employment to Popula on Ra o
for Urban and Rural Areas and
for the Na onal Level
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source:
BPS, Sakernas, 1990-2009
EPR Urban
EPR Rural
EPR Total
The declining ra o of workers who work in the informal sector is made possible by
the growth of wage employment and increasing worker produc vity. This source of
40
employment grew by 1.9 percent per annum during the period 2008-2009. Produc vity of
workers has increased significantly over the last several years.
Figure 1.9.
The Propor on of Vulnerable
Workers to Total Workers,
1990-2009
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Male
Female
Urban
Rural
Agust-09
Agust-08
Agust-07
Agust-06
Nop-05
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1993
1992
1991
1990
0%
Total
Source:
BPS, Sakernas (1990-2009).
Challenges
First: Expanding formal employment opportuni es. Investment recovery that has not
met expecta ons may well be a constraint to achievement of a higher economic growth
rate. Contribu ng factors to the weak investment climate have been well documented
and include, among others, slow investment recovery in infrastructure provision, legal and
bureaucra c issues as well as uncertainty in property ownership. Uncertainty in industrial
rela ons, including the provisions of severance payment due to layo as well as on contract
and outsourced workers, has aected the compe veness of several key labor-intensive
industries, although this is not the sole, deciding factor.
Second: Narrowing the wage gap between workers at the same level. Current changes
in wages are determined by the increasing price level rather than improvements in
produc vity. Produc vity has not yet become the main determinant in wage calcula on.
Ideally, the components for determining the Regional Minimum Wage (UMR) should not
only include infla on factors, but also produc vity and achievement of job outputs.
Third: Accelera ng workers transi on from lower produc vity jobs to higher produc vity
jobs. This entails moving labor surplus out of the tradi onal or informal sector into more
produc ve jobs which provide higher wages. Worker transi on from tradi onal sectors with
low produc vity encourages wage increment, improves workers output as well as narrows
the gap in wage and labor produc vity. Should the growth in the formal sector slow down, it
will result in more workers entering the informal sector so that workers in the informal sector
(including their families) will be in a state of greater uncertainty.
41
Policies and Strategis

Crea ng as many employment opportuni es as possible by promo ng investment
and business expansion. The government will con nue to promote the crea on of job
opportuni es in the formal sector by promo ng investment growth and business expansion.
This policy con nues to be implemented so that the economy will grow and develop.
Improving the investment climate is one of the governments na onal priori es, both for
urban and rural areas.
Improving the environment and mechanisms of industrial rela ons to promote
employment and business opportuni es. Through a process of nego a on and
delibera on and bipar te discussions, workers and employers can resolve issues rela ng
to their respec ve needs and interests. The government will be more ac ve in working to
create more conducive industrial rela ons and to encourage collec ve bargaining between
workers and employers.
Crea ng employment opportuni es through government programs. This policy aims to
assist the unemployed who do not have access to economic ac vi es. Unemployment is
not only found in urban areas, but also in areas that have been le behind in terms of
economic development.
Improving the quality of workers. The competence of Indonesian workers is s ll perceived
as an obstacle for business development. The low level of competence is a constraint to the
improvement of na onal economic security. Indonesia's compe veness and produc vity
s ll lag behind other Southeast Asian countries. One eort to be taken to improve labor
produc vity will be to improve worker skills.
Improving the produc vity of agricultural workers. The government will give a en on to
workers in the agricultural sector through improving agricultural sector produc vity. This
will be done through various ac vi es, including: (a) extending the scope of agricultural
sector management by intensifying research to expand agricultural ac vi es, thus
increasing agricultural output and added value; and (b) providing workers with knowledge
and skills, through educa on, training and agricultural extension. In me, knowledge and
skills improvement will have an impact on the enhancement of agricultural produc vity.
Developing social security and empowering workers. Strategies for providing workers with
social security will be implemented, including development of social security programs that
provide workers with the greatest possible benefits. For informal workers, there is a need
to protect workers from their working environment and the dispropor onate use of their
labor. Assistance will also be provided to workers in the form of training to improve skills to
help them increase their produc vity and, thus, their welfare.
42
Implemen ng key employment regula ons. The ILO Declara on on the Principles and
Fundamental Rights in the Workplace mandates the implementa on and enforcement of
basic labor standards.
Target 1C:
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger
Current Status
The nutri onal level of the popula on has improved over me, as indicated by the
decline in the prevalence of underweight children under five years of age. Indonesia
has made good progress in improving nutri on outcomes over the past two decades.
The prevalence of underweight children under five years of age, who are moderately and
severely underweight, decreased from 31.0 percent in 1989 to 21.6 percent in 2000. A
slight rise was seen between 2000 and 2005, reaching 24.5 percent in 2005. However
in 2007 it decreased to 18.4 percent (Riskesdas 2007) and progress on this indicator is
considered to be on track to achieve the MDG target of 15.5 percent by 2015 (Figure 1.10).
In the Na onal Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN 2010-2014) the Government has
set the new target for this indicator to be less than 15.0 percent in 2014.
40
31.0
29.8
27.7
30
26.1
Percentage
22.8
21.6 21.8
23.2 23.2
Target MDG
2015
24.5
Figure 1.10.
Trend in the Prevalence of
Underweight Children Under Five
Years of Age (1989-2007) Using the
WHO 2005 Standard and the MDG
Target for this Indicator in 2015
18.4
20
15.5
23.8
7.2
21.7
8.1
15.4
12.3
14.8
11.3
13.9
8,9
13.2
8.4
15.0
6.8
14.6
8.6
14.5
8.7
14.8
9.7
13.0
5.4
1989
1992
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2007
10
Moderate
Severe
2015
Source:
BPS, Susenas 1989 to 2005 and MOH,
Riskesdas 2007.
Malnourished
Dispari es in the prevalence of underweight children under five years of age remain
a problem. Even though the na onal MDG target for the prevalence of underweight
children under five years of age is expected to be achieved, dispari es exist in nutri onal
43
status among provinces, between rural and urban areas, and among socio-economic
groups. Riskesdas 2007 indicated that the prevalence of underweight children under five
years of age ranged from 10.9 percent (DI Yogyakarta) to 33.6 percent (Nusa Tenggara
Timur). In addi on to Nusa Tenggara Timur, provinces with the prevalence of underweight
children under five above 25 percent include: Maluku (27.8 percent), Sulawesi Tengah
(27.6 percent), Kalimantan Selatan (26.6 percent), and Aceh (26.5 percent) (Figure 1.11).
30
10.9
11.4
12.4
12.9
15.0
15.8
16.0
16.6
16.7
17.4
17.5
17.6
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.9
19.3
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.5
22.7
22.7
22.8
23.2
24.2
24.8
25.4
25.4
26.5
26.6
27.6
27.8
35
33.6
40
Figure 1.11.
The Prevalence of Underweight
Children Under Five Years of Age
by Province (2007)
TARGET
2015
Percentage
25
20
15
15.5
11.9
10
5
3.6
DI Yogyakarta
Bali
Kepulauan Riau
DKI Jakarta
Jawa Barat
Sulawesi Utara
Jawa Tengah
Banten
Bengkulu
Jawa Timur
Lampung
Sulawesi Selatan
Sumatera Selatan
Bangka Belitung
INDONESIA
Jambi
Kalimantan Timur
Sumatera Barat
Papua
Riau
Kalimantan Barat
Sulawesi Tenggara
Sumatera Utara
Maluku Utara
Papua Barat
Kalimantan Tengah
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Gorontalo
Sulawesi Barat
Aceh
Kalimantan Selatan
Sulawesi Tengah
Maluku
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Source:
MOH, Riskesdas 2007
Severely Underweight
Moderately Underweight
Total Underweight
Moreover, disparity between rural and urban areas remains. The prevalence of
underweight children under five years of age in rural areas in 2007 was 20.4 percent,
while in urban areas it was 15.9 percent, which indicates achievement of the MDG target
(Table 1.2). Data in Table 1.2 also indicates that the prevalence of severely underweight
children under five years of age was 5.4 percent na onally while in rural areas it was 6.4
percent and in urban areas 4.2 percent. The data indicates that the MDG target of 3.3
percent is not yet achieved in rural and urban areas. Riskesdas 2007 showed that the
lower the household income the higher the prevalence of underweight of children under
five years of age.
Table 1.2.
Underweight Prevalence Among
Children Under Five Years of Age by
Rural and Urban Areas of Indonesia
(2007)
Source:
MOH, Riskesdas 2007
Severely
Underweight
Moderately
Underweight
Total
Underweight
Rural
6.4
14
20.4
Urban
4.2
11.7
15.9
Indonesia
5.4
13
18.4
Region
The propor on of the popula on with a daily kcal intake of less than 2,000 calories
is s ll high. Based on the average daily dietary energy consump on intake per capita,
there has been a significant improvement in reducing undernourishment in Indonesia.
The Susenas 2002-2008 data showed that the average dietary calorie intake in 2002 was
44
1,986 kcal per capita per day which was below the minimum requirement of 2,000 kcal
per capita per day. In 2008, it increased to 2.038 kcal per capita per day (Figure 1.12).
The data confirm that food consump on improvement par cularly among the poor
is urgently needed. Moreover, poor people in par cular consume unsafe food which
adversely aects their health and nutri onal status.
2,050
2,038
2,040
2,030
Kcal/capita/day
2,020
Figure 1.12.
Trends in the Average Calorie
Consump on for Rural and Urban
Households (2002-2008)
2,015
2,010
2,007
2,000
1,990
1,986
1,980
1,970
Source:
1,960
1,950
2002
2005
2007
2008
The Government of Indonesia is commi ed to improving the nutri onal status of the
popula on, par cularly the poor. To address the high prevalence of malnutri on among
children, the government has implemented the Food and Nutri on Ac on Plan 2006-2010,
with the following immediate objec ves: (i) improvement of family nutri on awareness
(kadarzi) through community-based growth monitoring and counseling; (ii) preven on
of nutri on-related diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS; (iii)
promo on of healthy lifestyle behavior; and (iv) improvement of food for fica on. In
its eorts to fulfill the global accord, the government set up health sector policies in
the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan 2005-2009 which cover the community
nutri on improvement program.
Challenges
Economic and socio-cultural factors aec ng low nutri onal status among children
under five years of age include: (i) lack of access to quality food, par cularly due to
poverty; (ii) inappropriate child care due to low levels of educa on among mothers;
and (iii) inadequate access to health, water and sanita on services. Moreover, lack
of awareness and commitment of the government contributes to the existence of the
malnutri on problem.
Lack of access of the poor with low educa on to quality and safe food. The poor have low
45
capacity to acquire the required food intake, in terms of quan ty as well as quality. Lack of
food intake and inappropriate caring pa ern result in malnutri on among chidren under
five years of age. Moreover, the unbalanced food consump on pa ern of Indonesians can
lead to serious disease problems and even death.
The quality of food consump on is s ll low. During the period 2002-2007, the quality of
food consump on improved as indicated by an increase in the desirable dietary pa ern
(PPH) score from 77.5 in 2002 to 83.6 in 2007. However, this figure is s ll far from the ideal
PPH score of 100 in both rural and urban popula ons.
88.0
Figure 1.13.
Trend in the Desirable Dietary
Pa ern (PPH) Score of Food
Consump on for Rural and
Urban Households, 2002-2007
85.9
86.0
83.6
84.0
81.9
PPH Score
82.0
79.1
77.6
77.5
78.0
76.0
81.2
80.8
80.0
75.0
74.0
72.0
70.0
Source:
68.0
2002
2005
Rural
Urban
2007
Indonesia
The prac ce of exclusive breast feeding has declined. To minimize morbidity and
mortality of children, the United Na ons Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health
Organiza on (WHO) recommend that children be exclusively breas ed for at least six
months a er birth. In 2007 only about 32 percent of children under six months were
exclusively breas ed in Indonesia, and only 41 percent of children under four months old
were exclusively breas ed.
The role of the community in dealing with malnutri on has been declining. Community
par cipa on in dealing with malnutri on, par c ularly among children under five, has been
undertaken in Integrated Health Posts (Posyandu). Un l the early 1990s, the na onwide
system of Posyandus was the main mechanism for nutri on service delivery at the
community level. However, the Posyandu ac vi es deteriorated under decentraliza on
as indicated by huge varia ons of malnutri on rates among provinces.
Lack of ins tu ons dealing with hunger eradica on programs. Nutri on policy
development and program planning and management are inadequate in both capacity and
ins tu onal linkages. A strong na onal intersectoral body for coordina ng and enforcing
nutri on policies across sectors and across the levels of administra on does not exist.
46
Na onal food security ins tu ons are not eec ve in solving problems related to hunger
and malnutri on.
Policies and Strategis

Policies and strategies to reduce the prevalence of underweight children under five
years of age to 15.5 percent in 2015 and to improve the propor on of the popula on
consuming at least the minimum level of dietary energy consump on are as follows:
1.
Increase access of the poor, par cularly children under five years of age and
pregnant women, to adequate nutri ous and safe food and other interven ons
such as nutrient supplementa on. Develop specific pro-poor assistance interven ons
to provinces and districts with high prevalence of malnutri on. Other strategies
that will be developed include: (i) socializa on and advocacy on social and cultural
behavior for healthy lifestyle, par cularly to promote exclusive breast-feeding and
infant feeding prac ces; and (ii) investments in basic infrastructure (health, water,
sanita on), par cularly in rural and urban slum areas.
2.
Strengthen community empowerment and revitalize Posyandus. Strengthen food

and nutri on service delivery at the grassroots level through the following: (i) revitalize
Posyandu to expand coverage of service delivery for food and nutri on, including reac va on of growth monitoring prac ce (GMP); (ii) provide linkages of nutri on to
early child educa on program (PAUD); and (iii) develop nutri on programs through
community-based ac vi es by empowering local community-based ins tu ons such
as religious gatherings (kelompok pengajian) and womens organiza ons.
3.
Improve food security at the local level par cularly to reduce disparity among
regions. Ensure food security at the local level by: (i) increasing agricultural
produc vity; (ii) improving the eciency of food distribu on and handling systems;
and (iii) developing a local-based food diversifica on program through improvement
of food produc on and post-harvest technology and advocacy of balanced diets.
4.
Strengthen ins tu ons at the central and dictrict levels that have a strong authority
in formula ng policy and programs in food and nutri on. The problem of malnutri on
and food insecurity is mul sectoral in nature, related to socio-cultural, economic, and
poli cal issues. Policies and programs should be formulated holis cally and require
an ins tu onal framework with a strong authority and capacity in synchronizing and
coordina ng ac vi es in food and nutri on. Therefore, the ins tu onal framework
for nutri on and food security at central and district levels will be strengthened.
In the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan 2010-2014, the Government set the
new target of reducing undernourishment of children under five years of age to be less
than 15.0 percent. Ac ons to be carried out include: (i) expansion of exclusive breast-
47
feeding; (ii) complementary and supplementary feeding for children 6-24 months old; (iii)
supplementary feeding for pregnant and lacta ng mothers; (iv) strengthening communitybased nutri on programs through Posyandu; (v) nutri on educa on and kadarzi; (vi)
strengthening malnutri on mi ga on management in primary health centers (Puskesmas)
and hospitals; and (v) strengthening the food and nutri on surveillance system. In line with
the above policies and strategies, the Na onal Medium-Term Developement Plan 20102014 set up programs and targets to address malnutri on par cularly among children
under five years of age as listed in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3.
Outputs and Targets Specified
in the Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan
(RPJMN 2010-2104)
Source:
(RPJMN 2010-2014), Ministry of Health
Strategic Plan 2010-2014 and Presiden al
Instruc on No. 3/2010.
48
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Percentage of severe
undernourished children under 5 years
five years old receiving care
Outputs/Indicators
100
100
100
100
100
Percentage of severe
undernourished children 6-24 months
old from poor households receiving
MPASI (food supplement)
100
100
100
100
100
Percentage 0-6 months old babies with

exclusive breast feeding
65
67
70
75
100
Coverage of Iodized salt
75
78
80
83
85
Percentage of 6-59 month old

children receiving vitamin A
supplement
75
78
80
83
85
Percentage of Puskemas
implemen ng nutri onal status
monitoring and providing care for the
severely undernourished
100
100
100
100
100
Percentage of districts implemen ng

nutri on surveillance
100
100
100
100
100
Percentage of children under 5 years old

weighed for growth monitoring
65
70
75
80
85
Percentage of children under 5 years

old of poor households (GAKIN) receiving recovery food supplements (PMT
pemulihan)
100
100
100
100
100
MPASI buer stock for disaster areas
100
100
100
100
100
Percentage of households with

nutri onal awareness (keluarga sadar
gizi)
60
65
70
75
80
Kindergarten and primary school students
Goal 2:
Achieve Universal Primary
Education
Goal 2:
Achieve Universal Primary
Education
Target 2A:
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls
alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary
schooling
Current Status
Indonesia aims to go beyond the MDG educa on target for primary educa on by expanding
the target to include junior secondary educa on (SMP and madrasah tsanawiyah-MTs,
grades 7 to 9) in the universal basic educa on target.
Access to Primary and Junior Secondary Educa on. The primary school (SD/MI) gross
enrolment ra o (GER) achieved universal coverage by the early 1980s, and stayed high
despite the financial crisis of the late 1990s. In 2008/2009, the GER was 116.77 percent while
the net enrolment ra o (NER) was 95.23 percent. At the junior secondary level (SMP/MT), the
GER was 98.11 percent and the NER was 74.52 percent (Figure 2.1).
At the primary school level, disparity in educa on par cipa on has been reduced. The
Susenas 2009 indicated the NER of all other provinces were above 90 percent, except for
Papua where the NER was measured to be 76.09 percent (Figure 2.2).
The school drop-out rate has been decreasing. The propor on of pupils star ng grade 1
who complete primary school shows an increasing trend. Susenas data indicates that the
percentage of children aged 16-18 years who completed primary educa on increased from
87.8 percent in 1995 to 93.0 percent in 2008. This figure indicates the decreasing trend in the
dropout rate at primary schools, including madrasah.
51
98.1
95.2
74.5
116.6
116.8
115.7
94.9
95.1
96.2
72.3
2008
92.5
71.6
2007
106.9
110.0
93.5
93.3
82.3
88.7
66.5
65.4
2005
106.0
107.1
93.0
82.2
65.2
61.7
2002
2004
60.6
2001
81.1
106.0
60.2
2000
92.6
92.7
79.9
59.2
1999
78.3
77.5
57.0
1998
70.5
76.0
57.9
54.6
1997
65.7
51.0
64.4
50.1
42.0
46.8
40
1995
55.6
61.1
60
1994
Percentage
80
63.5
107.6
107.3
92.9
92.7
92.3
92.2
73.1
108.1
108.1
92.5
107.4
107.3
91.6
74.2
107.2
102.0
107.1
91.6
92.2
100
91.3
120
88.7
Figure 2.1.
Trends for Net Enrolment Ra os
(NER) for Primary and Junior
Secondary Educa on Levels
(Including Madrasah),
1992 - 2009
105.3
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
20
Source:
BPS, Susenas and MoNE Sta s cs.
2009
2006
2003
1996
NER - Primary School/MI
GER - Primary School/MI
NER - Junior Secondary School/MTs
GER - Junior Secondary School/MTs
95.23
100
Figure 2.2.
Net Enrolment Rate for Primary
School Including Madrasah by
Province, 2009
1993
1992
80
Percentage
60
40
20
Papua
Gorontalo
Papua Barat
SSulawesi Utara
Sullawesi Selatan
Nusa Te
enggara Timur
SSulawesi Barat
Ba
angka Belitung
Sullawesi Tengah
Maluku Utara
Sum
matera Selatan
Kalim
mantan Timur
Ke
epulauan Riau
Kaliimantan Barat
Banten
DKI Jakarta
DI Yogyakarta
Maluku
Su
umatera Utara
Kalim
mantan Selatan
Jawa Barat
wesi Tenggara
Sulaw
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Lampung
Su
umatera Barat
Bali
Bengkulu
Jambi
INDONESIA
Riau
Jawa Timur
Jawa Tengah
Aceh
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2009 and MoNE Sta s cs
2008/2009.
Kalim
mantan Tengah
The literacy rate of the Indonesian popula on aged 15-24 years is increasing. The Susenas
data of 1992 to 2009 indicated that the literacy rate of the Indonesian popula on aged 15-24
years increased from 96.71 percent in 1992 to 99.47 percent in 2009. The literacy rate of the
poorest group in the popula on rose significantly from 92.9 percent in 1995 to 97.8 percent
in 2006 for the 15-24 years age group (UNESCO, 2006). Progress in increasing the literacy
rate has occurred largely due to improvements in the par cipa on rate of educa on and the
propor on of students who have been able to complete their educa on at the primary level.
Beyond access, the quality of educa on has been a concern of the government. Measured
by interna onal standards, Indonesias educa onal quality is low compared to neighboring
countries. The nine-year basic educa on graduates do not always have adequate skills
relevant to the needs of the community or the labor market. Based on the Third Interna onal
52
Mathema cs Science Study (TIMSS 2003), Indonesian student performance ranked 34 out
of 45 countries. In the 2006 Program for Interna onal Student Assessment (PISA), which
examines how well students aged 15 years are prepared for life, the average score of reading
ability of Indonesian students was 393, which was below the average of OECD countries (492),
and Indonesia ranked 44 among 57 countries. In addi on, only 31 percent of children could
complete more than the most basic reading tasks. This was due to lack of access to books and
other reading materials.
Challenges
Improving equitable access of all children, boys and girls, to quality basic educa on is a major
challenge to the achievement of the MDG educa on targets. Several cri cal factors have
prevented Indonesia from achieving universal basic educa on. On the demand side, poverty is
considered to be a major factor contribu ng to the low access to schooling. On the supply side,
it includes: (i) insucient educa onal infrastructure, including teaching-learning materials and
equipment; (ii) lack of highly qualified teachers, par cularly in remote, underserved areas;
(iii) lack of relevant curriculum and the low quality of teaching learning process; and (iv)
lack of funding for school opera ons. Moreover, the low quality of governance in educa on
management contributes to low equitable access of all children to quality basic educa on.
Reaching the unreached in improving equitable access of all children, boys and girls, to
quality basic educa on is a major challenge in achieving the educa on MDG target. Poverty
is a major factor contribu ng to low enrollment in basic educa on with lack of aordability
being the reason for 70 percent of non-a endance at school (AIBEP 2008). The na onwide
implementa on of the BOS program which was intended to support the government policy
of free basic educa on contributed to improvement of school par cipa on by elimina ng
cost barriers, especially in the poorest urban and rural areas. However, in reality, costs are
s ll significant and o en unaordable for poor parents, par cularly for daily travel, lunches,
uniforms and books. In addi on, there is a challenge to develop the holis c and integrated ECED
program and to improve the quality of non-formal educa on (NFE) programs par cularly to
poor communi es. Moreover, there is a need to expand provision of an adequate infrastructure,
books and teaching learning equipments for basic educa on.
Improving the quality and equal distribu on of teachers in all regions to improve the quality
of basic educa on. There is a strong correla on between teachers academic qualifica ons,
overall school eec veness, and improved learning outcomes. However, lack of qualified
teachers, par cularly in remote and underserved areas, is a major challenge in improving
equitable access to quality basic educa on in Indonesia (Table 2.1).
53
Table 2.1.
Number and Propor on
of Teachers by Academic
Qualifica ons and School
Levels for Indonesia (2009)*
Source:
Directorate General of Quality
Improvement of Teachers and
Educa on Personnel, MONE,
2010.
*not including madrasah
teachers.
Number of Teachers
Educa on Level
Senior
SS
Diploma
1-3
PrePrimary (TK)
119,984
71,080
32,378
223,422
53.70
31.81
14.49
100
Primary School
(SD/MI)
374,728
758,294
364,637
1,497,659
25.02
50.83
24.35
100
Junior
Secondary School
(SMP/ MT)
29,083
101,890
341,972
502,915
5.78
20.26
73.96
100
Senior
Secondary School
(SMA/SMK/MA)
11,806
29,876
341,633
475,917
3.08
7.79
89.13
100
535,601
961,120
1,110,590
2,607,311
20.54
36.88
46.60
100
TOTAL
Dipl. 4
/ S1
Propor on (%)
Diploma Dipl.
Senior
1-3
4 / S1
SS
Total
Total
Developing be er financing and a fund transfer mechanism to improve eciency,

