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1.0
OBJECTIVE
Operate a Liquid Liquid Extraction Experiment using a Pulsed Column Liquid Liquid
Extraction Unit.
To determine the height equivalent theoretical plates (HETP) for column by using
equilateral triangular diagram.
2. 0
INTRODUCTION
Extraction is a unit operation used to separate components based on their Chemical Differences
instead of differences in Physical Properties.
Mixture becomes ineffective or very difficult by means of Distillation, and then Liquid
Extraction is one of the main alternatives to consider.
Separation by liquid-liquid extraction can be defined as the selective removal of one or more
components either from a homogeneous liquid mixture or from a solution, using a second liquid
or solvent, which is partially or wholly immiscible with the first.
A widely used terminology describes the system in terms of :
o
Feed.
Solvent.
Raffinate.
Extract.
NA/Exp 4/SEPT 14
The equilateral-triangle diagram developed by Hunter and Nash is commonly used for multistage
extraction calculations involving ternary systems. In practice, toluene is used as solvent to
remove the solute, acetone, from water; the toluene-rich phase is called the extract, and the waterrich phase the raffinate.
The following diagram indicates the Flow of Streams And Components In a Liquid Liquid
Extraction System.
o Dosing Pumps (P1 / P2) 0.25 kW Piston Pumps with up to 42 L/h capacity.
o Pulsator (P3) 0.25 kW Pulsator Pump with a 20 mm stroke and 50 Hz frequency.
o Receiving Vessels (B3 / B4) Graduated Cylindrical Vessles with 25 L capacity.
o Pulsation Dampers (B5 / B6).
NA/Exp 4/SEPT 14
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3.0
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
3.1
Chemicals Required.
Acetone (Solute).
Diionized-Water( Diluent)
Toluene (Solvent).
3.2
Refractometer index .
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4.0
Discuss all your results. The questions below only serve as a guideline. Your discussion should
not only limit to these questions.
1. Plot the calibration curve for toluene rich phase and water rich phase (Refractive index vs
acetone weight percent) by refer data given in Appendix B.
2. Determine weight percent acetone of the raffinate and extract in Appendix A by refer to
calibration curve prepare in question 1.
3. Determine the required theoretical extraction stage from the pulsed column liquid-liquid
extraction experiment results by construct the graph using equilateral diagram given in
Appendix E. Refer to Appendix D for a step by step calculation guide.
4. Calculate the height equivalent theoretical plates (HETP) of the extraction column for
different pulsation stroke. No of theoretical plates are obtained from Question 3.
a. HETP = Effective column height / No of theoretical plates
5. From the available data, do a mass balance calculation around the extraction column and
obtain the extract and raffinate flow rates.
6. Discuss the various factors that would help to increase the rate of transfer of solute to
solvent phase.
7. Explain how pulsation frequency increases the transfer rate in pulsed columns.
5.0 REFERENCES
1. McCabe and Smith, (2005), Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th Edition, McGrawHill.
2. Robert E.Treybal., (1981), Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
NA/Exp 4/SEPT 14
APPENDIX A
Experiment: Extraction of Acetone from Water Using Toluene.
Results:
Feed RI
Feed Composition
Feed
flowrat
e
(L/hr )
Solvent
flowrat
e (L/hr
Solvent
to Feed
ratio
Pulsatio
n stroke
(mm)
Raffinate
Extract
(water rich phase )
(Toluene rich phase)
Time Refractive
Solute
Refractive
Solute
(min)
Index
(Acetone)
Index
(Acetone)
Composition
Composition
(wt %)
(wt %)
NA/Exp 4/SEPT 14
APPENDIX B
Data Calibration Curve for Toluene Rich Phase
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Volume (mL)
Toluene Water Acetone
104.1
91.8
64.6
50.0
37.5
16.3
2.5
3.0
4.1
5.4
7.3
23.0
12.7
25.2
54.0
67.4
77.4
81.6
0.3
1.1
2.0
4.0
7.0
22.0
10.0
19.8
42.4
52.9
60.7
64.0
Ave. % Weight
Acetone Toluene
10.0
19.8
42.4
52.9
60.7
64.0
89.8
79.1
55.7
43.1
32.3
14.0
Refractive
Index
(Ave)
1.4753
1.4649
1.4304
1.4147
1.4006
1.3687
Volume (mL)
Toluene Water Acetone
16.8
13.9
8.0
3.6
1.6
1.4
22.0
25.1
34.6
46.1
59.6
80.2
81.6
80.1
74.7
65.0
50.4
25.5
22.0
25.0
34.5
46.0
59.5
79.9
64.0
62.8
58.6
51.0
39.6
20.0
Ave. % Weight
Acetone Toluene
64.0
62.8
58.6
51.0
39.6
20.0
14.0
12.2
6.9
3.0
1.0
0.2
Refractive
Index
(Ave)
1.3681
1.3682
1.3661
1.3618
1.3556
1.3449
NA/Exp 4/SEPT 14
APPENDIX C
Water(wt%)
Toluene(wt%)
2.42
2.92
87.78
77.60
Acetone (wt
%)
63.93
63.14
41.61
3.97
54.42
52.30
5.27
60.67
63.58
Water(wt%)
Toluene(wt%)
21.68
24.88
14.39
11.98
58.84
34.27
6.59
42.43
51.22
45.68
3.10
7.20
32.14
39.65
58.97
1.38
22.54
13.89
19.94
78.86
1.20
1
2
3
4
5
6
Volume (mL)
Toluene
Water
Acetone
23.2
30.2
34.8
41.7
51.0
64.9
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
76.5
68.8
63.7
56.1
45.9
30.6
51.7
40.8
32.7
30.1
21.4
9.6
69.8
55.5
50.4
42.2
39.4
32.5
NA/Exp 4/SEPT 14
APPENDIX D
STEP BY STEP CALCULATION GUIDE
1. Obtain the equilibrium data from Appendix C. Draw the equilibrium data binodal/solubility curve for toluene rich phase and water rich
phase (Acetone fraction vs Toluene fraction) on a triangular plot (Appendix E).
2. Plot the corresponding tie lines of acetone for toluene rich phase and water rich phase on a triangular plot (refer to Appendix C).
3. Locate the each points for on a triangular plot based on:
Feed,F
Solvent ,S
Raffinate,R(refer to Table appendix A)
Extract ,E(refer to Table appendix A)
Feed and solvent mixture,M
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5. Draw a tie line from point E to its equilibrium point on the bimodal plot. Connect an operating line from that equilibrium end of the tie
line to point R. Extend that operating line so that it intersects with the bimodal plot at the other end. Draw another tie line from that new
intersection and continue until a tie line has passed the operating line connecting R and S.
6. Count the number of tie lines contained inside the E-F-R-S quadrilateral(it may not be a rounded number).That will be the number of
required theoretical stage to achieve final raffinate and extract compositions.
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APPENDIX E
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