accountability, and equity in funding and to ensure the equitable access to quality basic
educa on. In line with educa on reform plans to accelerate the pace of achieving MDG
educa on targets, the government has drama cally increased public funding alloca ons for
educa on. From 2001 to 2009, educa on spending as a propor on of GDP increased from
2.8 percent to 3.7 percent and as a propor on of public expenditures from 11.4 percent
to 20 percent. However, transfer of resources from central government to district and to
schools resulted in reduc on of local budget for educa on (subs tu on eect). Therefore,
a challenge is to further develop be er financing, and fund transfer mechanisms to improve
eciency, accountability, and equity in funding to ensure the equitable access to quality basic
educa on.
Improving educa on management accountability and eciency in the decentralized system.
Indonesias decision to decentralize government is transforming the nature and level of public
service delivery, including in educa on. However, decentraliza on of educa on policy has not
been fully implemented as intended. The transi on to decentraliza on has not yet included
guidelines for monitoring and evalua on as well benchmarking on progress achieved by
ins tu ons at all levels of government.

1. Priori es to Improve Equitable Access:
a. Formulate and implement policy at na onal and local levels to accelerate provision
of adequate infrastructure and teaching-learning facili es, par cularly in poor,
underserved and remote areas, madrasah and pesantren. A en on will be given to
concurrently ra onalizing and accelera ng provision of adequate school infrastructure
54
and teaching learning resources that meet minimum service standards (MSS).
b. Ensure educa on financing mechanisms are more pro-poor to address inequitable
alloca on of funds and educa on resources. An arma ve policy for the poor is
essen al to accelerate access to quality educa on services. This should include
increasing the number of cost-based scholarships for poor students in primary and
junior secondary schools in targeted areas with the lowest enrolment rates, and
ensuring matching funds from revenue-rich districts.
c. Strengthen the eec veness, eciency, and accountability in the implementa on of
BOS. Capacity of local government and schools in managing the implementa on of BOS
will be strengthened in order to raise the eec veness, eciency, and accountability
of BOS. Moreover, community par cipa on will be increased in planning, monitoring,
and evalua on of BOS by enhancing the capacity of school commi ees.
d. Accelerate provision of holis c and integrated ECED services in rural and underserved
areas. Districts will be encouraged or mandated to allocate a share of their budget to
support an increase in holis c and integrated ECED services in underserved areas.
Ins tu onal capacity at district, provincial, and central levels to improve planning and
monitoring on program performance will be strengthened
e. Accelerate provision of equivalency programs and enhance quality for school
dropouts. Equivalency program (Packets A and B) will be be er targeted to reach poor
and dropout students. Strategies may include: (i) increasing the ecient u liza on of
formal school human resources, facili es and infrastructure for informal educa on; (ii)
improving eciency and quality of services through enhancement of the curriculum
and quality assurance of program implementa on to ensure equivalency to formal
educa on; and (iii) improving coordina on of educa on equivalency programs
between MoNE and the Ministry of Religious Aairs (MoRA).
2. Priori es to Improve Quality and Relevance:
a. Accelerate improvements in pre-service and in-service teacher training provision. In
order to increase learning quality, all teacher training ins tutes (Lembaga Pendidikan
Tenaga Kependidikan/LPTKs) will review their courses with a view to improve prac cal
classroom performance and apply best prac ces in linking teaching to improved
student learning.
b. Reform curriculum and improve teaching and learning quality. Curriculum reform
will be conducted to develop and improve the curriculum and teaching-learning
process to enable students to develop their intellectual, emo onal, spiritual, and
social capaci es. More specifically, the curriculum and teaching-learning process will
be enhanced to build moral values and character.
c. Improvement of training on school-based management (SBM) targeted to
school principals and supervisors. The training will cover teacher support and
55
sta performance appraisal, monitoring and supervision, financial planning and

management, and community par cipa on.
3. Priori es to Strengthen Governance and Accountability:
a. Improve local government capacity in managing basic educa on programs. District
ins tu onal capacity will be strengthened through expanding coverage of capacity
development programs in educa on management including analysis, planning and
budge ng, monitoring and evalua on, as well as financial management.
b. Strengthen accountability in educa on resource management. The strategies will
include: (i) evalua ng budget eciency and funding mechanisms; (ii) developing
performance-based budge ng ed to quality standards and incen ve mechanisms;
(iii) strengthening performance evalua on and quality assurance systems; (iv)
strengthening management informa on systems; (iv) strengthening financial repor ng
systems, alongside eec ve mechanisms for ensuring mutual accountability between
central and districts, and between schools and parents; (v) developing governance
and accountability indicators and informa on systems at the district level; and (vi)
improving the quality of informa on for educa on sector performance to ensure
adherence to standards.
c. Increase community par cipa on. Improvement of community par cipa on in
educa on management will be conducted through: (i) advocacy to stakeholders for
increased resource mobiliza on; (ii) promo on of public-private partnerships with
explicit roles for parents and the community in school performance and school-based
management; (iii) recogni on of civil society organiza ons as legi mate par cipants
in the direc on of the educa on system through strengthening Provincial Educa on
Councils and District Educa on Councils, and establishment of the Na onal Educa on
Council to improve governance.
In line with the above policies and strategies, the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan
2010-2014 sets up program priori es as listed in Table 2.2:
56
Priori es
Outputs/
Indicators
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Improving access
and quality of
primary educa o
n (SD/MI)
Equitable access to
quality primary educa on in all districts
achieved/ NER of
primary educa on
95.2%
95.3%
95.7%
95.8%
96.0%
Provision of
educa on
subsidy for
SD/SDLB
Subsidy for
students in SD/SDLB
allocated and distributed/ Number of
students in SD/SLB
received BOS
27,672,820
27,973,000
28,006,000
28,085,000
28,211,000
Provision of
educa on
subsidy for MI
Subsidy for students

in MI/Diniyah
Ula allocated and
distributed/ Number
of students in MI/
Diniyah Ula received
BOS
3,555,803
3,626,919
3,681,322
3,736,543
3,791,591
Provision of
quality and
aordable text
books
Availability of curriculum and teachinglearning models/

Percentage of improved
curriculum
implemented
100%
Availability of
qualified teachers
Provision of
and educa on
teaching-learning personnel of SD/MI
system and
that equitable in all
curriculum
districts/ Percentage
of SD/MI principals
a ending the training
10%
15%
25%
65%
100%
15%
25%
45%
70%
90%
Improved
improved
Improved
Improved
Improved
Improving
quality and
welfare of teacher and educa on
personnel for
primary
educa on
Improving
Management
Capacity for
basic educa on
Management and
quality assurance
system at DG of
Primary and
Secondary
Management
improved/
Involvement of
community in
duca on
planning,
implementa on,
control, and finance
through Educa on
Council
Table 2.2.
Program Priori es, Outputs and
Indicators of the Educa on Sector,
2010-2014
Source:
2010-2014.
57
58
SUPERNETS. One thousand women in the Atrium TP3 Surabaya, May 11, 2009
using the internet. This supernets event was held to commemorate Kar ni Day,
Na onal Educa on Day and the 716th Anniversary of Surabaya
Goal 3:
Promote Gender Equality and
Empower Women
Goal 3:
Promote Gender Equality
and Empower Women
Target 3A:
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no
later than 2015
Current Status
One of the human development goals of Indonesia is to achieve gender equality by building
human resources without dieren a ng between men and women. Much eort has been
undertaken to improve the quality of life and the role of women to enable them to be equal
partners with men in development.
In educa on, gender equality has improved significantly. Measured by the Gender Parity
Index (GPI) of the Net Enrolment Rate (NER) or the ra o of NER of females to males, gender
equality in educa on has shown significant progress. Using this indicator, the MDG target to
achieve gender equality at all levels of educa on will be met. Susenas data from 1993 to 2009
shows that the NER of both girls and boys at primary schools including madrasah ib daiyah
(SD/MI/Package A) was more than 90. During the same period, the NER at the junior secondary
level including madrasah tsanawiyah (SMP/MT/Package B), and senior secondary educa on
including madrasah aliyah (SM/MA/Package C) increased significantly. Meanwhile, the GPI of
NER for higher educa on fluctuates with a tendency to rise significantly. In 2009, the GPI at
primary schools (SD/MI/Package A) was 99.73, while at the junior secondary educa on level
(SMP/MT/Package B) it was 101.99, at the senior secondary educa on level (SM/MA/Package
C) it was 96.16, and at all levels of higher educa on it was 102.95 (Susenas 2009). Susenas
2009 indicated that the NER of females to males was close to homogenous among provinces
with the GPI ranging from 96.39 (Papua Barat) to 102.5 (Kepulauan Riau). However, dispari es
s ll exist at the post pimary educa on level (Figure 3.1), where at the junior secondary level
the GPI ranged from 89.54 (Papua) to 116.17 (Gorontalo) and at the senior secondary level
61
it ranged from 68.60 (Papua Barat) to 143.22 (Kepulauan Riau). In several provinces the GPI
exceeded 110 which indicates that the NER of female students is much higher than that of
males. At the junior secondary level, provinces with GPI higher than 110 include DI Yogyakarta,
Nusa Tenggara Timur, and Gorontalo. At the senior secondary level, provinces with GPI of more
than 110 include Sumatera Barat, Riau, Kepulauan Riau, Sumatera Selatan, Bangka Belitung,
Nusa Tenggara Timur, and Sulawesi Barat (7 provinces), while provinces with GPI less than 90
include DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Papua, and Papua Barat
(6 provinces). The figures indicate that disparity among provinces is s ll a major problem
par cularly for senior and higher educa on levels.
Figure 3.1.
Gender Parity Index (GPI) of
Net Enrolment Rates (NER)
Senior Secondary Schools
by Province, 2009
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
0
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2009.
Papua Barat
DKI Jakarta
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Jawa Barat
Jawa Timur
Papua
Bali
Banten
Lampung
Maluku Utara
DI Yogyakarta
INDONESIA
Sulawesi Selatan
Jawa Tengah
Kalimantan Tengah
Sumatera Utara
Kalimantan Selatan
Kalimantan Barat
Sulawesi Tenggara
Aceh
Sulawesi Tengah
Bengkulu
Maluku
Gorontalo
Kalimantan Timur
Sulawesi Utara
Jambi
Riau
Sumatera Selatan
Bangka Belitung
Sumatera Barat
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Sulawesi Barat
Kepulauan Riau
20
The MDG target on the literacy ra o of females to males aged 15-24 years has been achieved.
Progress in educa on par cipa on of both male and female contributed to improvement of
the na onal GPI for literacy of the 15-24 year age group. In 2009 the GPI was almost 100, with
female literacy rates at 99.4 percent and male literacy rates at 99.5 percent.
In the employment sector, the female labor force par cipa on rate is lower than that
of males. Based on the Na onal Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), the female labor force
par cipa on rate has shown no significant increase from 2004 to 2009, with an average rate
of around 50 percent. This rate is significantly lower than that of their male counterparts
which averaged around 84 percent during the same period. The low labor par cipa on rate of
females was due to most females chosing to work domes cally as housewives. For example in
August 2009 around 31.8 million females chose to work as housewives while only 1.5 million
males were recorded to be in this category. However, the open unemployment rate of females
showed significant progress, declining by 6 percent during 2005 to 2009, from 14.71 percent
to 8.47 percent, while the open unemployment rate for males declined by only 1.6 percent,
from 9.29 percent to 7.51 percent during the same period. Morover, the percentage of waged
62
women in non-agricultural sectors increased from 29.02 percent in 2004 to 3.45 percent in
2009 (Sakernas 2004-2009).
While the wage levels of female workers have increased, wage discrimina on is s ll prevalent.
Sakernas data showed that from 2004 to 2009, the average monthly wage of female workers
categorized as employees increased from Rp 676,611 to Rp 1,098,364. In non-agricultural
sectors, the average wage of female casual employees also increased from Rp 277,183 to Rp
396,115. Although the average wage of female workers has increased, the data shows that
there is a wide wage disparity between females and males. The biggest gap was in casual
employees in non-agriculture sectors where women receive only 54 percent of males wage.
(Figure 3.2).
1,600
Average monthly wages (thousand Rp.)
1,448
1,400
1,255
1,166
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
1,098
1,083
974
930
915
893
689
677
Figure 3.2.
Average Monthly Wages
(Rp 000) of Male and Female
Workers in Non-Agricultural
Sectors
824
715
609
593
277
267
294
2004
2005
2006
540
732
633
337
355
2007
2008
396
200
2009
Male labour workers, white collars

Female labour workers, white collars
Male casual employee in non-agricultural sector
Female casual employee in non-agricultural sector
Source:
BPS, Sakernas 2004-2009.
Disparity in the average wage of female workers as percentages of the average wages of
male workers exists among provinces. In Nusa Tenggara Barat, the wage of female worker
was only 58 percent of the average male workers wage in 2009. In Sulawesi Utara the average
wage of women is higher than that of males (Map 3.1).
A quan fiable improvement has been recorded in the propor on of women in public
ins tu ons (legisla ve, execu ve and judica ve). In poli cs, progress has been achieved as
indicated by the issuance of a law that mandates a quota of 30 percent womens representa on
in parliament. The quota for women legisla ve candidates as mandated by law was met by all
poli cal par es in the 2009 general elec on. The result of the 2009 general elec on were that
women have 17.9 percent of seats in the legisla ve branch, an increase from 11.3 percent in
the period 2004-2009. The propor on of women in DPD has also increased from 19.8 percent
in 2004 to 27.3 percent in 2009.
63
Map 3.1.
The Average Wages of Female
Workers as Percentages of
the Average Wages of Male
Workers by Province in
August 2009
Source:
BPS, Sakernas
In decision making, womens par cipa on in senior management posi ons of execu ve and
judica ve ins tu ons is s ll low. In 2008, only 8.7 percent of senior (Echelon 1) posi ons and
7.1 percent of Echelon 2 posi ons were filled by women. The propor on of women out of the
total number of state civil servants was 44.5 percent.1 At the provincial level, there is only one
female Vice Governor while, at the district level, less than 10 women fill the posi on of Mayor
or district head (Bupa ).2
Challenges
At the na onal level, gender equality and empowerment showed significant progress,
par cularly in par cipa on in educa on. However, dispari es among provinces at senior
secondary and hgher educa on as well as in employment and poli cs are s ll a major
challenge.
In educa on, the challenge is not only improving the NER of females but also the NER of
males depending on the situa on. The primary focus is to target children from poor families,
par cularly those in remote and rural areas. Special a en on is, therefore, needed to achieve
gender parity among geographically dis nct provinces which have diering characteris cs and
cultural values.
In employment, enforcing laws to ensure equal opportuni es without discrimina on for
women and men in employment and in the job place is a major challenge. Moreover, strong
coordina on among government ins tu ons at the central and provincial levels is required to
ensure a synergy between na onal and regional laws, and also to implement comprehensive
64
State Civil Service Agency, Sta s cal Yearbook of Indonesia, 2008.
Ministry of Home Aairs, 2009, www.depdagri.go.id
coordina on and monitoring to ensure enforcement of laws and regula ons on employment
at the provincial and district levels.
In poli cal ins tu ons, there is a need to ensure greater par cipa on of women in decisionmaking posi ons at the na onal, provincial, and district levels. Lack of adequate legal and
poli cal literacy training contributes to the low par cipa on of women in poli cal ins tu ons.
This is due to lack of planning related to gender issues.

To address the above challenges, policies on improving gender equality and womens
empowerment will be carried out in all sectors and ins tu ons at both the na onal and
local levels. The priori es iden fied to enhance gender equality are grouped into four areas:
(i) educa on; (ii) employment; (iii) poli cs, and (iv) local governance processes.
1.
Strategic steps to be carried out in educa on are as follows:

a) Improve access and quality of educa on to reduce gender inequality among
regions and among socio-economic groups;
b) Improve access and quality of gender responsive non-formal educa on. Focus
will be given to improve knowledge and life skills par culary in income genera ng
ac vi es targeted to those who are unable to enroll in formal schooling.
2.
Strategies to address the challenges in employment are as follows:

a) Priori ze the enforcement of exis ng laws, including synchronizing policies and
employment regula ons at the na onal and regional levels, as well as company/
employers, to ensure that men and women are able to equally par cipate without
discrimina on in the labor force;
b) Strengthen coordina on between central and local government to ensure the
enforcement of labor laws and regula ons.
c) Strengthen labor inspec on through improving the number, capacity and
competency of labor inspectors to ensure be er enforcement of core labor
standards.
d) Provide social protec on to women who work in the informal sector. The strategy
will include provision of subsidies for the poor to join social insurance programs
under the na onal social insurance scheme to the poor.
e) Improve the quality of female workers and job seekers. The ac vi es will include
improving the access of women to educa on and skills training, to improve capacity
and skills of women workers in the fields where there is a need for workers.
3.
Strategies to ensure gender equality in poli cs include the followings:

a) Improve partnerships with civil society organiza ons (CSO) to improve womens
65
b)
c)
d)
4.
par cipa on in poli cs;

Design modules on voter educa on for womens groups, the poor, disabled, and
elderly;
Improve voter educa on concerning women legisla ve candidates;
Improve poli cal educa on for female members of poli cal par es.
A strategy to implement gender mainstreaming in local governance processes will be

carried out through developing a general guideline for local governments agencies to
integrate a gender perspec ve into planning, implementa on, budge ng, monitoring,
and evalua on processes of development policies, programs, and ac vi es at the local
levels, both provincial and district levels.
To ensure achievement of the MDG targets for gender par cularly in educa on, employment,
and poli cs, the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan 2010-2014 has set the following
targets, under the responsibilty of MONE, MORA, General Elec on Commission, MOHA,
and MOLT.
66
Prioritas
Target 2010-2010
Output
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
NER Ra o of female to male at general

primary educa on (SD)
> 0,98
> 0,98
> 0,98
NER Ra o of female to male at Islamic

primary educa on (MI)
> 0,98
> 0,98
> 0,98
NER Ra o of female to male at general

junior educa on (SMP)
> 0,97
> 0,97
> 0,98
NER Ra o of female to male at Islamic

junior educa on (MTs)
> 0,97
> 0,97
> 0,98
GER Ra o of female to male at general

senior educa on
> 0,80
> 0,85
> 0,85
> 0,90
GER Ra o of female to male at Islamic

general senior
educa on (MA)
> 0,80
> 0,85
> 0,90
> 0,95

higher educa on
1,12
1,08
1.05
1.05
1.04

Islamic higher educa on
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.04
Literacy ra o of female to male age

15-24 years
97.6
97.8
98.0
98.0
98.0
Ra o of cer fied female teacher to

male teacher in public school
60%
68%
75%
85%
95%
Ra on of cer fied female teacher to

male teacher at madrasah
50%
60%
70%
80%
85%
Number of partnership with NGO on

par cipa on of women in poli cs
100
100
100
400 k)
Number of elec on educa on modules

for poor, disabled, and elderly women
25 k)
Number of elec on educa on for

women legisla ve candidates
10
10
10
40 k)
Number of women cadre of poli cal

party trained in poli c educa on
100
150
200
500 k)
Educa on
Improve quality
of life and role of
women in
development
Table 3.1.
Priori es, Output and Performance
Indicators in Educa on, Poli cs and
Labor, 2010-2014
Poli cs
Note: k) cumula ve.
Labor
Percentage of
Improve protec on company that fulfilled work norm of
of women against
women and children
abuse
Number of labor
controlers for women and children that
improved their capacity
10%
20%
25%
30%
40%
120
150
180
240
990 k)
Source:
MTDP 2010-2014, Strategic Planning of
MONE 2010-2014, Strategic Planning of
MORA 2010-2014, Strategic Planning of
General Elec on Comission 2010-2014,
Strategic Planning of MOHA 2010-2014,
and Strategic Planning of Ministry of Labor
antdTransmigra on 2010-2014.
67
68
Lining up to get Vitamin A
Goal 4:
Reduce Child
Mortality Rate
Goal 4:
Reduce Child
Mortality Rate
Target 4A:
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015,
the under-five mortality rate
Current Status
The health of children in Indonesia has been improving steadily over me in response to
be er health care, nutri on, water and sanita on access and improved environmental
condi ons, as well as increased community awareness. This is shown by the declining rates
of infant and child mortality over the past two decades. In 1991, the under-five mortality rate
was 97 deaths per 1,000 live births, by 2002/2003 it had dropped to 46, and it had fallen to 44
in 2007 (IDHS 2007).
The significant progress that has been achieved in reducing child mortality reflects the
con nuous expansion of coverage and improvements in the quality of health services,
especially at the community level, including immuniza on, antenatal care, simple medical
care, and promo on of clean and healthy behavior (PHBS).
The decline of child mortality has been accompanied by a reduc on in infant mortality, from
68 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1991 to 34 in 2007 (IDHS). This trend shows that the decline
of child mortality is faster than the decline in the rate of infant mortality. However, neonatal
mortality has fallen more gradually from 32 in 1991 to 19 deaths per 1000 live births in 2007
(Figure 4.1).
Neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates vary widely by region, as well as by social
and economic status. Significant dierences in child mortality among provinces are recorded,
the highest rate was recorded in Sulawesi Barat (96), a rate that is more than four mes higher
than the province with the lowest rate, i.e. DI Yogayakarta (22). Children of less educated
mothers generally have higher mortality rates than those born to more educated mothers,
71
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Rate
while children in richer households have lower mortality rates than those in poorer households.
In addi on to the constraints of geography, transporta on, informa on access, availability
of clean water and sanita on, and infrastructure contribute significantly to decreasing child
mortality.
Figure 4.1.
Na onal Trend and Projec on
of Child, Infant and Neonatal
Mortality per 1,000 Live Births,
1991-2015
120
100 97
81
Per 1,000 live birth
80
68
57
60
58
46
46
40
32
35
30
44
34
26
20
20
RPJMN Target
2014
IMR: 24
Target MDGs
2015
IMR: 32
USMR: 23
19
0
1991
1995
1999
2003
Infant Mortality
Neonatal Mortality
Expon. (Under-5 Mortality)
Source:
BPS, IDHS several years.
2007
2011
2015
Under-5 Mortality
Expon. (Infant Mortality)
Expon. (Neonatal Mortality)
Most of child, infant and neonatal mortality causes are preventable. Two eec ve preven ve
measures to fight child, infant and neonatal morbidity and mortality are immediate and
exclusive breas eeding and immuniza on. In addi on to these, skilled a endance at birth,
access to emergency obstetric and neonatal care (BEONC/CEONC); access to, safe water and
good sanita on; management of diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria; appropriate feeding
prac ces; and access to care could significantly reduce child mortality.
It is proven that increasing the immuniza on rate can reduce the number of child deaths.
Immuniza on against measles has a direct impact on child mortality, and it is proven that an
increase of three percentage points in the immuniza on rate reduces the number of deaths
of children under-five years of age caused by measles by one per thousand live births (UNSD
2009, ADB)1.
Data from the IDHS 2007 indicates that there are 18 provinces with lower coverage of
immuniza on against measles than the na onal average (67 percent). The provinces with
the lowest coverage were North Sumatra (36.6 percent), Aceh (40.9 percent), and Papua (49.9
percent), while the province with the highest coverage was DIY, with 94.8 percent coverage
(Figure 4.2).
In order to achieve universal coverage of immuniza on against measles in areas that have
72
Based on sta s c regression of immuniza on against measles by UNSD-ADB, 2009.
Percent coverage
80
60
40
36.6
40.9
49.0
50.2
50.8
51.0
51.5
57.8
58.0
58.0
58.8
59.2
60.5
61.9
64.6
64.9
65.9
66.6
67.0
67.4
69.8
71.8
72.3
74.0
74.2
74.6
76.8
77.1
77.6
78.3
79.2
80.9
85.5
94.8
100
Figure 4.2.
Propor on of One-Year-Old
Children Immunized Against
Measles, by Province 2007
20
Sumatera Utara
Aceh
Papua
Maluku
Maluku Utara
Papua Barat
Sulawesi Tengah
Kalimantan Selatan
Jambi
Sulawesi Barat
Sumatera Selatan
Lampung
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Riau
Bangka Belitung
Kalimantan Barat
Gorontalo
Sulawesi Selatan
INDONESIA
Sumatera Barat
DKI Jakarta
Sulawesi Tenggara
Jawa Tengah
Jawa Timur
Jawa Barat
Banten
Kepulauan Riau
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Kalimantan Tengah
Kalimantan Timur
Bengkulu
Sulawesi Utara
Bali
DI Yogyakarta
Source:
BPS, IDHS 2007.
not achieved the coverage target, Back Log Figh ng (BLF) ac ons, - that is increased coverage
of unvaccinated children aged 12-36 months will be conducted for those who have not
been vaccinated un l they reach their first birthday. In 2008, Indonesia started a campaign to
immunize all one-year-old children against measles, providing a second measles vaccina on to
children in school. Another interven on, called the Measles Crash Program, will carry out a
vaccina on campaign covering all children aged 6-59 months, irrespec ve of their vaccina on
status, in the areas where coverage targets have not been reached during three consecu ve
years. Coverage of immuniza on against measles for children aged 12-23 months will be
surveyed to assess coverage of measles immuniza on for infants (<12 months) from previous
years programs.
While immuniza on coverage has increased, coverage for some other types of immuniza on
has regressed. Over the 2002-2005 period, coverage by some key immuniza on programs
against Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertusis and Tetanus and Hepa s has increased by 6, 17
and 7 percent, respec vely; reaching 82 percent, 88 percent and 72 percent of children. That
is, however, counterbalanced by drops in polio and measles immuniza ons from 74 and 76
percent respec vely, to 70 percent. Full immuniza on coverage is s ll below 50 percent.
Challenges
While progress in improving child (and infant) mortality has been good, Indonesia s ll faces
important challenges in all key policy and program areas aec ng child health. These include:
maintaining and scaling-up eorts in immuniza on coverage; ensuring early detec on and
73
prompt treatment of sick children (IMCI2); improving nutri on outcomes; promo ng family
ac on and community prac ces; and controlling for environmental risk factors (access to clean
water and sanita on)
About 20 percent of births had no access to proper health services, while at the same me
most babies born in Indonesia are at high risk (Riskesdas 2007). It is reported also that 35
- 60 percent of children have no access to proper health services when ill and 40 percent
were unprotected from preventable diseases, while about 30 - 45 percent live in high risk
environments; only about 30 percent of mothers apply good health prac ces. Risk factors for
infant and child mortality are strongly related to environmental health clean water, basic
sanita on and low levels of indoor pollu on. The 2007 Riskesdas report found that 65 percent
of infants and children have access to clean water and 71 percent to basic sanita on. Some 54
percent of households use pollu ng solid fuels in the household. The risk factors of child and
infant mortality are highly correlated with environmental health.
To maintain the necessary momentum in pursuing key interven ons, key challenges lie in the
areas of: (i) program monitoring, synchroniza on of eec ve evidence-based interven ons
with universal coverage, integra on of such interven ons into results-based sector planning
and budge ng; without which expansion and even maintenance of achievements in
immuniza on coverage will slow down; (ii) management, sta training, funding and grassroots promo on of IMCI; (iii) cost-eec ve, feasible and adaptable nutri on interven ons,
implemented by well-trained and properly resourced health care providers; and (iv) designing
informa on and behavior change programs that promote the role of the family (i.e. early
ini a on of breas eeding, hand washing, etc).

While current policy correctly focuses on building up and expanding core interven ons,
par cular emphasis needs to be placed on the following policy areas: immuniza on, IMCI,
child nutri on program, strengthening the role of the family, enhancing access to health
facili es.
To achieve the national target for immunization against measles of 93 percent by 2014,
ensuring adequate resources availability and defining clear roles between central and
local government are crucially needed in program implementation. Central government
will strengthen its roles in policy making, setting norms and standards, procurement of
vaccines and equipment, and the design of disease surveillance.
74
IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
Strategies to address the key IMCI concerns are as follows: (i ) focus on IMCI training
for health workers; (ii) strengthen management structures at the central and district levels;
reduce sta turnover; increase funding for IMCI; coordinate with other child health programs
and eliminate conflic ng regula ons; and improve supervision at facility levels; (iii) ensure that
essen al drugs are available for IMCI; (iv) implement IMCI at the household and community
levels to improve care-seeking prac ces and health services u liza on; and (v) provision of
counseling for mothers and caregivers on how to care for child and infants.
Strategies to address the key nutritional concerns so as to achieve the national target
to reduce stunting in under-five children from 36.8 percent to 32 percent by 20143 are
as follows: (i) emphasize exclusive breast-feeding and appropriate complementary feeding;
adequate nutri onal care during illness and severe malnutri on, and adequate micronutrient
intake; (ii) promote child growth aimed at providing basic informa on for households and
communi es about feeding, childcare and health care seeking; (iii) introduce communication
for behavior change (BCC); (iv) pursue micronutrient interventions, increased dietary
intake, food for fica on and direct supplementa on; and (v) pursue food supplementation
strategies.
Strategies at the family level relate to the following: (i) protec on of children in malariaendemic areas with insec cide-treated nets; (ii) ensure that children complete a full course of
immuniza ons (hepa s, BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, oral polio vaccine, and measles)
before their first birthday; (iii) recognize when sick children need treatment outside the home
and then seek care from appropriate providers; (iv) feed and oer more fluids, including breast
milk, to children when they are sick; (v) give sick children appropriate home treatment for
infec on; and (vi) follow health workers advice about treatment, follow-up, and referral.
Strategy at the community and household levels includes: increasing clean and healthy
life behavior (PHBS) prac ces at the household level from 50 percent to 70 percent by 2014
(RPJMN 2010-2014), through BCC and IEC.
Strengthening Newborn care and Maternal Health, through: (i) support for implementa on
of the newborn and child survival strategy emphasizing focused pregnancy and delivery care,
essen al care for all newborns (including immediate and exclusive breas eeding, warmth,
and clean cord care), infec on detec on and treatment, and special care for low birth weight
newborns; (ii) support focusing on the essen al obstetric and neonatal care approach to
preven on/early treatment of complica ons during pregnancy, delivery and the newborn
period; (iii) quality improvement to promote hygiene and training for community health
workers in clean delivery prac ces; and (iv) vaccina ons and support for iron supplementa on
to prevent anemia during pregnancy. .
The Na onal Medium Term Development Plan 2010-2014.
75
Strengthening and improving health facili es, by introducing strategies to promote primary
health care and revitalize Posyandus, enable Basic and Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric
and Neonatal Care (BEONC and CEONC); ensure adequate opera ng costs for hospitals and
primary health centers, through BOK (Biaya Operasional Kesehatan).
Mobiliza on of community par cipa on through Posyandu ac vi es that include: monitoring
the nutri onal status of infants and toddlers each month through observa on of their body
weight, complete basic immuniza on and other health services that are provided at the
Posyandu.
Policy advocacy will be targeted to provinces with lower levels of achievement on the
indicators for MDG 4, through: (i) improved resource alloca on taking into account absorp ve
capacity; (ii) increased provision of public funding for health in order to reduce financial risks,
especially for the poor; (iii) development of monitoring instruments; (iv) improved advocacy
and capacity building of health personnel; and (v) addressing strategic needs of health workers
in remote areas, underserved, border and island areas.
To support the aforemen oned strategies and leverage their impact, cross sectoral
approaches will be considered, linking service delivery, communicable diseases control,
distribu on mechanisms, surveillance and IEC technologies with ac ons in water and
sanita on, environmental pollu on, educa on, gender and women empowerment, and social
protec on programs.
To ensure progress, na onal targets for newborn, infant and child care have been set out in
the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan as presented in the following table:
Table 4.1.
Priori es, Outputs, and
Targets to Improve the Quality
of Child Health Services,
20102014
Priority
Improve the
quality of child
health care:
Source:
The Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan 2010-2014 and
Inpres no. 3/2010.
76
Outputs
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Coverage of Neonatal first visit
84%
86%
88%
89%
90%
Coverage of Complete Neonatal Visits
80%
82%
84%
86%
88%
Coverage of Treatment on Neonatal

Complica on
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
Coverage of Health Services for Infants
84%
85%
86%
87%
90%
Coverage of Health Services for

Under-five Children
78%
80%
81%
83%
85%
Coverage of one-year-old children fully

immunized
80%
82%
85%
88%
90%
Coverage of one-year-old children immunized against measles
80%
85%
88%
90%
92%
Antenatal care at Puskesmas (primary health center) in Praya, NTT
Goal 5:
Improve Maternal Health
Goal 5:
Improve Maternal Health
Target 5A:
Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the Maternal Mortality Ratio
Target 5B:
Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Current Status
Indonesias Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) remains high. With current trends, the
MMR has been falling gradually, but extra efforts are required to achieve the target of
102 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2015. While maternal mortality figures tend to vary
by source, IDHS 2007 places the MMR at 228 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births for the
period 2004-2007. Compared to 307 per 100,000 live births for the period 19982002 and 390
deaths per 100,000 live births in 1991 (IDHS), the number reflects a gradual decline of MMR
(Figure 5.1). It is es mated by WHO that 15-20 percent of pregnant women in both developed
and developing countries will experience high risk and/or complica ons during pregnancy or
at birth.
Key areas of intervention that influence the MMR include appropriate antenatal care,
births attendance by skilled health personnel, proper care of high-risk pregnancies,
family planning to avoid early pregnancies, high risk abortions and post abortion
care, and programs aimed at behavior change (raising awareness) among women of
reproductive age.
The most eec ve way to reduce maternal mortality is to have births a ended by a skilled
health provider. Currently, 77.34 percent of births are assisted by a skilled health provider
79
(Susenas 2009), compared with 72.5 percent in 2007 (IDHS 2007) and 66.7 percent in 2002
(IDHS 2002/03). The MoH target for 2010 is 90 percent.
450
Figure 5.1.
Na onal Trends and Projec ons
for the Maternal Mortality
Ra o 1991-2025
390
400
334
350
307
300
228
250
200
226
150
118
2014 (NMTDP)
102
2015 (MDG)
100
50
2025
2023
2021
2019
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
Source:
IDHS
MDG Target
NMTDP
Linear (IDHS)
100
59.1
60.4
62.5
63.2
63.6
68.9
69.5
70.2
70.5
71.3
76.0
76.4
77.3
78.7
82.7
82.8
84.3
85.2
85.2
85.4
85.9
86.3
87.5
88.7
88.9
Figure 5.2.
Percentage of Births Assisted
by Skilled Provider, by
Provinces, 2009
96.2
96.9
98.1
The disparity of births assisted by skilled health personnel among regions ranges from 98.14
percent in DKI Jakarta to 42.48 percent in Maluku, as shown by Figure 5.2.
90
80
60
50
42.5
47.2
47.5
48.7
49.1
49.9
Percentage
70
40
30
20
10
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2009.
Maluku
Maluku Utara
Sulawesi Barat
Sulawesi Tenggara
Papua
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Kalimantan Barat
Papua Barat
Sulawesi Tengah
Gorontalo
Kalimantan Tengah
Banten
Sulawesi Selatan
Jawa Barat
Jambi
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Kalimantan Selatan
Lampung
INDONESIA
Sumatera Selatan
Riau
Sulawesi Utara
Jawa Tengah
Bengkulu
Kalimantan Timur
Bangka Belitung
Aceh
Jawa Timur
Kepulauan Riau
Sumatera Utara
Sumatera Barat
Bali
DI Yogyakarta
DKI Jakarta
Ninety-three percent of women received antenatal care from a health professional during
pregnancy (Figure 5.3). There are 81.5 percent of pregnant women who have at least four ANC
contacts during pregnancy, but only 65.5 percent of pregnant women have complied with the
recommended schedule of the minimum of four ANC visits. Even with rela vely high coverage,
80
ANC s ll needs a en on, especially since MMR remains high. One aspect to be considered is
quality of ANC services in ensuring early diagnosis and prompt treatment, beside an integrated
and holis c approach of maternal health.
60
93.3
Figure 5.3.
First and Fourth Antenatal Visits,
in Indonesia 1991- 2007
63.7
65.5
81.5
93.1
81.0
86.5
83.0
56.0
Percentage
70
64.0
80
75.0
90
79.0
100
50
40
30
20
10
0
1991
1994
1997
1 visit
4 visits
2003
2007
Source:
4 visits as recommended
Con nuum of care is a cri cal element in the strategy to achieve maternal and child health
targets. Regarding the pre-pregnancy period, contracep ve and reproduc ve health are the
crucial issues to be improved.
The contracep ve prevalence rate increased insignificantly in the last five years. Na onally,
the contracep ve prevalence rate (CPR) is rela vely low; 57.4 percent for modern methods and
61.4 percent for any method (IDHS 2007). During the period of 2002/03 to 2007, contracep ve
use did not show significant improvement, compared to the steady increase recorded in the
period of 1991 to 2002/03. The contracep ve prevalence rate increased only by 1.1 percent
for all methods and 0.7 percent for modern methods during the period 2002/03 to 2007, while
in the period 1991 to 2002/03, the average increase in contracep ve use was 3.5 percent and
3.2 percent for all methods and modern methods, respec vely.
The CPR varies among provinces, level of educa on, and wealth quin le. The lowest CPR
for any method is in Maluku (34.1 percent), while the lowest for modern methods is in Papua
(24.5 percent). The highest for any and modern methods are in Bengkulu, where the rates
recorded are 74.0 percent and 70.4 percent, respec vely. In general, contracep ve use is high
when the respondents level of educa on and wealth quin le are high. Disparity of CPR among
provinces indicates the uneven coverage of family planning programs.
The number of couples of reproduc ve age who want to space pregnancy or limit births, but
do not use any contracep ves (unmet need1), has increased from 8.6 percent (IDHS 2002-
14 Unmet need is defined here as the percentage of currently married women who either do not want any more
children or want to wait before having their next birth, but are not using any method of family planning.
Women with an unmet need for spacing include pregnant women whose pregnancy was mis med; amenorrheic
81
2003) to 9.0 percent (4.3 percentage points are for spacing and 4.7 percentage points for
limi ng) (IDHS 2007). These numbers have been nearly stagnant since 1997 (Figure 5.4).
14.0
% of married women aged 15-49
Figure 5.4.
Unmet Needs,
Indonesia 1991-2007
12.0
10.0
12.7
10.6
6.4
8.0
9. 0
5.8
5.0
6.0
4.6
4.7
4.3
4.0
6.3
2.0
Source:
BPS, IDHS 1991, 1994, 1997,
2002/2003, 2007.
8.6
9.2
4.8
4.2
4.0
1994
1997
2002/3
1991
Spacing
Liming
2007
Total
Unmet need varies greatly among provinces, regions and socio-economic status. The lowest
unmet need is found in Bangka Belitung (3.2 percent) and the highest in Maluku (22.4 percent).
Higher unmet need was found in rural areas (9.2 percent) as compared with urban areas (8.7
percent). In addi on, unmet need also tends to be inversely correlated with higher levels of
educa on and welfare quin le: it is 11 percent for women with no educa on and 8 percent
for women with higher educa on (secondary and above); while for women in the lowest
quin le it is 13 percent and 8 percent for women in the highest quin le (Figure 5.16). This
fact indicates that the more educated and prosperous the group, the more informa on and
services of family planning and reproduc ve health have been accessed.
The high unmet need is also caused by the concern about side eects and the inconvenience
of using contracep ves, which reflect the low quality of family planning services. IDHS 2007
shows that 60 percent of married women with 2 children, 75 percent of married women with
3-4 living children, and 80 percent of married women with 5 or more live children, do not want
more children, but are not using any contracep ve method. Moreover, 12.3 percent women
aged 15-19 are not willing to use any contracep ve because of side eects, 10.1 percent
because of health problems and 3.1 percent because their husbands forbid them to do so.
women whose last birth was mis med; and fecund women who are neither pregnant nor amenorrheic, who are not
using any method of family planning, and who want to wait two or more years for their next birth. Also included in
unmet need for spacing are fecund women who are not using any method of family planning and are unsure whether
they want another child or who want another child but are unsure when to have the birth.
Unmet need for limi ng refers to pregnant women whose pregnancy was unwanted; amenorrheic women whose
last child was unwanted; and women who are neither pregnant nor amenorrheic, who are not using any method of
family planning, and who want no more children. Measures of unmet need for family planning are used to evaluate
the extent to which programs are mee ng the demand for services. Women who have been sterilized are considered
to want no more children (IDHS 2007).
82
The CPR and unmet need contribute to the Total Fer lity Rate (TFR), in addi on to increasing
maternal mortality, with an es mated 62 -163 per cent caused by unsafe abor on prac ces.
Unmet need leads to unwanted and unintended pregnancies, which in turn lead to termina on
of pregnancies. Since abor on is illegal in Indonesia, pregnant women seek unsafe abor on
services. The need for family planning is further underlined by the high adolescent birth rate
in Indonesia, especially in rural areas4.
The TFR is currently 2.3 in Indonesia (IDHS 2007); a decrease from 0.33 in 1991. Furthermore,
in some provinces, TFR is significantly higher due to the high Adolescent Birth Rate, which is
due to the low median age of the first marriage of women.
The Age Specific Fer lity Rate for individuals aged 15-19 has decreased from 67 births per
1,000 married women (IDHS 1991) to 35 births per 1,000 married women (IDHS 2007), while
the disparity among provinces and regions and socio-economic is s ll the main challenge.
The highest ASFR aged 15-19 is found in Sulawesi Tengah (92 births), while the lowest is in
Yogyakarta (7 births). Furthermore, 16 provinces s ll have ASFR aged 15-19 above the na onal
average. The high adolescent birth rate is caused by lack of access to quality reproduc ve
health services and reliable informa on on sexual and reproduc ve health
Adolescent fer lity raises both health and demographic concerns. From a health
perspec ve, the risks for both mother and child increase, par cularly during the perinatal
and neonatal period, which result in elevated infant and maternal mortality rates. Adolescent
births risk reproduc ve health system injuries, as well as complica ons during pregnancy
and childbirth. In addi on, babies born to teenage mothers are more prone to injury during
birth, low birth weight, and s llbirth. Demographically, early child birth raises fer lity rates;
delaying pregnancy broadens opportuni es for pursuing educa on and expanding access to
employment opportuni es.
Knowledge and awareness of youth and couples in reproduc ve age about family planning
and reproduc ve health is s ll low. The Indonesia Youth and Adolescent Reproduc ve Health
Survey (IYARHS, BPS) in 2007, revealed the presence of teenagers who approved of having
intercourse before marriage. This risks increasing unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abor ons,
and points to the need to promote be er understanding of adolescent reproduc ve health,
as well as the provision of family planning and reproduc ve health services for couples in
reproduc ve ages.
MDGs countdown, 2005, profile Indonesia
Abor on in Indonesia Gu macher Ins tute, Policy Brief, 9/2008
Adolescent Birth Rate is counted using the ASFR aged 15-19 (number of birth by married women aged 15-19 years
divided by number of married women aged 15-19)
83
Challenges
1. Limited access to quality health care facili es, especially for the poor in disadvantaged
areas, remote, border and island areas area (DTPK). The current health care facili es are
not preferred loca ons for giving birth due to limited access, cultural issues and lack of
necessary facili es and materials, such as availability and quality of Basic Emergency of
Obstetric and Neonatal Care (BEONC) and Comprehensive Emergency of Obstetric and
Neonatal Care (CEONC), posyandu and blood transfusion units; as well as the lack of
medical equipment, medicines and blood supplies that are crucial to handling obstetric
emergencies, especially in remote and poor areas, where risks to pregnancy and child
births are par cularly high. In addi on, the referral system is weak, from community to
primary to referral facili es. This is exacerbated by geographic and transporta on barriers
to access health facili es and health workers.
2. Limited availability of health personnel both in terms of quan ty, quality and their
distribu on, especially midwives. Health workers are some mes inadequately trained;5
access to trained health personnel, especially midwives, is cri cal for a successful safe
motherhood program. Due to the inadequate number and distribu on of midwives, and
cultural factors, communi es come to depend on tradi onal birth a endants (TBAs) and
o en dangerous tradi onal prac ces.
3. Lack of knowledge and awareness on the significance of safe motherhood. Community
mo va on and mobiliza on becomes a par cularly important tool in an environment
of uncertain service provision, especially with the diversity of condi ons that exist in
Indonesia. Some socio-economic indicators, such as aordability and educa on, are low,
as well as cultural factors, which may constrain demand and contribute to the maternal
deaths figure in Indonesia.
4. Low nutri onal and health status of pregnant women. The percentage of women of
reproduc ve age (15-45 years old) who suer from chronic protein energy malnutri on
is rela vely high, 13.6 percent (Riskesdas 2007). The low nutri onal status, in addi on
to escala ng health risks for pregnant women, is one cause of high prevalence of low
birth weight (LBW) among infants. The risk of maternal death is even greater for mothers
with the 4 TOOes: (i) too many (children), (ii) too close (interval between pregnancies),
(iii) too old, or (iv) too young (age of the mother). This risk is exacerbated when other
underlying condi ons are present (anemia, infec ous diseases, etc.), which s ll are
common problems in most of places in Indonesia.
84
The educa on and training programs with crash program approaches some mes poorly resulted with insuciently skilled health
workers, especially when they have to work in dicult circumstances where in fact they are most needed.
5. Low rates of contracep ve use and high unmet need remain major challenges. The high
IMR and MMR, mothers age at child birth (too old; too young), high abor on rates, and
low contracep ve use are indicators of the weakness of family planning services which
are an important driver in reducing maternal mortality.
6. The Maternal Mortality Ra o remains uncertain, as the system for recording causes of
maternal deaths is not robust. The rate is currently obtained from a survey using a direct
es ma on procedure drawing on the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS).
This has been the case since 1994. The surveys collect informa on on the survivorship
of all live births of the respondents natural mother (i.e., the respondents brothers and
sisters). To obtain accurate death rates and causes of death, a complete vital sta s cs
model should be compiled through registra on, or a popula on census with the cause of
death recorded needs to be implemented immediately.

Considering that the decline in maternal mortality has been slow with complex problems
faced in achieving the target for 2015, that is 102 per 100,000 live births, the following policies
will ensure improvements: (a) increasing the frequency of antenatal6 contacts between skilled
health personnel and pregnant women; (b) increasing the use of skilled health personnel in
deliveries; (c) increasing access to emergency (basic and comprehensive) obstetric care for highrisk deliveries; and (d) increasing the percentage of deliveries in a health facility. Therefore, the
future policies and strategies to be pursued are:7
1. improving facility-based and outreach services by improving quality and quan ty of
puskesmas, BEONC, CEONC, Mother and Baby Friendly Hospitals (CEONC8) and posyandu
revitaliza on;
2. increasing access to family planning services, by means of expanding the service
network (coverage and access) and integra ng family planning with other reproduc ve
health programs with a focus on the poor and underserved areas;
3. expanding the village midwife func on, including partnering with TBAs; and strengthening
the community based care through TBA-midwife partnership, integrated health posts
(posyandu), village health posts (poskesdes);
Antenatal care is a poten ally important way to connect a woman with the health system, which, if it is func oning,
will be cri cal for saving her life in the event of a complica on.
The eects of these policies are not narrowly focused on maternal health, but are systemic; that is they are key
interven ons that accelerate achievement of the full range of health MDG targets.
UN guidelines recommend a minimum of one comprehensive emergency obstetric care facility and four basic
emergency obstetric care facili es per 500,000 popula on.
85
Con nuing family planning revitaliza on in order to control the popula on is one of the key features of
policies to achieve universal access to reproduc ve health by 2015, and will be pursued through a series
of strategies, including:
1.
2.
Supervising and building self reliance to par cipate in family planning by:
.
increasing par cipa on and self-reliance training for family planning through 23,500
government and private family planning clinics, by providing material support for the
clinics, free contracep ve devices/drugs and free family planning services for the poor;
improving knowledge, a tudes and behavior of teenagers related to adolescent

reproduc ve health, HIV/AIDS, addic ve drugs use, life skills educa on and family life
educa on for adolescents;
improving human resources capacity in the family planning program at all levels, in the
aforemen oned 23,500 clinics in order to assist and develop self-reliance in family
planning.
Improving promo on and community mobiliza on by:

.
developing media communica ons and intensifying informa on, communica on and
educa on for popula on control and family planning;
improving knowledge, a tudes and behavior related to popula on control, family planning
and reproduc ve health;
improving commitment and par cipa on across sectors and local governments in popula on
and family planning program implementa on;
promo ng and strengthening partnerships with the private sector, NGOs, and communi es
in family planning program implementa on.
Source: Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan 2010-2014 (RPJMN 2010-2014).
4. strengthening the referral system, to reduce the three delays and to save womens lives
by giving adequate care on me;
5. reducing financial barriers through: PKH (condi onal cash transfers), Jamkesmas (social
health insurance for the poor), BOK (subsidy for non-salary opera ng cost for primary
health facili es);
6. improve the con nuum of care, that includes integrated service delivery for mothers and
children from pregnancy to delivery, the immediate postnatal period, and childhood;
7. increasing the availability of health workers (general prac oners, specialists, village
midwives, paramedical sta) in term of quan ty, quality and distribu on; focusing to
fulfill needs in remote, underserved, border and islands areas, through pre-service and
in-service training of key health personnel and implemen ng the contractual service
provider scheme;
8. raising awareness about safe motherhood at the community and household level by
strengthening public health educa on;
9. improving adequate micronutrient intake by pregnant women by ensuring adequate
86
nutri on intake;
10. providing an enabling environment to support management and stakeholders
par cipa on in policy development and the planning process, and promote collabora on
among programs and sectors as well as between public and private sector en es,
including developing linkages with communi es to achieve synergies in advocacy and
service delivery;
11. improving the informa on system, in par cular by: (i) introducing analy cal methods to
measure maternal deaths drawing on diverse sources of varying quality; (ii) focusing on
groups and areas most at risk of maternal death; and (iii) developing models for iden fying
eec ve safe motherhood strategies;
12. strengthening coordina on mechanisms by defining modali es for sharing roles and
responsibili es among central, provincial and district authori es and introducing be er
program oversight and management through surveillance, monitoring, evalua on and
financing; while focusing targe ng of interven ons in poor and underserved areas. In
addi on, building eec ve partnerships across programs and sectors to make use of
synergies in service provision and advocacy;
13. addressing par cular issues related to decentraliza on and strengthening and
sharpening the tasks in achieving health Minimum Services Standards (MSS), to ensure
the achievement of health MDGs at all levels.
In emphasizing the aforemen oned strategies, the Na onal Medium-Term Development
Plan (2010-2014) has set annual targets as follows:
Priority
Improve quality of
maternal and
reproduc ve health
services
Improve expansion of
nursing and midwifery services
Outputs
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Percentage of
deliveries assisted by skilled
birth a endant (PN)
84%
86%
88%
89%
90%
Percentage of
pregnant mothers with at least 4
ANC visits (K4)
84%
86%
90%
93%
95%
Percentage of health care services that provides

standardized family planning
services
10%
40%
75%
90%
100%
70
140
210
280
350
Number of puskesmas that

implement standardized
midwifery services based on
guidelines
Table 5.1.
Priori es, Outputs, and
Targets to Improve the
Quality of Maternal and
Reproduc ve Health
Services, 2010-2014
Source:
Na onal Medium-Term
87
Table 5.1. Con nued
Source:
Na onal Medium-Term
Table 5.2.
Priori es, Outputs, and Targets
for Popula on and Family
Planning Programs, 2010-2014
Priority
Improve support for
management and
implementa on
of technical tasks
in Nutri on and
Health programs for
Maternal-Child
Priori es
Popula on and Family

Planning
Increasing guidance,
par cipa on, and
independence in ge ng
family planning service
from 23,500 public and
private clinics
Source:
Na onal Medium-Term
88
Improving human
resources capacity of
the family planning
providers in 23,500
public and private clinics
in promo ng guidance,
par cipa on and
independence in family
planning
Outputs
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
70,000
72,000
74,000
76,000
78,000
Number of func oning Poskesdes (village health posts)
Outputs
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Contracep ve Prevalence Rate/CPR (%)
57.4
65
a. Number of new par cipants (in

millions)
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.5
7.6
b. Number of current users (in millions)
26.7
27.5
28.2
29
29.8
c. Number of self-reliant users (in

thousands)
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.6
d. Percentage of current self-reliant

users
48.4
49.6
49.7
50.9
51
e. Percentage of new par cipants for

long term contracep ve method
12.1
12.5
12.9
13.2
13.6
f. Percentage of current users for long

term contracep ve method
24.2
25.1
25.9
26.7
27.5
g. Percentage of new male par cipants
3.6
4.0
4.3
4.6
5.0
1. Number of public and private clinic

providing family planning service
23,500
23,500
23,500
23,500
23,500
2. Number of new poor (KPS/family

within below prosperity level and KS-1/
prosperity level-1) and other vulnerable
par cipants receiving guidance and free
contracep ve from 23,500 public and
private clinics (in millions)
3.75
3.8
3.89
3.97
4.05
3. Number of poor current users (KPS/

family within below prosperity level
and KS-1/prosperity level-1) and other
vulnerable par cipants receiving
guidance and free contracep ve from
23,500 public and private clinics (in
millions)
11.9
12.2
12.5
12.8
13.1
4. Number of public and private clinics

receiving infrastructure support
4,700
4,700
4,700
4,700
4,700
1. Percentage of trained family planning

human resources in 23,500 public and
private clinics
35
45
75
90
100
2. Percentage of family planning clinic

providing family planning services based
on the proper Standard Opera ng
Procedure (SOP) (from the whole 23,500
public and private exis ng clinics)
20
35
50
70
85
1. Percentage of adolescence
knowledge about:
Promo ng adolescence
knowledge, manner and
a tude about planning
family life among
adolescence (PKBR)
Promo ng peoples
knowledge, manner
and a tude toward
popula on control and
family planning
Improving NGO, private

sector and community
par cipa on in
maintaining popula on
and family planning
program
a. Adolescence reproduc ve health
50
53
56
59
62
b. HIV/AIDS
64
67
70
72
76
c. Planning family life
10
15
20
25
30
2. Number of PKBR trainer receiving

training
115
30
30
30
3. Number of center of excellent PKBR

(per province)
4. Number of adolescence/student
Informa on and Counseling Center (PIK)
established and guided
9,373
12,253
13,195
14,140
15,016
1. Percentage of Informa on, Educa on

and Communica on (IEC) media and
materials produced
38
65
84
100
100
2. Percentage of reproduc ve age

couples, reproduc ve age women and
adolescence obtaining informa on on
popula on and family planning from
printed and electronic media and
outdoor media
95
95
95
95
95
Number of trained family planning field

worker (Family Planning Field Workers/
PLKB; Family Planning Counselors/PKB):
a. General Basic Training (LDU)
1,065
1,343
1,342
b. Refreshing
1,350
2,500
2,750
2,700
1,700
c. Technical Training
3,018
3,300
3,450
2,157
950
89
90
Stop AIDS, Start Running.
Goal 6:
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria
and Other Diseases
92
Goal 6:
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria
and Other Diseases
Target 6A:
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
Target 6B:
Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/
AIDS for all those who need it
Current Status
The number of new HIV infec ons has been increasing in Indonesia, although the percentage
of HIV-infected individuals in Indonesia is s ll rela vely low at 0.17 percent of the popula on.
During the period 1996 to 2006, the number of HIV cases increased by some 17.5 percent and
it is es mated that some 193,000 people are currently living with HIV in Indonesia. Although
in most parts of Indonesia the AIDS epidemic is generally concentrated among high-risk
popula ons with an es mated na onal adult prevalence of 0.22% in 2008, two provinces,
Papua and Papua Barat, are shi ing to a generalized epidemic with a prevalence of 2.4 percent
among the general popula on aged 15 49 (IBBS, CDC MoH 2007).
Cumula vely, the number of AIDS cases has tended to increase. In 2009 there were 19,973
cases, more than double the number compared with the 8,194 cases recorded in 2006 (Figure
6.1.). Cases of HIV and AIDS are found in all areas of Indonesia, but the number of cases varies
by province (Figure 6.2). The provinces with the greatest number of AIDS cases are West Java
(3,598 cases), East Java (3,227 cases), DKI Jakarta (2,828 cases), Papua (2,808 cases), and Bali
(1,615 cases).
93
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
19,973
16,110
316
4,969
2,947
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2,873
5,321
2,682
1,171
2,639
8,194
3,863
11,141
1,195
Figure 6.1.
AIDS Cases per 100,000
Popula on in Indonesia, 19892009
Source:
MoH, DG of CDC and EH, 2009.
3,598
3,227
2,808
1,615
794
717
591
485
475
333
330
318
290
219
192
173
165
144
138
119
117
91
58
43
27
21
21
12
11
10
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
-
Cumulave AIDS Cases
Sulawesi Barat
Gorontalo
Maluku Utara
Kalimantan Timur
Sulawesi Tengah
Kalimantan Tengah
Sulawesi Tenggara
Kalimantan Selatan
Aceh
Papua Barat
Bengkulu
Bangka Belitung
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Lampung
Jambi
Sulawesi Utara
Maluku
Sumatera Selatan
DI Yogyakarta
Banten
Sumatera Barat
Kepulauan Riau
Riau
Sumatera Utara
Sulawesi Selatan
Jawa Tengah
Kalimantan Barat
Bali
Papua
DKI Jakarta
Jawa Timur
Jawa Barat
Figure 6.2.
Number of AIDS Cases in
Indonesia, by
Province, 2009
Number of AIDS Cases
2,828
Source:
MoH, DG of CDC and EH, 2009.
Modes of transmission are indicated in Figure 6.3. Heterosexual groups such as female sex
workers (FSW) and transsexuals, together with their partners represent most reported new HIV
cases (50.3 percent), followed by injec ng drug users (IDUs) at 39.3 percent and 3.3 percent
from homosexuals (men having sex with men MSM), about 2.6 percent are perinatal infec ons
resul ng from mother-to-child transmission, and blood transfusion transmission cause about
0.1 percent of cases. About 91 percent of AIDS cases have occurred in the reproduc ve age
group (15-49 years of age).
At current rates, HIV infec on in Indonesia would con nue increasing over the next decades
as people increasingly engage in unprotected sex, and the spread of HIV through injec ng
drug use accelerates. The projec on of this modeling (Figure 6.3.) es mates increasing HIV
prevalence in the popula on aged 15-49 years from 0.21 percent in 2008 to 0.4 percent in
2014, which will increase the number of people with AIDS from some 404,600 people by the
94
end of 2010 to some 813,720 by 20141 (), that in turn will result in the increased need for
an retroviral therapy (ART) from 50,400 cases in 2010 to 86,800 cases in 2014.
Figure 6.3.
Blood Transfussion;
0,1%
Perinatal; 2,6%
Distribu on of HIV Infec ons,

by Popula on Group, 2009
Unknown;
4,4%
MSM; 3,3%
Note :
MSM=men who
have sex with men;
IDU=injec ng drug user.
IDUs; 39,3%
Source:
Surveillance reports,
Na onal AIDS Programme,
Ministry of Health,
Indonesia.
Heterosex;
50,3%
Another related factor in HIV/AIDS transmission is the failure to use condom. In total, the
percentage of young unmarried people repor ng condom use during their most recent sexual
encounter is only about 18.4 percent of young unmarried men and 10.3 percent of young
unmarried women (IDHS 2007).
Figure 6.4.
60.0
Percentage (%)
Cumula ve Percentage on AIDS

Cases by Age Goup, 2009
48.7
50.0
40.0
30.3
30.0
20.0
8.9
10.0
1.0
1.2
0.6
<1
1-4
5-14
3.1
2.5
0.5
3.2
15-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
> 60
Unknown
Source:
DG of CDC & EH Ministry of
Health, 2009
Age Group
By residence, men in urban areas are more likely to use a condom during high-risk sex than
men in rural areas. Dierent pa erns are found in women, where women in rural areas are
more likely than those in urban areas to report condom use in their last high risk intercourse.
Condom use is also posi vely correlated with level of educa on (Figure 6.5)
Mathema c modeling of the HIV epidemic in Indonesia, 2010-2025, NAC
95
Figure 6.5.
Percentage of Unmarried
Women and Men Age 15-24 Who
Have Ever Had Sex, Who Use
Condom at Last Sex, According to
Background Characteris c, 2007
15.6
15-19
Age
13.2
20.0
Residence
20-24
4.0
28.0
Urban
7.5
9.4
Rural
12.1
Less than completed primary

Education
Men
10.6
Women
11.7
Completed primary
15.3
Some secondary
8.4
24.8
Secondary +
Total
21.3
Source:
BPS, IYARHS 2007.
18.4
10.3
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Knowledge about HIV and its preven on is an important prerequisite for adop ng healthy
behaviors. While most youth (15-24 years of age) in the country are aware of HIV/AIDS, only
14.7 percent of married men and 9.5 percent of married women have comprehensive and
correct knowledge about HIV. Among youth who are unmarried, only 1.4 percent of unmarried
men and 2.6 percent of unmarried women have correct and comprehensive knowledge of
AIDS (Figure 6.6); this falls far short of the 95 percent target set by the United Na ons and
is the lowest in the region, less than 50 percent2 (Figure 6.7). There are also dispari es in
knowledge among regions, residence (rural vs. urban), educa on and socio-economic status.
Knowledge of married men and women in urban areas was higher than in rural areas.
The higher the level of educa on, the higher the percentage of correct and comprehensive
knowledge about AIDS. Likewise, with regard to socio-economic status, knowledge in the
highest wealth quin le was 27.5 percent (married men) and 21.7 percent (married women).
The equivalent numbers for the lowest quin le are 3.1 percent and 1.9 percent for married
men and married women, respec vely.
In Indonesia, an retroviral therapy (ART) is available at 180 facili es, and is being oered to
38.4 percent3 of the total es mated cohort of eligible people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)
(calculated from MOH report 2010) as presented in Figure 6.7. This coverage increased from
ART interven on coverage in 2006 by about 24.8 percent.
96
UNGASS, country reports: HIV / AIDS in the South-East Asia Region 2009.
The es mated number of eligible PLWHA for ART per year is based on cut of point of the result of CD4 <200/
mm3 is about 10 - 20% from the total PLWHA in that period, while the number of PLWHA is es mated based on the
Asian Epidemic Model (AEM).
Figure 6.6.
2.1
Residence
Age
15-19
1.6
2.8
1.2
2.2
15-24
1.4
2.6
Urban
no educaon
0.1
0.2
Educaon
Completed primary
18.5
8.4
Married Women*
Unmarried Men
4.9
3.9
Some secondary
1.7
3.1
Secondary +
0.9
1.9
3.1
1.9
Lowest
14.7
Married Men*
1.3
2.8
Unmarried Women
22.7
21.7
1.4
2.6
0.0
5.0
Note:
*) covering age group of 15-54
years old for married man, except
when describing married men by
age group.
**) covering age group of 15-49
years old for married women,
except when describing marreid
women by age group
10.2
10.2
Highest
Total
Quinle
5.0
2.2
3.8
2.2
1.1
2.2
2.0
Some primary
9.5
14.9
0.6
1.6
Rural
15.5
10.3
20-24
Propor on of Men and Women

Aged 15-24 with Correct of
Comprehensive Knowledge
about AIDS, by Background
Characteris c, Indonesia 2007
5.7
9.1
10.0
28.8
27.5
12.7
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Source:
BPS, IDHS and IYARHS 2007.
Without eec ve preven on, the need for ART among the 15-49 age group is projected to
increase three fold from 30,100 in 2008 to 86,800 in 2014 (Na onal AIDS Strategy Ac on
Plan - NASAP 2010-2014). The number of children needing ART will also increase from 930 in
2008 to 2,660 in 2014 (MoH 2010). Without adequate interven ons, the trend and projected
cases of the HIV epidemic in Indonesia is es mated to increase uncontrollably.
Figure 6.7.
Coverage of ART Interven ons in
Indonesia, 20062009
Note:
An retroviral treatment (ART) is
given to individuals with advanced
HIV infec on as per na onal
treatment protocols.
Source:
Country reports.
97
Challenges
The basic challenge in HIV/AIDS is to halt and reverse the upward trend in the incidence/
prevalence of the infec on and the disease. This places the emphasis squarely on preven on
strategies and infec on control. Some of the crucial challenges in AIDS mi ga on are:
1. Limited access to health services related to HIV/AIDS. Strengthening the health-care
system is crucial in dealing with HIV/AIDS cases. The health-care system needs to be
strengthened in dealing with HIV/AIDS cases in preven on, diagnosis, treatment, care,
safe blood transfusions and universal precau ons, currently, voluntary counceling and
tes ng (VCT) is not yet available in all regions.
2. The limited budget alloca ons and sustainability of funding in controlling HIV and AIDS.
The availability and sustainability of funding remain major obstacles in tackling the HIV/
AIDS epidemic.
3. The weakness of inter-sectoral coordina on as well as monitoring and evalua on
systems. While much eort has gone into se ng up good governance prac ces at the
na onal level, coordina on within the Na onal Aids Commission (NAC) itself needs further
improvement. Tackling the disease involves par cipa on by a number of sectors (health,
educa on, the military, the penal system, transporta on, immigra on) and places great
demands on eec ve coordina on of strategies and interven ons.
4. There are some constraints due to s gma and discrimina on of PLWHA in the community
as well as the existence of gender inequali es and viola ons of human rights. Community
values shape a tudes, and conserva ve a tudes may serve as a significant barrier to
addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic. While behavioral change communica ons (BCC) and
informa on, educa on and communica ons (IEC) programs are being pursued as part of
the HIV/AIDS strategy, they may not be suciently eec ve nor well-targeted; and sociogeographically, they may not be keeping pace with the spread of the disease, as it spreads
na onwide.
5. Limited facili es and human resources as well as limited availability of ART in term of
quan ty and quality.
98
1.
Improving access by strengthening public health services so that they have the necessary
skills and resources to an cipate and respond to the epidemic, through: (i) improving the
number and quality of health-care facili es in providing sustainable promo on, diagnosis,
preven on, treatment and care; (ii) strengthening the ability to apply preven on, infec on
and disease management protocols;4 and (iii) improving coverage of preven on, care and
Protocols would be for managing STIs, preven ng mother-to-child infec ons, harm reduc on for IDUs, HIV tes ng
2.
3.
4.
5.
treatment including ARV coverage; (iv) developing na onal guidelines for mainstreaming
HIV/AIDS; and (v) adap ng them to specific situa ons (stage of epidemic, high-risk
groups, capacity, resources); (vi) human resource planning that recognizes the increasing
demands of the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic (management and provider skills).
Enhancing community mobiliza on to improve HIV/AIDS preven on, care and
treatment interven ons through: (i) providing IEC services on incurring HIV infec ons
and preven ng transmission; (ii) undertaking community outreach that focuses on
the most-at-risk popula ons and includes HIV tes ng, counseling, treatment and care
services in drop-in centers and similar loca ons, including mobile units; while encouraging
community ac on; (iii) social marke ng of condoms; (iv) assuaging prejudices among
health workers, in the community, and among pa ents; and (v) crea ng an enabling and
conducive environment to reduce s gma za on and discrimina on, gender inequity and
human rights viola ons in implementa on of HIV/AIDS programs.
Mobilizing addi onal financial resources for a successful HIV/AIDS strategy, through:
(i) integra ng HIV/AIDS into development programs both at the na onal level (financed
through the na onal budget/APBN) and local level (financed through the local budget/
APBD); (ii) mobiliza on of addi onal financial resources in controlling HIV/AIDS, and (iii )
development of public private partnerships (PPP).
Improving cross-sectoral coordina on and good governance, by: (i) establishing a
concerted system within government that synergizes various levels of organiza on and
ins tu ons to contribute towards an integrated strategy; (ii) strengthening the role of
Na onal and Local AIDS Commissions; (iii) strengthening cross-sectoral partnerships
by escala ng the role of HIV/AIDS planning and budge ng forums; (iv) defining the
respec ve roles of central, provincial and district health authori es in tackling the HIV/
AIDS pandemic; (v) formula ng na onal guidelines for BCC programs and IEC messages,
subsequently tailored to the par cular environment; and (vi) pursuing an inclusive
approach that promotes complementarity among government, nongovernment and
private sector organiza ons, and maintaining an eec ve coordina ng mechanism
(NAC).
Strengthening informa on and monitoring and evalua on systems, through: (i)
conduc ng health monitoring and analysis including, in par cular, second genera on
surveillance; and (ii) providing informa on to policy makers on the socio-economic costs
of HIV/AIDS and on scaling-up interven ons.
In underlining the strategies, the Na onal Medium-Term Plan (2010-2014) has set targets to
control the spread of HIV/AIDS as follows:
and counseling, preven ng the progression of HIV to AIDS, and for the clinical management of treatment and care for
people living with HIV.
99
Table 6.1.
Priori es, Outputs and
Targets of HIV/AIDS
Mi ga on Program,
2010-2014
Priority
Reducing morbidity and mortality

rates of communicable diseases
(HIV/AIDS)
Source:
NMTDP 2010-2014, Inpres 3/2010 and
MOH Strategic Plan 2010-2014.
100
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Prevalence of HIV
0.2
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Percentage of Popula on
above 15 years have correct
and comprehensive
knowledge of HIV and AIDS
65%
75%
85%
90%
95%
The number of people aged

15 who received HIV counseling and tes ng
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
50%
60%
70%
80%
100%
Use of condoms in high-risk

sex groups (based on the
report by the user)
35% (f)
20% (m)
45% (f)
30% (m)
55% (f)
40% (m)
65% (f)
50% (m)
Percentage of people living

with AIDS(PLWHA) who
receive an retroviral therapy
(ART)
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Percentage of public hospitals

provide referral service for
people with HIV and AIDS
(PLWHA)
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Outputs
Percentage of districts that

implement appropriate guidelines for preven on of HIV
transmission
Target 6C:
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of
Malaria and other major diseases
Current Status
Incidence and death rate associated with Malaria. Almost half the popula on lives in endemic
areas, and some 35 percent of this popula on is malaria posi ve. The malaria incidence rate
during the period of 2000-2009 shows that malaria cases tended to decline: in 2000, the
incidence was at 3.62 cases per 1,000 popula on; by 2009, it had declined to 1.85 cases per
1,000 popula on.
Figure 6.8.
Annual Parasites Incidence
of Malaria, Indonesia
1990-2009
1.85
2.89
2.47
4.1
3.36
3.81
3.7
3.74
2002
3.18
3.62
2001
3.63
3.23
3.66
2000
3.00
2.53
3.50
2.83
3.45
3.33
1994
2.85
4.00
1993
4.50
3.54
Posive per 1,000 populaon
5.00
4.68
5.50
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1992
1991
1990
0.00
Source: Ministry of Health, 2010.
The na onal prevalence based on clinical diagnosis5 is 2.89 percent (Riskesdas 2007), with the
rate varying between 0.2 percent and 26.1 percent among regions. There are 15 provinces
where malaria prevalence is above the na onal average (Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Jambi,
Bengkulu, Bangka Belitung, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Kalimantan Tengah,
Sulawesi Tengah, Gorontalo, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Papua Barat and Papua). The highest
prevalence rates are to be found in eastern Indonesia, the highest being in the provinces of
Papua Barat (26.1 percent), Papua (18.4 percent) and NTT (12.0 percent). Provinces in Jawa
and Bali have the lowest (clinical) prevalence, about 0.5 percent. As a result, malaria in Jawa
and Bali is hypo-endemic, and drug-resistant plasmodium vivax malaria predominates. In the
outer islands, where the highest number of malaria cases are reported, treatment-suscep ble
plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are equally common. Only some 20 percent of
pa ents with symptoma c malaria seek treatment at public health facili es, making it dicult
to es mate the actual malaria incidence among the popula on.
Based on diagnosis results by health professionals and respondent complaints.
101
Today, malaria can be prevented, diagnosed and treated with a combina on of available tools.
The primary preven ve tools are long-las ng insec cidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying
with insec cides (IRS), and intermi ent preven ve treatment for pregnant women (IPTP).
Other vector control measures (for example, larviciding and environmental management) are
also used. Case management (diagnosis and treatment) emphasizes prompt interven ons.
Propor on of children under 5 sleeping under insec cide-treated bed nets. Some 30 percent
of households own some type of mosquito net; but ownership of treated nets is very low
only 4 percent of households have at least one ever-treated net (ITN), and 3.3 percent have
legi mate ITNs6. Households in rural areas are more likely to have insec cide treated bed
nets, virtually three mes that of urban households, 4.5 percent and 1.6 percent, respec vely.
In preven on eorts, the use of insec cide treated bed nets is an important interven on.
However, the use of ITN is almost non-existent.
In general, while provision of an malarial medicines by public health services has increased
over me, access to treatment, especially of ACT,7 is s ll inadequate on a na onal scale.
Prompt malaria treatment (that is within 24 hours) occurs in some 48 percent of cases; and
community awareness about mely treatment is important. Underlining the par cular
circumstances that may have led to the posi ve results of the MOH study is the conclusion of
the 2007 IDHS study that only 50 percent of communi es na onally were aware of essen al
an malarial strategies. Financial factors become essen al in ensuring availability, distribu on
and monitoring and evalua on of an malarial drugs.
Challenges
1. Ineec ve malaria preven ve ac ons. Insucient understanding of appropriate
preven ve ac ons and the need to seek prompt care pose challenges to eec ve infec on
control and disease management at the community level. It is mainly through interac ons
between well-informed communi es at risk and health authori es that results can be
accelerated. Appropriate IEC and BCC messages are a crucial element, and it will have
the desired impact if messages are standardized and pay sucient a en on to the local
epidemiology, geography and socio-economic condi ons.8 Other constraints may also be
due to ineec ve implementa on of epidemiological surveillance, vector control and the
limited supply of malaria-related informa on systems.
102
An insec cide-treated net (ITN) is 1) a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment, or 2) a pretreated net obtained
within the past 12 months, or 3) a net that has been soaked with insec cide within the past 12 months.
ACT: Artemisinin-based Combina on Therapy.
Larval control and environmental management measures (for example, management of salinity in aquaculture and coastal lagoons,
rice field draining) can work well only if the community that lives in, uses and manages the environment is involved.
2. Limited capacity at local level. The transfer of responsibility for implemen ng the malaria
program may not have paid enough a en on to limited capaci es at local levels, with
the program encountering bo lenecks at the service level. Health services may not be
suciently equipped and staed to respond promptly to needs. Case management may
suer from weak logis c planning at the facility level with interrup ons in the availability
of drugs and the means to carry out diagnos c tests. In some instances, the workforce
may not have the appropriate training, and there may be shortages of necessary technical
exper se (for example, entomologists and monitoring and evalua on specialists).
3. Inadequate monitoring and evalua on system. Oversight capabili es remain limited;
monitoring and evalua on ac vi es are insucient to allow good planning and budge ng
for the na onal malaria program.
4. Expanding malaria preven on and treatment along the lines set out in the Roll Back
Malaria (RBM) program will require addi onal physical, human, and financial resources.
Interna onal financial contribu ons need to be balanced with the increment of domes c
financial resources. So far, domes c financingthrough na onal and sub-na onal
budgetshas been rela vely modest. Therefore, a financial mobiliza on strategy for
both interna onal and domes c funding will be expanded for medium and long term
programs.

To accelerate eorts to achieve the MDG targets related to malaria, improving and
strengthening the implementa on of universal coverage RBM strategy are crucially needed,
through:
1. Developing strategies for social mobiliza on that focus on promo ng community
awareness about preven on interven ons and in malaria control, through: (i) developing
IEC and BCC messages that are designed with par cipa on by service providers and user
representa ves, so that they are tailored to specific regional and community situa ons
(that is client orienta on)9; (ii) developing social mobiliza on strategies that focus on
increasing public awareness about malaria preven on eorts; (iii) increasing a en on
to a strong malaria informa on system by collec ng adequate malaria-related morbidity
and mortality data; (iv) strengthening monitoring progress at local levels and undertake
local situa on analysis; (v) providing and promo ng the use of insec cide treated bed
nets, especially in the high malaria endemic areas, (vi) improving vector control that is
suitable to local condi ons; (vii) strengthening epidemiological surveillance and outbreak
The par cipa on of malaria cadres, community health workers, and TBAs in malaria control eorts are key parts of
the response strategy.
103
control systems; (viii) developing cross-sectoral interven on models such as larvaciding

and biological control; and (ix) developing a capacity to assess the ecacy of the malaria
control eorts.
2. Strengthening health services in preven on, control and treatment. Health services have
a central role in raising awareness, control and treatment. Some improvements are needed
in: (i) promo ng preven on and control in the community; (ii) ensuring early detec on
and care seeking; (iii) responding to the need for case management in a mely manner;
(iii) strengthening of village malaria posts (posmaldes) to reduce mortality and morbidity
associated with malaria, par cularly in remote areas; and (iv) integra ng malaria program
with maternal and child health program interven ons.
3. Improving capacity of human resources. To be able to carry out the strategies, the human
resources need to be equipped with the appropriate skills in: advocacy, malaria detec on
and rapid treatment; supply chain management, and entomology. To ensure sustainability
of control programs, technical assistance and targeted training programs will be provided
to ensure increased capacity at all levels.
4. Improving management structures and governance that include strategies, work
programs, and informa on systems that allow monitoring for be er planning and
targe ng of malaria interven ons, through: (i) strengthening program oversight with
well-designed monitoring and evalua on systems that draw on a good understanding
of community dynamics, and allow the incorpora on of local dierences into strategic
planning; (ii) developing opportuni es for collabora on between public agencies and
exploring public-private synergies, especially in awareness raising; (iii) ensuring be er use
of donor support by placing it in the context of comprehensive na onal strategic planning
for malaria; and (iv) controlling drug quality and use, in par cular by strengthening
partnerships with research and technical en es to conduct opera onal research on the
eec veness of drugs, insec cides and preven ve tools.
5. Improving financial support. Long-term and predictable funding will be needed to maintain
the sustainability of the programs, through the private sector and the interna onal
community.
To accelerate reducing the morbidity and mortality rates of emerging communicable diseases,
the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2010-2014) has set out some crucial targets
that also are specified in the Presiden al Instruc on No. 3/2010, concerning Equitable
Development Programs, especially related to improve malaria case detec on.
104
Priority
Reducing the morbidity rate and
the mortality rate of Malaria and
other communicable diseases
Outputs
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Malaria case detec on rate per

1,000 popula on
1.75
1.50
1.25
Percentage of District/Municipality
conduct vector mapping
30
40
50
60
70
Percentage of Outbreak reported

and tackled
100
100
100
100
100
Table 6.2.
Priori es, Outputs and Targets
in Malaria Control Program,
2010-2014
Source:
NMTDP 2010-2014, Inpres No.
3/2010, MOH Strategic Plan 20102014
Target 6C:
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of
malaria and other major diseases (Tuberculosis)
Current Status
The na onal surveillance report on TB prevalence shows that the number of people infected by
TB is declining (Figure 6.9). Case detec on now exceeds 70 percent,10 and treatment outcomes
show a success rate of 91 percent (2006). Both exceed the MDG targets of 70 and 85 percent
respec vely. The TB case detec on rate has increased rapidly from 30.6 percent in 2002 to
75.7 percent in 2006. The treatment success rate has been above 85 percent since 2000, and
it reached 91 percent in 2005 - 2008. Indonesia was the first high TB burdened country in the
WHO South-East Asia Region to achieve the global targets for case detec on (70 percent) and
treatment success (85 percent). This performance reflects increased collabora on between
sub-na onal oces and private health services, as well as community-based TB care providers;
increased focus on capacity building in human resources in health services, be er logis cs and
a stronger TB monitoring system.
Although the achievement of TB case detec on and treatment success has been rela vely
sa sfactory, there remains a need to face the high incidence of Mul drug-Resistant TB
(MDR-TB), resul ng from inadequate treatment of TB. With an increasing threat of MDR-TB,
more focus needs to be placed on measures that adhere to interna onal standards for TB care,
to improve prescrip on prac ces, ensure drug quality, and avoid interrup ons in medica on
cycles. In order to increase the eec veness of TB control, Indonesia has made progress by
strengthening of the Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) program as a na onal
policy.
10
Targets are 70 percent case detec on of smear-posi ve cases under DOTS, 85 percent treatment success, to ensure
that the incidence rate con nues to fall through 2015, and to reduce incidence rates and halve 1990 prevalence and
mortality rates by 2015. Es mates for 1990 are prevalence 443/100,000 popula on and mortality of 91/100,000
popula on/year.
105
91
89,5
86 86,1 86,7
91
91
91
91
73,8
54
75,7
58
69,8
68
72,8 73,1
54
37,6
30,6
SR
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2000
21
2002
20
2001
19
1999
12
1998
1,4 4,6
7,5
1997
Source:
MoH-RI, Directorate CDC, DG of
CDC&EH, 2009.
87
81
1995
Percentage
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1996
Figure 6.9.
The Na onal Case Detec on
Rate (CDR) and Success Rate
(SR) of TB (%) 1995-2009
CDR
Challenges
1. The low household and community awareness and behaviors that increase the risk of
infec on, reduce demand for services and consequently lower eec veness of na onal
strategies. Advocacy, communica on and social mobiliza on (ACSM) are being pursued
as part of the TB strategy, but results are s ll modest and understanding of the issues
remains weak, reflec ng a combina on of the following factors: (i) ACSM11 coverage is s ll
low and messages may not be eec ve; and (ii) access to services is limited. In addi on,
partnerships between public and private en es need to be established, which will require
strong commitments of stakeholders, including professional associa ons.
2. The high case detec on rate has not been followed by the availability of adequate health
care services. Detec on and treatment services for TB are not yet rou nely delivered in
all health services facili es (98 percent of Puskesmas do that rou nely, but only some 38
percent of hospitals, private health facili es and peniten aries do so, and only about 2-3
percent of private prac oners. Moreover, there is significant varia on between regions.
3. Insucient TB control policies with appropriate local strategies. To be successful,
field-level implementa on needs to pay par cular a en on to strengthening of health
services and dissemina on of informa on. Interven on guidelines and ACSM need to
be fi ed to local circumstances. Poor awareness of the TB program, and a consequently
11
106
ACSM is s ll a new area in TB program strategy and much more guidance and technical support is necessary.
Involvement of communi es in TB care is essen al. A survey of Knowledge, A tudes and Prac ce (KAP) conducted
recently reported the following findings: (i) knowing what is TB (76 percent) and knowing that TB can be totally cured
(85 percent); (ii) s gma za on according to TB (keep TB a secret if a family member had TB) is low, about 13 percent;
(iii) most of the community does not know that an -TB drugs are free and provided by local health facili es (only 19
percent knew). Only 16 percent of respondents could correctly iden fy the signs and symptoms of TB.
weak commitment to it, currently characterize many situa ons at the local level and are
reflected in insucient resources being allocated to the TB program. The situa on may be
par cularly challenging in remote areas where the combina on of poverty and TB can be
more devasta ng.
4. Beyond distribu ng informa on about TB, the informa on base needs to be improved
so that policy making can be based on facts. At the present me, implementa on of
some components in the TB Strategyhealth systems strengthening, par cipa on of care
providers, ACSM, research (is less well understood than DOTS expansion and TB/HIV and
MDR-TB rela onships, because data on the former is limited). Some surveillance has
been conducted, however, informa on is sparse and insucient to support strong policy
making.
5. There is a shortage of financial resources available to combat TB in Indonesia. In the
absence of integrated planning and budge ng for TB ac vi es, including the produc on of
informa on that can be used, and would be used, for results management, resource use
is neither ecient nor eec ve. Funding so far has mainly come from donors. However,
there is a need to increase mobiliza on of local resources, including through ini a ves
that draw more a en on to TB, and by means of eciency improvements in current
program spending.

Mee ng the challenges in TB preven on and control program depends on strengthening
some strategies:
1. Expanding DOTS coverage through health services by: (i) expanding and intensifying ACSM
and facilitate access;(ii) improving poli cal support and strengthening decentraliza on
programs for eec ve implementa on of DOTS; (iii) intensifying involvement of private
and public services, family and community as well as work environment in influencing
behavior, increasing awareness and promo ng passive case finding; (iv) expanding access
to health care and free of charge medicines; (v) improving logis c and eec ve drugs
management systems; (vi) improving ac ve promo on of TB control; (vii) improving
eec ve communica on to people with TB, providers and stakeholders; and (viii)
improving the evalua on and monitoring system and measuring the impact of treatment
under DOTS.
2. Improving capacity and quality in the TB program by: (i) strengthening laboratory
diagnos c capacity in all health care facili es; (ii) implemen ng the Interna onal Standards
for TB Care (ISTC) to all services; (iii) improving partnerships involving government, NGOs
and the private sector in an integrated movement for na onal TB mi ga on (Gerdunas
TB); (iv) ensuring availability of adequate health personnel both in quan ty and quality; (v)
107
ensuring the availability and sustainability of drug supply; (vi) improving collabora on in
TB/HIV programs, (vii) strengthening public health services in providing eec ve responses
to the Stop TB program; (viii) promo ng community-based treatment, vector control and
other locally based preven ve interven ons; (ix) outreach that applies appropriate remote
area strategies; (x) expanding case detec on rate and coverage of TB treatment and care
services in all health services; and (xi) providing standardized facili es and infrastructure
for TB services.
3. Enforcing policies and regula ons to build eec ve sector leadership and governance
by establishing strong poli cal commitment, strong surveillance, enforcement of
regula ons, as well as cross-sectoral collabora on and a monitoring and evalua on
system, and promo ng evidence-based planning and decision making. It will require: (i)
further strengthening the capacity of the health system to prevent and control infec ous
disease reviewing surveillance and case-repor ng systems and se ng up alert and
response mechanisms to lower the case fatality rate; (ii) reviewing and adjus ng the design
of case detec on, diagnos c, and treatment delivery schemes to local condi ons and
resources; (iii) suppor ve advisory services that facilitate adop on of correct prac ces; (iv)
periodic evalua on at na onal and local levels to increase accountability and mo va on to
perform; (v) periodic surveys to iden fy special risks (emergence of MRD-TB or outbreaks
in prisons or health facili es); (vi) drug quality control: (vii) public-private collabora ve
arrangements; and (viii) establishing TB control capacity as a district level priority.
4. Strengthening the health informa on, monitoring and evalua on system, through:
(i) expanding research related to TB; (ii) improving coverage of laboratory services; (iii)
implemen ng surveillance to iden fy specific risks (such as the emergence of MDR TB);
and (iv) increasing availability of an eec ve health informa on system, through periodic
studies about eorts to improve provision of services, reduce delays in diagnosis, and
implementa on of the DOTS.
5. Promo ng the alloca on of funds to finance the Stop TB program, through promo ng an
appropriate alloca on of resources, both at the central level and among local authori es.
The local commitment in alloca ng funds to local government budgets (APBD) to TB as
part of MSS (Minimum Services Standards) as well as the MDGs is crucial since both are
na onal and local priori es in health development. Therefore, strengthening policies and
fostering local ownership are key strategies to ensure the sustainability of the TB Program
by reducing dependency of the local level on central transfers and external funds, while
strengthening partnerships with other sectors and the private sector.
In order to accelerate the achievement of the targets in reducing the incidence and death rate
related to TB, the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2010-2014) sets targets for the
following ac vi es and indicators as described in the table below:
108
Priority
Reducing the morbidity and

mortality rates of TB
Indicators
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Prevalence of TB per 100,000 popula on
235
231
228
226
224
Propor on of Tuberculosis cases detected

under directly observed treatment shortcourse (DOTS)
73
75
80
85
90
Propor on of Tuberculosis cases cured under

directly observed treatment short-course
(DOTS)
85
86
87
87
88
Table 6.3.
Priori es, Outputs and
Targets in Reducing
Morbidity and Mortality
Rate Related to TB,
2010-2014
Source:
NMTDP 2010-2014, Inpres
No. 3/2010.
109
110
Maintaining replanted mangrove trees
Goal 7:
Ensure Environmental
Sustainability
Goal 7:
Ensure Environmental
Sustainability
Target 7A:
Integrating the principles of sustainable development in
national policies and programs and reversing the loss of
environmental resources
Current Status
The ra o of actual forest cover to the total land area based on the review of satellite imagery
and aerial photographic surveys was 52.43 percent in 2008, a reduc on of forest cover as
compared with the baseline year of 1990 when forest cover was 59.97 percent.
Figure 7.1.
The Percentage of Forest
Cover of the Total Land Area
of Indonesia from 1990 to
2008
Source: Ministry of Forestry

(1990-2008).
Degrada on of Indonesias forests and reduc on in biodiversity occurred on a large scale

prior to 2002 due to unsustainable forest management prac ces, illegal logging, forest fires,
113
and conversion of forest lands to other uses. The rate of forest degrada on between 2000
and 2005 was es mated to be 1.089 million hectares per year, a reduc on as compared to
1.6 million hectares per year during 1985 - 1997 and 2.1 million hectares between 1997 and
2001.
Figure 7.2.
Total Energy Use of Various
Types for the Years 1990-2008
(Equivalent to Barrels of Oil
(BOE) in Millions)
Source:
Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources.
The ra o of energy use per GDP in Indonesia has tended to decline. This reflects the
increasing eciency in the use of energy. Nevertheless, the use of nonrenewable energy in
Indonesia more than doubled between 1990 and 2008. Besides causing emissions that aect
climate change, the availability of non-renewable energy is becoming more limited. This in
turn increases the threat of an energy crisis in the future.
The consump on of ozone deple ng substances (ODS) has been significantly reduced in
accordance with the Montreal Protocol. The Indonesian government ra fied the Montreal
Protocol through Presiden al Decree No. 23 of 1992 on the Elimina on of the Consump on of
Figure 7.3.
10,000
ODS was phased out
(CFC, Halon, CTC, TCA, MBr)
HCFCs
9,000
Consumpon in ODP tonnes
Ozone Deple ng Substance

Consump on in Indonesia
from 1992 to 2008
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
114
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
0
Source:
Ministry of Environment.
Ozone Deple ng Substances, and a regula on prohibi ng the importa on of ozone deple ng
substances was enacted in 1998 and revised in 2006 by the Ministry of Trade. Although since
1998 the import of CFCs and goods related to the CFC has been ocially banned, there are s ll
indica ons of illegal importa on and trade in ODS. As the largest archipelagic country in the
world, control over the smuggling, illegal importa on and use of ODS is very dicult.
Challenges
Global warming is leading to climate change and having nega ve impacts on the environment.
Indonesia is vulnerable to the nega ve impacts of climate change, and na onal ac ons are
needed, both to mi gate global climate change and implement steps to empower the people
of Indonesia to adapt to the nega ve impacts of climate change, including sea level rise,
more variable rainfall pa erns that can cause floods and droughts, and other environmental
changes. If appropriate steps are not taken, many regions in Indonesia will experience water
supply shortages, declining crop yields, and reduced produc vity of coastal ecosystems.
The government is working to increase forest cover through rehabilita on of 2.5 million
hectares during 2010-2014. In addi on, ini a ves are being taken to reduce deforesta on
and forest degrada on through preven on of illegal logging, forest fires and encroachment
on forest lands.
Indonesia announced the target to reduce CO2 emissions by 26 percent from Business as
Usual (BAU) condi ons in 2020 in the forum of the United Na ons Framework Conven on
on Climate Change in Copenhagen in December 2009. The target will be increased up to
41 percent with interna onal assistance. Reduc on of global warming requires interna onal
partnerships, and Indonesia is commi ed to cooperate ac vely with the world community in
dealing with the important issues related to climate change.

In accordance with the Na onal Long-Term Development Plan (2005-2025) and the Na onal
Medium-Term Development Plan (2010-2014), development policies will be directed to
achieve a sustainable pa ern of natural resource use and environmental management.
Na onal plans and policies will be focused on improving coordina on among the ins tu ons
directly involved in environmental management, building capacity for these ins tu ons at all
levels, and strengthening the enforcement of laws and regula ons governing environmental
management in Indonesia.
The steps that the government has already implemented include the following: To overcome
115
the rate of deforesta on, in 2008 the government increased the total area of protected forests
and protected aqua c waters significantly. Comba ng illegal logging is being carried out in
various areas to maintain the forest cover and protect conserva on areas. The government has
also launched a na onal movement of rehabilia on of forests and cri cal lands. In addi on,
the government is socializing and providing fiscal and non-fiscal incen vies to promote energy
saving measures and use of more ecient, environmentally friendly and renewable alterna ve
energy sources. Through the ozone layer protec on program, the government has and will
con nue to maintain the ban on the use of materials that have been legally banned.
Law Number 30/2007 has mandated increased use of New and Renewable Energy as an
eort to diversify, and implementa on of this law will become the responsibility of central
and local governments. The government, for example, has already launched a 10,000 MW
electricity program Phase II which has renewable energy as its main energy source, especially
geothermal energy which comprises 39 percent.
The policy framework and strategy have been translated into programs and ac vi es in the
Na onal Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN 2010-2014) as follows:
Table 7.1.
Annual Implementa on
Targets from the
Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan
to Improve Natural
Resource Management
Priori es
Output / Indicators
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
120,000 Ha
180,000 Ha
240,000 Ha
295,000 Ha
Rehabilita on of cri cal lands and forest reclama on

Implementa on
of Forest and Land
Rehabilita on
Facilitate the rehabilita on of

mangrove forests, peat and
swamp areas (295 000 ha)
60,000 Ha
Reduced area of cri cal lands through rehabilita on and reclama on of forests
Implementa on
of Land Reclamaon and Forest
Rehabilita on in
Priority Watersheds
116
Facilitate and implement

forest rehabilita on in priority
catchment areas
160,000 Ha
320,000 Ha
480,000 Ha
640,000 Ha
800,000 Ha
Facilitate land rehabilita on in

the priority catchment areas
100,000 Ha
200,000 Ha
300,000 Ha
400,000 Ha
500,000 Ha
Facilitate development of the

urban forest areas
1,000 Ha
2,000 Ha
3,000 Ha
4,000 Ha
5,000 Ha
Facilitate rehabilita on of
mangrove forests, peat and
swamp areas
60,000 Ha
120,000 Ha
180,000 Ha
240,000 Ha
295,000 Ha
Con nued Table 7.1.

Priori es
Output / Indicators
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Improved forest management through community empowerment
Social Forestry
Development
Facilitate establishment of community forest

management areas (HKM),
covering 2 million ha.
400,000 ha
800,000 ha
1,200.000
ha
1,600.000
ha
2,000.000 ha
Facilitate 500 group / unit

management business license
HKM
100 groups
200 groups
300 groups
400 groups
500 groups
Facilitate 50 partnership units

HKM
10 Unit
20 Unit
30 Unit
40 Unit
50 Unit
Facilitate ins tu onal support

food security in 32 provinces
4 Prov
8 Prov
16 Prov
22 Prov
32 Prov
Facilitate community forest

development partnership for
industrial wood raw materials
covering 250 000 ha
50,000 ha
100,000 ha
150,000 ha
200,000 ha
250,000 ha
Facilitate establishment and

func oning of the center at 30
HHBK districts
6 Districts
12 Districts
18 Districts
24 Districts
30 Districts
Targeted working area of

500,000 ha of village forests
100,000 ha
200,000 ha
300,000 ha
400,000 ha
500,000 ha
Increased quality of conserva on policies and forest damage control and integrated land management with
various ministries and ins tu ons including, with the Ministry of Forestry, BPN and Local Governments
Number of conserva on policies finalized to control forest
destruc on and land use issued
(the criteria and guidelines)
are coordinated among the
concerned ins tu ons
Conserva on and
Improvement of
Control of Forest and
Land Degrada on
Data on hotspots in eight

provincial land and forest
fires that are desseminated to
the concerned ministries and
ins tu ons
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
An implementa on mechanism for land and forest fire

preven on in eight provincial
land and forest fires are coordinated among the concerned
ministries and ins tu ons
117
Con nued Table 7.1.

Priori es
Output / Indicators
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Detailed data on land and forest damage in 11 priority

watersheds and and areas
poten ally prone to landslides
are coordinated among the
concerned ministries and
ins tu ons
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
The data of land cover and land

use change (landuse change)
compiled through the Program
Go Green Indonesia
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Number of provinces (ecosystem approach) that are monitored according to the data and
the poten al for disaster
10
15
20
25
30
% of conserva on policy recommenda ons and control of forest destruc on and land area of
the provinces implemented are
monitored each year
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
Management of the 20% area of coral reefs, seagrass, mangrove and 15 species of endangered aqua c biota
Management
and Conserva on
Development Areas
Sea and freshwater conservaon areas and sustainably

managed brackish areas
900
thousand
Ha
900
thousand
Ha
900
thousand
Ha
900
thousand
Ha
900
thousand
Ha
Number of conserva on areas

and protected aqua c biota
species iden fied and mapped
accurately
9 areas /
3 types
9 areas /
3 types
9 areas /
3 types
9 areas /
3 types
9 areas /
3 types
Improved system blackout preven on, mi ga on, impacts to land and forest fires
Forest Fire Control
Hotspots on the islands of Borneo, Sumatera, and Sulawesi

reduced by 20% each year
20%
36%
48.8%
59.2%
67.2%
The area of forest fire is

reduced compared to 2008
condi ons
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Adequacy of policies, data and informa on to control land and forest fires is integrated and coordinated with
the concerned ministries and ins tu ons
Conserva on and Improvement of Forest
and Control of Land
Degrada on
Data on the distribu on of

hotspots/ forest fires in eight
Provinces disseminated to the
ministries/ departments, to
monitor the success of the implementa on mechanisms for
the preven on of forest fires
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
Implementa on of integrated watershed management in priority watersheds
Development of
Watershed Management
118
Integrated watershed
management plan in 108 priority watersheds (DAS)
22 DAS
44 DAS
66 DAS
88 DAS
100 DAS
Build a base line data on the 36

watershed management BPDAS
7 BPDAS
14 BPDAS
21 BPDAS
28 BPDAS
36 BPDAS
Provision of data and maps of

cri cal land in 36 BPDAS
7 BPDAS
14 BPDAS
21 BPDAS
28 BPDAS
36 BPDAS
Con nued Table 7.1.

Priori es
Output / Indicators
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Availability of integrated water quality management policy tools among the concerned ministries and ins tuons
Management of
Water Quality and
Peat Areas
% Se ng classifica on of water
at the district/ municipality
level for 13 rivers in 119
priority districts and ci es,
with coordina on across the
concerned ministries,
ins tu ons and local
governments
25%
25%
20%
20%
10%
Number of technical assistance

to 119 water quality
management districts / ci es
in 13 watersheds coordinated
with the concerned ministries /
ins tu ons
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
Number of technical assistance

to 119 water quality
management districts / ci es
in 13 watersheds coordinated
with the concerned ministries /
ins tu ons
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
The physical model for CO2 absorb on, perfec ng and tes ng produc on
Technology for Control and Mi ga on of
the Impacts of Global
Warming
Policy recommenda ons to

reduce emissions and increase
carbon sinks and pilot plant
photobioreactor for CO2
absorb on
Priori es
Increased use of renewable energy
including geothermal energy to reach
2000 MW in 2012 and 5000 MW by 2014
the commencement of coal bed methane
produc on to generate electricity in 2011
accompanied by the u liza on of solar
energy poten al
Output / Indicators
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Contribu on to achieving the target of 10,000 MW geothermal power plants in the phase
II program
Total installed capacity of geothermal
power plants. Amoun ng to 5795 MW
in year 2014
1,261
1,419
2,260
3,000
5,795
Table 7.2.
Selected Annual
Implementa on Targets in
the Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan to Achieve
Sustainable Use of Energy
Resources
The realiza on of new renewable energy and energy conserva on op ons

Lisdes (EBT)
Managing the provision of EBT and

Implementa on of Energy Conserva on
- PLTS 50 Wp
3.55
24.49
24.59
24.69
27.78
- PLTMH (kW)
1.53
10.42
10.9
11.38
11.94
- PLT Wind (kW)
5.16
5.32
5.55
5.64
- Biomass (MW)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
- The number of ocean

energy feasibility studies
- Number of Pilot Projects genera ng

electricity from ocean energy
resources
DME
50
50
50
50
50
119
Target 7B:
Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the rate of loss
Current Status
Indonesian biodiversity is threatened due to the u liza on of natural resources in
unsustainable ways. Transfer of some ecosystems into areas to be used for industry, residences,
transporta on and other uses has had a nega ve impact on biodiversity. The average rate of
degrada on of forest ecosystems in the period 2000-2005 reached 1.09 million hectares per
year. During the last 50 years, damage to coral reefs has increased from 10 percent to 50
percent. Between 1989 and 2000, the percentage with 50 percent live coral reef popula ons
has declined from 36 percent to 29 percent.
Reduc on of biodiversity has occurred, not only at the level of ecosystems, but also at the
level of species and gene c diversity. Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature (IUCN)
Red List data reports that 772 species of flora and fauna are threatened with ex nc on.
Meanwhile, approximately 240 rare plant species have been declared endangered and some
fish species are also threatened with ex nc on.
Challenges
Deprecia on of gene c diversity, par cularly species of wild animals and plants, is not well
documented. Discussions on gene c erosion in the field of agro-ecosystems may also be true
for wild species. Since not all gene c erosion occurring in wild species is known, Indonesia may
have lost "pearls" without a chance to know the value and benefit lost.

The Indonesian government launched the Indonesian Biodiversity Ac on Plan (BAPI) in 1993
as a document to set priori es and investment in biodiversity conserva on and this plan
was used in preparing the fi h and sixth Five Year Development Plans (un l 1999). BAPI
aimed to preserve biodiversity through reduced degrada on of ecosystems, development of
the database, and providing support to the management of sustainable natural resources.
This document was published before the ra fica on of the United Na ons Conven on on
Biological Diversity (UNCBD) through Law No. 5 / 1994.
120
Ten years later, BAPI was updated into the "Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Ac on Plan
(IBSAP)". In order to address the various issues specified in the UNCBD and learning from
the BAPI experience, IBSAP was built through a par cipatory process and addressed more
current environmental problems. IBSAP iden fied a number of needs, ac ons, opportuni es,
new challenges and obstacles in implemen ng biodiversity conserva on.
Conserving biodiversity is one of the priori es in natural resources management as contained
in the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2010-2014). Eorts to conserve biodiversity
and expand protec on of endangered species is illustrated with clear indicators and targets to
be achieved, namely:
1. Improving biodiversity conserva on
a) Biodiversity conserva on policy
b) Monitor the implementa on of biodiversity conserva on
c) Facilitate the development of Biodiversity Parks
2. Development and conserva on of essen al ecosystems
a) Reduce conflict and pressure on na onal parks and other conserva on areas
b) Improving the management of essen al ecosystem
c) Improved management of problems resul ng from encroachment of conserva on
areas
d) Recovery of conserva on areas
3. Inves ga on and security protec on forest
a) Reduce forest crime
b) Finaliza on of cases of crime in conserva on areas
4. Development of species and biodiversity conserva on gene cs
a) Enhance biodiversity and endangered species popula ons
b) Cap ve
c) Interna onal and regional coopera on
5. Forest fire control
a) Reduce the number of hot spots
b) Reduce the burned area
c) Improving human resource capacity in controlling forest fires
6. Environmental services and ecotourism development
7. Management and development of ecosystem and species conserva on in coastal zones
and marine areas
a) Improved management of ecosystems of coral reefs, mangroves, sea grass, etc.
b) Iden fica on and mapping of marine conserva on areas and protected species
121
Target 7C:
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Current Status
The propor on of Indonesian households with access to improved drinking water and
sanita on has con nuously increased. However, the number of households who have
sustainable access to improved water and sanita on has only reached 47.71 percent and
51.19 percent respec vely. Therefore, greater a en on is required to reach the MDG targets
for access to improved drinking water (68.87 percent) and sanita on (62.41 percent) in 2015.
DRINKING WATER
Improved drinking water is defined as water from a protected water source located more
than 10 meters from sewage and shielded from any other sources of contamina on. Access
to improved sources of drinking water has been increased from 37.73 percent of households
in 1993 to 47.71 percent in 2009 (Figure 7.4). Access to improved sources of drinking water
tends to be higher for urban households as compared to those in rural areas.
The rela vely low levels of access to improved drinking water supply reflects the slow rate of
development of drinking water infrastructure, par cularly in urban areas where development
has not matched the growth rate of popula on. In addi on, many water supply facili es are
not operated and maintained well. To achieve the MDG target by 2015, priority should be given
to ini a ves to expand access to improved water supplies, both in rural and urban areas.
75.3 %
80
Figure 7.4.
Urban+Rural:
49.8
45.7
50.2
54.1
43.9
42.7
41.5
43.0
55.6
54.6
57.3
41.0
40.4
40.3
35.2
31.3
35.6
35.9
34.5
30.7
31.6
65.8 %
TARGET MDG
30.8
40
42.9
50
30
56.8
59.5
58.2
53.0
68.9 %
46.0
54.9
52.7
53.8
51.7
51.5
60
50.6
70
Percentage
Propor ons of Rural, Urban

and all Households with
Access to Improved Drinking
Water Sources in Indonesia
(1993-2009)
20
Source:
122
48.3
46.5
47.7
2008
2009
48.3
2002
2007
48.7
2001
47.8
37.5
2000
47.6
42.2
1999
2006
42.0
1998
2005
42.7
1997
48.8
41.3
1996
47.7
38.0
1995
2004
37.7
1994
2003
37.7
1993
10
TOTAL
URBAN
RURAL
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
0
2010
Notes:
Data does not include Timor Timur.
Figure 7.5.
Percentages of Households
with Access to Improved
Drinking Water Sources by
Urban and Rural Popula ons
by Province (2009)
27.47
30.60
33.02
34.81
35.44
36.84
36.89
37.74
40.29
40.51
40.96
42.92
43.75
44.36
44.49
44.85
44.96
45.45
46.62
47.71
48.08
48.53
50.13
51.04
51.19
51.97
54.02
55.50
55.70
55.71
58.30
59.12
59.99
60.38
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Banten
Aceh
Bengkulu
DKI Jakarta
Papua
Bangka Belitung
Kalimantan Tengah
Kepulauan Riau
Lampung
Jawa Barat
Riau
Sulawesi Barat
Maluku Utara
Sulawesi Tengah
Sulawesi Utara
Gorontalo
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Sumatera Barat
INDONESIA
Papua Barat
Sumatera Selatan
Sulawesi Selatan
Sumatera Utara
Jambi
Kalimantan Selatan
Kalimantan Barat
Maluku
Jawa Timur
Kalimantan Timur
Jawa Tengah
Sulawesi Tenggara
Bali
DI Yogyakarta
Percentage
Significant dispari es among provinces remain in terms of access to improved drinking water.
As shown in Figure 7.5, the provinces with the highest propor on of households with access
to improved drinking water sources in 2009 were: DI Yogyakarta, Bali and Southeast Sulawesi.
Banten, Aceh, and Bengkulu were the three provinces with the propor on of households with
the lowest propor ons of households with access to improved drinking water sources.
TOTAL
URBAN
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2009.
RURAL
SANITATION
Improved sanita on is defined as facili es that are safe, hygienic, and comfortable and that
can separate users and the surrounding environment from contact with human feces. The
propor on of households in Indonesia with access to improved sanita on facili es more than
doubled, from 24.81 percent in 1993 to 51.19 percent in 2009 (Figure 7.6). However, progress
has s ll been slower than in other countries in the region with similar levels of economic
development.
Figure 7.6.
MDGs
TARGET
100
69.5
66.7
48.6
64.7
44.2
54.1
76.8
62.4
55.6
34.0
31.4
28.6
35.0
20.6
59.2
38.1
57.3
56.7
35.6
35.6
20.7
18.0
17.3
17.4
17.3
15.6
14.2
12.1
9.6
11.1
10
12.2
20
22.5
56.6
34.3
56.9
53.7
32.7
51.2
28.9
32.6
51.1
49.4
45.0
27.5
25.2
30
24.8
40
27.5
50
21.9
60
53.6
70
57.7
80
51.2
90
The propor on of households

with access to adequate
sanita on in rural, urban and
total rural and urban,
1993-2009
Note:
Data does not include Timor Timur
Source:
BPS, Susenas 1993 2009.
URBAN
RURAL
TOTAL
123
Popula on growth is the main challenge faced in increasing access to improved sanita on,
especially in urban areas where the popula on growth rate is higher than the na onal
popula on growth rate. Looking at the trend of increasing access to improved sanita on over
the years, Indonesia must give special a en on to expanding access to improved sanita on to
achieve the MDG target in 2015.
Figure 7.7.
100
Propor ons of Households

with Access to Improved
Sanita on Facili es by Rural/
urban Areas by Province
(2009)
90
80
Percentage
70
60
50
40
80.37
75.95
75.35
63.59
60.66
58.82
58.48
57.58
54.06
52.75
52.17
51.92
51.19
51.07
45.91
45.78
45.35
43.84
43.18
42.03
42.02
41.48
41.16
40.93
40.12
39.83
39.21
38.69
38.43
34.66
32.63
28.78
10
21.65
20
14.98
30
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2009.
Nusa Tenggara Timur

Papua
Kalimantan Tengah
Papua Barat
Bengkulu
Lampung
Maluku
Sumatera Barat
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Kalimantan Barat
Jambi
Kalimantan Selatan
Sumatera Selatan
Sulawesi Tengah
Aceh
Maluku Utara
Gorontalo
Sulawesi Barat
Kepulauan Riau
Sulawesi Tenggara
Jawa Timur
INDONESIA
Sumatera Utara
Jawa Barat
Riau
Jawa Tengah
Sulawesi Selatan
Kalimantan Timur
Banten
Bangka Belitung
Sulawesi Utara
DI Yogyakarta
Bali
DKI Jakarta
TOTAL
URBAN
RURAL
There is a wide gap between urban and rural areas in terms of access to improved sanita on,
and this gap varies among provinces. Na onwide, 69.51 percent of urban popula ons have
access to improved sanita on facili es compared to only 33.96 percent in rural areas. In
terms of the gap in access to improved sanita on between rural and urban areas, there are
21 provinces with a larger gap than the na onal average, with the largest gap found in the
provinces of Kepulauan Riau, Maluku Utara and Kalimantan Barat.
Challenges
The major challenges in increasing access to improved drinking water and sanita on include
the following:
1. Incomplete and outdated regula ons that support the provision of drinking water and
sanita on. A number of exis ng laws are not in accordance with current condi ons, for
example, Act No. 5 of 1962 regarding Regional Companies has not been revised, making it
dicult for Municipal Water Companies (PDAM) to encorporate.
2. The absence of a comprehensive policy across sectors in the provision of improved
124
drinking water and sanita on. Many ins tu ons and agencies are responsible for
development of drinking water and sanita on, and there is a need for more intensive
coordina on, especially at the level of program implementa on.
3. Declining quality and quan ty of drinking water. There are s ll many households that rely
on non-piped drinking water sources of poor quality. At the same me there are many
on-site sanita on systems which have not been established with adequate investment
in infrastructure, storage, processing, and disposal of fecal waste, and this increases the
likelihood of contamina on of water sources.
4. Lack of balance between popula on growth, especially in urban areas with development
of infrastructure for improved drinking water and sanita on. The level of investment
in the provision of piped water connec ons, especially in urban areas, is not in balance
with the rate of urban popula on growth. Similarly, investments in the provision of water
service connec ons, centralized municipal sewerage systems and communal scale systems
have been less than adequate.
5. Community awareness of hygienic and healthy prac ces (PHBS) remains low. Unsanitary
behavior is reflected in the high incidence of diarrhea, which reached 411 per 1,000
inhabitants (MOH, Diarrhea Morbidity Survey, 2010). Hand washing with soap is s ll not
common; some 47 percent of households s ll defecate in open areas, and although almost
all households boil water for drinking, some 48 percent of their water s ll contains E.coli
bacteria.
6. Limited number of providers to supply improved drinking water, including both Municipal
Water Companies (PDAM) and non-PDAM (credible and professional), especially in
urban areas. An audit completed in 2008 showed that only about 22 percent of publicly
owned water companies are func oning properly. Determina on and se ng of taris
does not meet the cost recovery principle (full-cost recovery), and about 55.51 percent of
the PDAM are s ll applying an average tari below the cost of water produc on.
7. The capacity of local governments to manage the drinking water and sanita on sector
is limited, although the provision and management of improved drinking water and
sanita on has become the responsibility of the local governments. Planning and
budge ng for the provision of improved drinking water and sanita on has not become a
priority of local governments, and this is reflected in the low budget alloca ons of regional
governments in support of the development of infrastructure to provide improved drinking
water and sanita on.
8. Investment in drinking water supply and sanita on systems is s ll inadequate, both
from the government and the private sector. This results from a tendency to rely on
central government funding. The low financial performance of the municipal water
125
supply companies also constrains op ons to seek alterna ve financing. Funding from the
private sector, either in the form of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) or Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) has not yet been u lized on a large scale.

The direc on of policies and strategies to improve public access to improved drinking water
and sanita on are as follows:
1. The Ministry of Public Works and municipal water u li es (PDAM) will work to increase
public access to improved drinking water through the development and improvement
of water systems, maintenance, development and improvement of transmission and
distribu on networks, especially in urban areas. In rural areas, the development of
drinking water systems will be community-based with support jointly by the Ministry of
Public Works and the Ministry of Health. Alloca on of funding from Central Government
will give priority to the poor. The central government will also encourage and facilitate
the provision of drinking water for middle and higher income groups through improved
service performance by the PDAM with support provided through technical assistance
and financing. In addi on, the government has allocated a special alloca on fund (DAK)
for drinking water which is intended to op mize the exis ng infrastructure services of
drinking water and also for the construc on of new systems in small towns, remote,
coastal and rural areas.
2. To increase access of households to improved sanita on, the future policy of investment is
aimed at improving the management of centralized wastewater systems and the provision
of community-based sanita on with a focus on services for the poor. Investment will be
focused on the development of centralized wastewater treatment systems on a city-scale
basis (o-site), construc on of sewerage systems (on-site) and also the development and
improvement sewage processing facili es (IPLT). To increase the pace in the provision
of sanita on services, the government has launched the Program to Accelerate the
Development of Sanita on (PPSP) 2010-2014 which stresses that sanita on is a concern of
all par es, including the government, the private sector, donors, and the community. At the
same me, DAK funding will be used to increase coverage of sanita on services in densely
populated urban areas through the community-based sanita on approach (SANIMAS).
Eorts will be made to increase public awareness about the importance of improved
drinking water and sanita on, and the Ministry of Health will expand implementa on of
the Community Based Total Sanita on (STBM) during 2010-2014 to eliminate the prac ces
of defeca on in open space by the end of 2014.
3. Improving the regulatory framework at central level and regional levels to support
provision of improved drinking water and sanita on, through the addi on, revision, and
deregula on of the laws.
126
4. Ensuring the availability of drinking water, through the control of ground water use
by domes c and industrial users; protec on of ground and surface water from sources
of domes c pollu on through increased coverage of sanita on services, as well as the
applica on of technology and development of alterna ve water sources including water
reclama on.
5. Increasing public awareness about the importance of healthy behavior, through
communica on, informa on and educa on as well as improvement of drinking water
and sanita on facili es in schools as part of eorts to improve the hygienic behavior of
students and communi es.
6. Improving the planning system for development of drinking water and sanita on
systems, through the prepara on of master plans for drinking water systems (RIS-SPAM)
based on community based ini a ves; prepara on of City Sanita on Strategies (SSK),
aligned with the RIS-SPAM, as well as monitoring and evalua ng of implementa on.
7. Improving the management of drinking water and sanita on through: (a) prepara on of
business plans, implementa on of corpora za on, asset management and human resource
capacity building, both for ins tu ons and communi es; (b) increasing coopera on among
government agencies, between government and society, between government and the
private sector, and among government, the private sector and the public; (c) improving
the linkage between the management system applied by communi es with those of the
government, and (d) op mizing the u liza on of financial resources.
8. Increasing local investment spending to improve access to improved drinking water and
basic sanita on that is focused on services for urban popula ons, especially the poor.
9. Improving the investment climate to s mulate ac ve par cipa on of the private
sector and the community through Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR), and also for the development and marke ng of appropriate
technology for water supply systems and sanita on systems.
The accelera on of the achievement of the MDGs by 2015, especially regarding the provision
of improved drinking water and sanita on has been defined in the Na onal Medium-Term
Development Plan, as presented in the following table:
127
Table 7.3.
Annual Implementa on
Targets to Improve Access
to Improved Drinking Water
Sources and Basic Sanita on
2010-2014.
Priori es
Outputs
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Percentage of
households with access
to improved drinking
water source
62
62.5
63
63.5
67
Percentage of drinking
water quality that
meets the
requirements
85
90
95
100
100
64
67
69
72
75
2,500
5,500
11,000
16,000
20,000
Number of urban areas

facilitated to improve
water sources
218 area
244 areas
260
areas
315
areas
360
areas
Number of rural areas

facilitated to improve
water sources
31 areas
and
1,472
villages
30 areas
and
1,165
villages
30 areas
and 500
villages
30 areas
and
1,000
villages
32 areas
and 700
villages
Number of areas
with improved
infrastructure
developed for syistem
o-site sewerage
9
districts/
ci es
11
districts/
ci es
11
districts/
ci es
11
11
districts/ districts/
ci es
ci es
Number of areas with

infrastructure
development and
waste water facili es
with on-site sewerage
systems
30
districts/
ci es
35
districts/
ci es
40
districts/
ci es
50
55
districts/ districts/
ci es
ci es
Improving surveillance
and monitoring of
environmental quality Percentage of
popula on that
have access to basic
sanita on
Number of villages
where Sanitasi Total
Berbasis Masyarakat
(STBM) will be
implemented
Improve the
development of
drinkig water supply
systems
Source:
Na onal Medium Term
Development Plan ( RPJMN 20102014) and Inpres no.3/2010
128
Improve the
development
of sanita on
infrastructure
Target 7D:
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the
lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Current Status
The propor on of households living in
Figure 7.8.
urban slums in Indonesia has declined
The Propor on of Urban
Households Living in Slums,
by 8.63 percentage points from 1993.
1993 and 2009
Many ini a ves have been carried out to
improve the welfare of urban households,
but 12.12 percent of urban households are
s ll found to be living in slums (see Figure
7.8). The Government of Indonesia has
implemented many programs to improve
the lives of slum dwellers, including: the
Kampung Improvement Program (KIP),
Source:
BPS, Susenas.
urban renewal, the Urban Poverty Project
(UPP), the Community-Based Ini a ves for
Housing and Local Development (CoBILD), and the Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Sector
Program (NUSSP). In addi on, several ini a ves to empower those who live in urban slums
are being implemented, including the Na onal Community Empowerment Program (PNPM
Mandiri) with technical support from various na onal ministries.
Significant disparites are found among provinces in the propor on of the urban popula ons
categorized as slum households. As seen in Figure 7.9, the provinces where with the highest
percentage of slum households are found are Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua and DKI Jakarta.
The provinces with the lowest propor ons of slum households are DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah
and Kalimantan Barat. The lowest propor on of slum households for a province is 5.10 percent
(DI Yogyakarta) while the highest propor on is 28.85 percent (Nusa Tenggara Timur).
129
Figure 7.9.
Percentage
25
20
15
10
5.1
5.6
5.7
7.6
7.7
7.9
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
9.0
9.7
9.8
10.5
10.7
10.9
12.1
12.5
13.3
13.3
13.3
14.0
14.1
14.1
14.6
15.7
17.0
18.8
19.1
21.4
24.0
25.1
25.4
30
28.9
35
The Propor on of
Urban Slum Households
by Province, 2009
Source:
BPS, Susenas.
DI Yogyakarta
Jawa Tengah
Kalimantan Barat
Maluku Utara
Jambi
Sumatera Utara
Bangka Belitung
Sumatera Barat
Sulawesi Selatan
Jawa Timur
Kalimantan Selatan
Kalimantan Timur
Aceh
Riau
Sulawesi Tenggara
Lampung
INDONESIA
Gorontalo
Bali
Kalimantan Tengah
Bengkulu
Sumatera Selatan
Sulawesi Tengah
Kepulauan Riau
Jawa Barat
Banten
Sulawesi Utara
Maluku
Sulawesi Barat
Papua Barat
Nusa Tenggara Barat
DKI Jakarta
Papua
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Challenges
Aside from the regional dispari es, the major challenges in reducing the propor on of urban
slum households in Indonesia are as follows:
1. Limited access of low-income households to land for housing in urban areas;
2. Limited access to housing finance;
3. Limited capacity of the government and the private sector to build aordable houses;
4. Limited provision of basic facili es for urban se lements; and
5. Previous programs have produced less than op mal results in improving the lives of slum
dwellers.

The direc on of policies and strategies is to fulfill the needs of the urban poor for adequate,
safe and aordable housing. Several steps have been taken to improve the provision of decent
and aordable housing for low-income communi es through development of public housing
for rent, facilita on of development of new housing and improvement in the quality of selfhelp housing and the provision of infrastructure, facili es and u li es for self-help housing,
as well as facilita ng the provision of land. Addi onal ini a ves will increase access of low
income households to decent and aordable housing through a liquidity facility, and microcredit for housing and na onal housing savings. Other priori es are to improve the quality of
residen al environments through the provision of infrastructure, basic facili es, and adequate
public u li es, integrated with real estate development to realize ci es without slums.
130
The Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan (2010-2014) has set priori es and targets to
reduce the number of households living in urban slums in order to accelerate the achievement
of this MDG, as shown in Table 7.2. Eorts to achieve these targets will be implemented by
the Ministry of Public Works, the Ministry of Housing, provincial governments, district / city
governments and urban communi es.
Table 7.4.
Targets
Priori es
Regula ons, Guidance, Control and

Opera on in the Development of
Se lements
Indicators
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Prepara on of ac on plans on urban

slums at district/ municipality level
95
30
30
30
22
Urban slum areas to be improved
95
30
30
30
22
Units of apartment dwellings built

up with suppor ng infrastructure
3,960
7,041
7,041
5,200
3,458
Se lement infrastructure improved

in low income residen al areas
104
50
50
15
21
50
100
150
175
180
Facilita on and promo on of

environmental planning for slum
areas
Number of slum areas facilitated
Facilita on and promo on of

development of self-help housing
Number of self-help new housing

construc on ini a ves
7,500
12,500
16,250
7,500
6,250
Facilita on and promo on of selfhelp improvement of housing
Number of self-help improvement of

exis ng housing ini a ves
7,500
12,500
16,250
7,500
6,250
Facilita on and promo on of selfhelp infrastructure
Number of ini a ves to facilitate

and s mulate self-help improvement
of infrastructure, facili es and
u li es
7,500
12,500
16,250
7,500
6,250
Development of mul -story low

rent housing units*
Number of mul -story low rent

housing units built (Rusunawa)
100
100
180
Implementa on Targets to
Reduce the Propor on of the
Popula on Living in Slums
Source:
Na onal Medium Term Development
Plan 2010-2014.
Note: *) Simplified Rental Housing
Development es mated 30 percent for
low-income communi es.
131
132
G-20 Summit in Pi sburgh, September 24-25, 2009
Goal 8:
Develop a Global Partnership
for Development
Goal 8:
Develop a Global Partnership
for Development
Indonesia is ac vely engaged with the interna onal community in working to improve
governance of interna onal trade, investment and transfer of technology to accelerate
achievement of the MDGs. Indonesia works to achieve a more equitable and dynamic pa ern
of global partnerships as a member of mul lateral ins tu ons, including the United Na ons,
the World Trade Organiza on (WTO), the Associa on of Southeast Asian Na ons (ASEAN), the
Interna onal Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group (WBG) and the Asian Development
Bank (ADB).
Indonesia also par cipates with the interna onal community in many interna onal
and regional forums including the Group of Twenty (G-20) and the Asia Pacific Economic
Coopera on Forum (APEC) to promote collabora on on issues related to economic
development and trade between emerging economies and developed economies. Indonesia,
along with other Sherpas from ten countries (Norway, Netherlands, UK, Australia, Brazil, Chile,
Mozambique, Tanzania, Liberia and Senegal) have established a Network of Global Leaders for
Global Campaign on Health MDGs (NGL 45) with the sole purpose of garnering interna onal
support on one of the most neglected and cri cal social MDGs, child and maternal mortality.
Indonesia has built a wide network of strong bilateral partnerships to promote equitable
development and trade, including south-south and triangular coopera on.
Indonesia is commi ed to achieving produc ve partnerships with the private sector while
maintaining a conducive investment climate to increase domes c and foreign private
investment. Public private partnerships are encouraged to promote economic growth and
improve provision of public services. The goal of the government is to seek quality investments
that create jobs and reduce social inequality. The United Na ons Conference on Trade and
Development recently ranked Indonesia as one of the top ten most a rac ve des na ons for
foreign direct investment globally.
In financing na onal development, the Government of Indonesia will con nue to rely on
foreign grants and loans, although funding from interna onal sources is expected to decline
as a propor on of the na onal budget. To support u liza on of foreign loans, the government
will proceed with cau on and borrow from interna onal sources that provide the most
favourable terms and condi ons while protec ng Indonesias interna onal posi on. To best
accomplish this approach, the government works to strengthen interna onal partnerships and
to improve the eec veness and eciency in u liza on of foreign grants and loans to support
na onal development.
135
Target 8A:
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Current Status
Star ng in the 1950s Indonesia par cipated in global discussions on the General Agreement
on Trade and Taris (GATT) to improve the global trading system and was a founding member
of the World Trade Organiza on (WTO) in January 1995. Indonesia has also par cipated in
various interna onal nego a ng forums related to interna onal trade including: APEC; the
CAIRNS Group; the G-33; the NAMA 11; and W52 Sponsors.
Indonesia has par cipated in the Doha Development Round and remains commi ed
to reaching an agreement to maintain confidence in the mul lateral trading system. The
agreement is expected to reduce threats of rising protec onism and to provide a s mulus
to global recovery. At the same me Indonesia supports a Special Safeguard Mechanism
to reduce the short term nega ve impacts of trade liberaliza on on those involved in the
agricultural sector, especially the rural poor.
Indonesia is one of the founding member states of ASEAN which established the ASEAN Free
Trade Area (AFTA) in 1992. ASEAN is also moving toward the establishment of the ASEAN
Economic Community (AEC) by the year 2015 and the goal of regional economic integra on.
ASEAN has also reached out to enter into free trade agreements with other Asian na ons
as well as na ons outside of Asia. The ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA)1 and
the ASEAN Korea Free Trade Agreement (AKFTA) are among the free trade agreements which
have been entered into force. In addi on, ASEAN is now in the process of nego a ng other
ASEAN FTA such as: the ASEAN-India FTA, ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA and the ASEANEuropean Union FTA.
Besides regional trade agreements, Indonesia has also entered into bilateral agreements for
free trade with several other countries. The Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement
(IJEPA) was signed on 20 August 2007 as the first Indonesian bilateral trade agreement, and
it went into eect on 1 July 2008. The objec ve of this agreement is to strengthen bilateral
economic rela ons, covering wide-ranging coopera on in investment, trade, and movement
of individuals
136
ACFTA creates the worlds largest free-trade area in terms of the popula on of the na ons which are signatories to the agreement (1.9
billion) and the third largest in terms of GDP (USD 6.6 trillion) a er the European Union and the North American Free Trade Area.
Indonesia has been successful in developing greater openness in trading with the global
community. An improved regulatory framework for trade has yielded substan ve economic
benefits. Trade has increased substan ally since 1980 and has led to growth of the na onal
economy and the expansion of employment opportuni es.
Figure 8.1.
600
The Trends for Imports,

Exports, GDP Growth and the
Ra o of Imports Plus Exports
to GDP as the MDG Indicator
for Economic Openness
90%
500
80%
70%
400
60%
50%
40%
300
37.9%
39.5%
Billion USD
Percentage (level of economic openness)
100%
200
30%
20%
100
10%
0%
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Level of Economic Openness
EXPORTS
IMPORTS
GDP at Current Price (billion USD)
Sources:
BPS and the World Bank, 2009.
The recent data for the indicator of economic openness reveals a long-term trend to greater
openness in the management of the Indonesian economy. Comprehensive reforms in
Indonesias banking sector have been ins tuted based on the dicult lessons learned from
the economic crisis of 1997/1998, including strengthening of corporate and banking sector
balance sheets and reduc on of bank vulnerabili es through higher capitaliza on and be er
supervision.
The indicator for banking for MDG 8 is the Loan to Deposit Ra o (LDR) for commercial banks
and rural banks. The LDR for commercial banks has increased steadily from a level of 45.8
percent in 2000 to a rate of 72.8 percent in 2009. The deposits of rural banks also increased
from Rp 8,868 billion in 2003 to Rp 28,001 billion in 2009 while the LDR for rural banks also
increased significantly from 101.3 percent in 2003 to 109.0 percent in 2009. The level of nonperforming loans (NPL) at commercial has been improved during the repor ng period while
the NPL at rural banks is considered to have been maintained at a safe level.
137
Figure 8.2.
140
Loan to Deposit Ra o (LDR

in percent) of Commercial
and Rural Credit Banks, 2000
- 2009
119.4
120
108.9
111.2
101.3
107.5
109.7
109.0
Percentage
100
77.2
80
61.8
60
45.8
45.0
49.1
64.7
64.7
69.2
72.8
53.7
40
20
0
2000
Source:
Bank Indonesia Economic Report
2009.
2001
2002
2003
2004
LDR Rural Banking
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
LDR Commercial Banking
Challenges
The fragility of the global recovery underlines the importance of s mulus packages and the
need to maintain the certainty of open trade and a rule-based mul lateral trading system.
A er eight years of nego a ons on the Doha Development Agreement, the challenge now
is to conclude an agreement that will provide a strong founda on for global recovery and
sustained growth.
Among the factors in determining the logis cal performance of a na on on trade are the
following:
Eciency of the customs clearance process and border procedures;
Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure;
Ease of arranging compe vely priced shipments;
Competence and quality of logis cs services;
Ability to track and trace consignments; and
Frequency with which shipments reach the consignee within the scheduled or
expected me.
The Logis cs Performance Index (LPI) survey highlighted the need for Indonesia to take
further ac on to improve border management, service sector performance (transport,
logis cs and freight-forwarding services) and overall logis cs infrastructure, especially
mari me ports. The survey iden fied the need to give special a en on to improve customs
and especially quality and standards inspec ons agencies.2
138
World Bank, Connec ng to Compete in Indonesia, 2010.
There is a need to control the intermedia on func on of the banking system. The low
composi on of investment credit cannot be separated from the structure of deposits in banks
which are short-term funds with a maturity of one to three months so that there is the poten al
for funding mismatches in the long term.
Secondly, the magnitude of the spread between lending and deposit interest rates is
an cipated to be one cause of low investment lending in the banking industry.
In terms of microfinance, the performance of rural banks (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat - BPR)
has improved. The advantages of rural banks compared to commercial banks are the services
they provide to SMEs and low income people who priori ze in macy through direct services
(door to door), and a personal approach with a en on to local culture. However, due to a lack
of informa on about the businesses owned by their customers, there is a tendency for rural
banks to focus on clients considered to be more bankable.

Various steps will be taken to further develop an open, rules-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading system, including the following:
1. Increase non oil and gas exports of products that are high value-added, natural resourcebased, and high demand. Therefore, development of Indonesian exports will be focused
on agriculture and fishery products, mining, foods, beverages, tex les, machinery,
electrical equipment, chemicals, chemical products, footwear and leather products.
2. Encourage exports of crea ve products and services, par cularly of small and medium
enterprises.
3. Encourage eorts of market diversifica on to reduce export dependency on certain
markets.
4. Emphasize eorts on expansion of market access, promo on and export facilita on in
Africa and Asia.
5. Support u liza on of trade schemes and interna onal trade coopera on that are more
beneficial to na onal interests.
6. Improve trade ac vi es in border regions which are func on as the front gates for
economic and trade ac vi es with neighboring countries.
7. Strengthen trade ins tu ons and foreign trade financing that can induce eec veness of
non-oil export development.
139
The Government of Indonesia will also con ne to work to maintain a healthy, stable and
ecient banking system to be er support achievement of the goals of na onal development.
The strategy to strenghten the performance and stability of the banking sector includes the
following ini a ves:
1. Strengthen the regulatory framework and further improve supervision of commercial
and rural banks;
2. Strengthen the quality of management and opera onal services of all banking
ins tu ons;
3. Enhance eorts to protect the consumer and investors;
4. Accelerate strategic intermedia on and distribu on of public funds to increase access
to financial service ins tu ons (LJK) for low income groups through the following
ini a ves:
a. develop appropriate banking products and Islamic borrowing arrangements;
b. diversifica on of sources of development funding through non-bank financial
ins tu ons (LKBB);
c. expand the scope of financial services, especially financial services to support
micro, small and medium enterprises; and
d. improve the suppor ng infrastructure of financial services ins tu ons.
140
Target 8D:
Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
developing countries through national and international
measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Current Status
In the decade following the economic crisis of 1997/98 the Government of Indonesia ins tuted
a comprehensive set of reforms to strengthen the na ons economic fundamentals, including
a reduc on of interna onal debt and strengthening of the banking sector. These reforms
have provided a strong founda on for the Government to implement policies to recover from
the crisis and also to achieve growth with equity. Mul lateral and bilateral coopera on has
assisted Indonesia to work towards achievement of the MDGs while a decade of sustained
economic growth has enabled the Government to reduce dependency on interna onal
borrowing to a sustainable level.
The success of Indonesias economic reforms and improvements in the management of the
na onal debt are reflected in the reduc on of the debt to GDP ra o which had declined from
a peak of 89 percent in 2000 to 30 percent in 2009. While the ra o of interna onal debt to
GDP has been reduced from 24.59 percent in 1996 to only 10.89 percent in 2009 (see Figure
8.3).
Billion Rupiah
6,000
5,000
The Trend of Foreign Debt

to GDP and the Debt Service
Ra o (DSR) During 1996-2009
100%
80%
60.0%
57.9%
56.8%
60%
50.7%
47.3%
2,000
1,000
Figure 8.3.
120%
Debt Service Rao
Rao of foreign debt

to GDP
4,000
3,000
(% )
37.9%
24.6%
41.1% 39.4%
33.1% 34.1%
39.9% 41.9% 37.2%
40%
27.1%
24.8%
24.2% 21.9%
31.3% 29.0%
27.8%
19.2%
17.3%
22.4%
20%
16.8% 14.8% 14.7%
10.9%
0%
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Outstanding Debt
GDP
Rao of Debt to GDP
DSR
Foreign Loans
Rao of Foreign Debt to GDP
Source:
Economic Report Indonesia, Bank
Indonesia, 2008, Sta s cs of
Foreign Debt, Ministry of Finance
and Bank Indonesia, 2010, Ministry
of Finance, 2009.
The ra o of debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services or the na ons
Debt Service Ra o (DSR) also declined during the same period, having reached a maximum
in the crisis years of 60 percent. A level of 19.4 percent was recorded in 2007 and a level of
141
22 percent was recorded in 2009. Both these rates are about 50 percent of the MDG baseline
figure of 51.0 percent in 1996 and reflect the success of the Government in applying improved
prac ces of debt management as well as prudent fiscal policies.
The Government of Indonesia is a signatory to the Monterrey Consensus (2002) and the
Paris Declara on on Aid Eec veness (2005), and is commi ed to the principles of aid
eec veness. Indonesia was also an ac ve par cipant in the regional prepara ons for the
Third High Level Forum on Aid Eec veness (2008).
In 2009, the Government and 26 key interna onal development partners3 signed the
Jakarta Commitment: Aid for Development Eec veness - Indonesias Road Map to 2014.
The Jakarta Commitment supports Indonesias eorts to maximize the eec veness of its aid
in suppor ng development and defines the policy direc on to achieve greater development
eec veness to 2014 and beyond. The roadmap for aid eec veness sets out the strategic
vision to which Indonesia, along with development partners, have commi ed. The agenda is
based on the principles of the Paris Declara on and the Accra Agenda for Ac on. The program
will work to: (i) increase the u lity of interna onal assistance in support of implementa on
of the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan; (ii) increase na onal ownership of
development assistance; (iii) encourage and assist development partners to follow regula ons
and mechanisms established by the Government; (iv) support inclusion of development
assistance in the na onal budget (APBN); and (v) encourage development partners to adopt
un ed systems.
Challenges
The main constraint facing Indonesia in addressing the challenges and achieving its planned
development outcomes is to strengthen capacity to u lize all resources eec vely.
Maintaining the current debt por olio is one of the focuses while working to achieve cost
ecient and manageable risks within the dynamic of financial markets.
The Government has worked to increase eec veness in use of interna onal grants and
loans in providing support to achievement of na onal development objec ves, but there is
s ll room to improve aid eec veness. Various reviews of programs and projects funded by
142
Development partners signing the Jakarta Commitment include: the Asian Development Bank; the Government of Australia; the
Government of Japan; the Government of the Netherlands; the Government of the Republic of Poland; the World Bank; the Austrian
Embassy; lAgence Franaise de Dveloppement; the Canadian Interna onal Development Agency; the Department for Interna onal
Development of the United Kingdom; the Delega on of the European Commission; the Embassy of Finland; the Embassy of France;
the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany; the Embassy of Italy; Japan Interna onal Coopera on Agency; Korea Interna onal
Coopera on Agency; the Royal Norwegian Embassy; the New Zealand Agency for Interna onal Development; the Embassy of Sweden;
the United States Agency for Interna onal Development/Indonesia; the United Na ons System in Indonesia; the Islamic Development
Bank; the Danish Interna onal Development Agency; and the Swiss Agency for Development and Coopera on.
interna onal finance ins tu ons and the donor community have found that common challenges
exist in increasing the eec veness of aid in Indonesia. These include the following:
a. a low sense of ownership of loan and grant funded programs by those responsible for
implementa on;
b. procedures of the donors are not always fully aligned with those of the Government;
c. programming of loans and grants are not always fully harmonized with Government
planning and priori es;
d. development programs are not always managed to achieve op mum results and the
sense of mutual accountability is some mes less than required; and
e. weaknesses exist in suppor ng management informa on systems as well as in the
human resources assigned to manage informa on on development programs.

Priori es of the Government in the management of loans and grants from mul lateral and
bilateral ins tu ons as well as commercial credit ins tu ons for the coming years are as
follows:
1. Foreign loans and grants will be used to support achievement of the na onal priori es,
goals and objec ves in accordance with the Na onal Medium-Term Development Plan
(RPJMN 2010-2014) and in harmony with Indonesias commitment to achieve the MDGs;
2. Con nuous eorts will be made to reduce the ra o of interna onal debt to GDP while
con nuing to maintain a situa on of nega ve net transfers;
3. Further improvements will be made in the regula ons and laws rela ng to interna onal
loans and grants;
4. Increased na onal ownership for programs funded by interna onal loans and grants will
be promoted as will applica on of improved na onal procedures for management of
interna onal funding;
5. Improvements will be made in the ins tu onal coordina on mechanisms, transparency
and accountability at all stages, from planning and implementa on to monitoring and
evalua on; and
6. Strengthening na onal capacity to manage programming and u liza on of development
funding eec vely will be priori zed.
The Jakarta Commitment4 is based on the spirit of mutual respect, support and accountability
and will be implemented to achieve greater benefits in the achievement of Indonesias
development objec ves, including the MDGs. It enjoins upon the Government and
development partners to make available appropriate resources, knowledge and capacity to
Jakarta Commitment, Aid for Development Eec veness Indonesias Roadmap to 2014 (January, 2009).
143
implement the Jakarta Commitment. The three main components of the Jakarta Commitment5
are as follows:
Strengthening Country Ownership over Development;

Building More Eec ve and Inclusive Partnerships for Development; and
Delivering and Accoun ng for Development Results.
The Government has established a Secretariat for Aid for Development Eec veness (A4DES)
to support implementa on of the Jakarta Commitment and to ensure that government
ins tu ons have the capacity to take full ownership and to lead aid coordina on and
management processes.
Target 8F:
In cooperation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications
Current Status
The government is commited to expanding collabora on with the private sector to ensure that
all Indonesians are able to benefit from the opportuni es that Informa on Communica on
Technologies (ICTs) oer in building an inclusive Informa on Society. Ongoing ini a ves
include those to improve infrastructure for ICT, to build capacity of users of ICT, and to create
an enabling regulatory/policy environment to achieve the goals agreed at the World Summit
on the Informa on Society.
Telecommunica ons in Indonesia have expanded rapidly in the period since the economic
crisis. Figure 8.4 presents the rapid increase in the percentages of the popula on owning
cellular telephones in recent years as compared to the rela ve decline in the use of fixed line
telephones (Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN).
The expansion in the use of personal computers has grown at a slower rate than cellular
telephones due to the rela vely high cost of their purchase and the need for a minimum level
of competency to u lize them. Only 8.32 percent of Indonesian households owned personal
computers in 2009, although the use of computers is common in businesses, civil society
144
The following is a summary adapted from the Jakarta Commitment, the complete text is available at the website of the Secretariat for
Aid Eec veness in Jakarta: h p://www.a4des.org/
organiza ons, government and in community-based organiza ons. Access to the internet has
expanded rapidly since 1998 when it was es mated that only 512,000 Indonesians were able
to u lize the internet. By 2009 the number of internet users had risen to 11.51 percent of the
na onal households.
Figure 8.4.
100%
Percentage of Popula on in
Indonesia Owning FixedLine Telephones or Cellular
Telephones During 2004-2009
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2004
2005
2006
Fixed Telephone
2007
2008
2009
Cellular Phone
Source:
Ministry of Communica ons and
Informa on Technology, 2010.
Challenges
One of the primary challenges for the future is to close the gap in access to ICT communica ons
by improving the telecommunica ons infrastructure to provide broadband access throughout
Indonesia. In a na on as large and diverse as Indonesia, ICT communica ons play a strategic
role in trade, government and civil society. Most remote areas do not yet have access to modern
ICT and the quality of access in many areas is basic. The exis ng na onal infrastructure in
support of telecommunica ons has been based on a system of satellites, wireless access and
land lines. Infrastructure and internet use is expanding rapidly in the major urban centers,
but suppor ng infrastructure is far weaker in rural areas, especially in eastern Indonesia. As
a result, there exist major dispari es in the use of telephones, computers and the internet
among regions, with the lowest rates of use occurring in the remote eastern provinces (see
Figure 8.5).
Investment in ICT industries has exceeded expecta ons. With the increased investments in
ICT industries, there is a need to build a more compe ve environment for the provision of
ICT services as well as a more conducive environment for collabora on in all ICT industries,
including those providing services for users, equipment manufacturers and user solu ons,
so ware and device applica ons. Awareness and capacity to use ICT eec vely is developing
rapidly including among SMEs, while capacity building is s ll required to increase the na onal
e-literacy rate.
145
Figure 8.5.
40
Percentage of Households
Owning Personal Computers
and Having Access to the
Internet by Province (2009)
35
Percentage
30
25
20
15
10
5
Source:
BPS, Susenas 2009.
Sulawesi Barat
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Lampung
Sulawesi Tengah
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Kalimantan Barat
Sulawesi Tenggara
Maluku Utara
Kalimantan Tengah
Maluku
Jambi
Aceh
Papua Barat
Papua
Sulawesi Selatan
Sumatera Utara
Jawa Tengah
Sumatera Selatan
Kalimantan Selatan
Gorontalo
Jawa Timur
Bangka Belitung
Sulawesi Utara
INDONESIA
Bengkulu
Jawa Barat
Sumatera Barat
Riau
Kepulauan Riau
Bali
Banten
Kalimantan Timur
DI Yogyakarta
DKI Jakarta
Computer
Internet

The government is commi ed to the promo on of private sector investment to achieve
the objec ves of na onal development, including achievement of the MDGs. In order to
create a more conducive environment for investors, the government will work to strengthen
the regulatory framework for investors and harmonize the regula ons of na onal and regional
government on investment. The government will also expand direct collabora on with the
private sector through public-private partnerships while suppor ng the development of
special economic zones for specialized products. Corporate social responsibility will also be
encouraged to contribute to the achievement of community objec ves.
It is the governments objec ve to transform Indonesia into an informa on-based society
driven by the free flow of informa on. At present the popula ons of the larger urban centers
of Indonesia have far greater access to ICT, but government policy is to make informa on
available to communi es in all areas, including remote and isolated regions.
At the same me the government will con nue to cooperate with the private sector and the
public in implemen ng four components of a comprehensive ICT blueprint for Indonesia:
1. Improvement of ICT Infrastructure: The Palapa Ring Program; Broadband Wireless Access
(BWA) Deployment; 3G Implementa on; Transi on to Digital Television; Community
Access Points (CAP).
146
2. ICT Industry Development which will include: implementa on of the Electronic Informa on
and Transac ons Law; prepara on of government regula ons on the dessemina on of
informa on and electronic transac ons (RPP PITE); improvement of the ICT Convergence
Law; and crea on of an investment climate to promote private sector investment in ICT.
3. E-Government: Various decrees and regula ons of the government have been issued
to support adop on of innova ve prac ces of e-government through public-private
partnerships and coopera on between central and regional governments and private
sector service providers. ICT will be used as an instrument to re-engineer the provision of
public services to all Indonesians. The government is preparing an Electronic System at the
central and regional levels of government to support a na onal system of e-government.
It is planned that:
E-services and e-procurement will be applied by all government agencies;
The applica on of e-budge ng by government agencies will increase the
transparency and eciency of government planning and budge ng;
Implement e-government strategies focusing on applica ons aimed at innova ng
and promo ng transparency in public administra ons and democra c processes,
improving eciency and strengthening rela ons with ci zens;
Develop na onal e-government ini a ves and services, at all levels, adapted to the
needs of ci zens and business, to achieve a more ecient alloca on of resources
and public goods;
Support interna onal coopera on ini a ves in the field of e-government, in order
to enhance transparency, accountability and eciency at all levels of government;
and
The government will formulate a dra Na onal e-Government Master Plan in
2010 and each government ins tu on will be required to prepare a their own
e-Government Master Plan.
At the end of the current Na onal Medium Term Development Plan it is expected
that the score of the na onal system of e-government will have reached 3.4. It is
expected that online public services will be available for e-ci zen, e-procurement
and e-licensing services by the end of 2014.
4. E-Educa on under the Ministry of Na onal Educa on:
The na onal educa on network (www.Jardiknas.net) has been established to
integrate ICT in learning, to improve the management of educa on, and to make use
of ICT in research and development of educa on.
Building capacity for ICT will be accomplished through a public-private partnership
model to be developed in such a way that all the par es involved will benefit. The
development of human resources for ICT will be focused on the target groups within
government, educa onal ins tu ons, businesses and communi es.
147

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Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Roadmap. The informa on presented in this publica on is expected to contribute to a be er

Prof. Dr. Armida S. Alisjahbana, SE, MA

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Jakarta, August 2010

Prof. Dr. Armida S. Alisjahbana, SE, MA

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Target 1B: Achieve full and produc ve employment and

Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the propor on

GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION .....................................................

GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN ................................

GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY RATE ......................................................................

GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH ...........................................................................

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES .......................................

Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Progress in reducing extreme poverty (USD1.00/capita/day) as

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

First and fourth antenatal visits, in Indonesia 1991- 2008 ..................... 81

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Percentages of popula on below the na onal poverty line by province

Annual Implementa on Targets Specified in the Na onal Medium-Term

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

The ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

The Common Eec ve Preferen al Tari

Human Immuno-deficiency Virus

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Interna onal Union for Conserva on of Nature

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Mul -Donor Trust Funds

Program Infrastruktur Sosial Ekonomi Wilayah

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

United Na ons Sta s cs Division

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

National Development Priorities

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Development of Indonesia After the Global Crisis and

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

MDG 6 - An increase in detec on of tuberculosis cases has been achieved, from

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

New Initiatives Moving Forward

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

Summary of the Status of Achievement of the

MDG 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER

Indonesia has achieved the target of halving the incidence of

MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION

Indonesia is on track to achieve the MDG target for primary

Summary of the Roadmap to Accelerate Achievement of the MDGs in Indonesia

MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN

Progress has been achieved in increasing the propor on of

MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY

The infant mortality rate in Indonesia has shown a significant

MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH