BREEDING

AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Gene%c make-up of self-pollinated crops

individual plants in the popula%on are largely homozygous

If heterozygosity is present, it is due to either residual
heterozygosity, natural hybridiza%on or muta%on
popula%on is generally homogeneous but a small degree of
plant varia%on can occur

Origin of variety/cul%var of self pollinated crops

mixture of plants or a single plant from introduced germplasm

mixture of plants or single plant selected from local popula%on
a single plant selected from hybrid popula%on

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Selec%on methods among and within heterogeneous
popula%on
1. mass selec%on

plants are selected and harvested based on their

phenotype and seeds are bulked together to form the
improved popula%on
primary use is to purify a heterogeneous popula%on
improvement of the popula%on is achieved by increasing its
average performance
allows the elimina%on of tes%ng for commercial
produc%on of seeds
as a modica%on, one can do progeny tes%ng

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Selec%on methods among and within heterogeneous
popula%on
1. mass selec%on
steps

Original popula%on

Select the best plants and get the seeds

Grow in progeny rows the seeds of the best plants

Select the best rows/plant within the rows

Bulk the seeds of best performers

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Selec%on methods among and within heterogeneous
popula%on
2. pureline selec%on

resul%ng popula%on is more uniform that those developed

from mass selec%on
does not create new genotypes since improvement is
achieved by the isola%on of the best genotypes in a mixed
popula%on
diversity on a pureline can be due to:
seed mixtures
occurrence of natural crossing with other varie%es/
breeding lines

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Selec%on methods among and within heterogeneous
popula%on
2. pureline selec%on
pureline:

descendant of a single individual which has not undergone

any gene%c change (Johannsen, 1903)
descendent of one or more individuals of similar gene%c
make-up that has not undergone gene%c change (Jones)
selec%on within a pureline is of no value however under
actual prac%ce, the eect of the environment cannot be
controlled adequately so that phenotypic variability may
occur
progeny tes%ng is essen%al
only test of the value of an individual is to grow and test its
progeny (Vilmorins isola%on principle)

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Selec%on methods among and within heterogeneous
popula%on
2. pureline selec%on

steps
Grow the original popula%on

Select the best plants and get their seeds

Grow in progeny rows and select the superior plants

Bulk the seeds from superior plants within each row

Yield trial

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Development of new variety/cul%var

hybridiza%on phase
primary objec%ve is to increase gene%c variability
cri%cal is the selec%on of parents
presence of complimentary characters in the parents
known superiority as parents in crosses
Peta variety in rice: very good parent (C4-63;
C4-137)
IR -8 in rice : high yielding ability
can do combining ability test
test cross in early genera%ons (F1, F2, F3) however
the problem is many self pollinated crops, it is hard
to test due to not enough seeds are available at F1

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Development of new variety/cul%var
can do combining ability test
Examples

barley: F2 and F3 gave some indica%on of the value

of crosses
wheat: desirable segregates were found in later
genera%on from crosses which higher than F2
soybean: dicult to obtain superior genotypes
based on F2 yield
oats: no rela%onship between F2 yield to F6
segregates based on replicated test of 10 crosses

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Development of new variety/cul%var
Methods of handling segrega%ng popula%on
1. pedigree method
2. bulk popula%on
3. F2-derived popula%on
4. single seed descent

Pedigree method

involves plan%ng of progenies of segrega%ng popula%on in

such a way that you can easily traced their parentage
consist of con%nuous selng and selec%on is done at F2
thereaaer
seeds from selected plants are harvested and planted in a row
select as many plants as possible in F2 where maximum
variability exist
uniform lines can be picked up at F5 F8

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Pedigree method
Steps

Parent 1 x Parent 2

Get seeds and plant F1 (wide spacing)

Plant F2 seeds (wide spacing) and select desirable plants

Plant F3 seeds in progeny rows and con%nuous selec%on

Con%nue selec%on and plan%ng in progeny rows (F4-F6-7)

Yield tes%ng

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Pedigree method

advantages
poor genotypes are discarded early
gene%c rela%onship of breeding lines/variety/cul%var is
known
disadvantages
involves large amount of record keeping
need experience for con%nuous selec%on
requires more land and labor compared to other methods
cannot be used in environment where the desired
character is not expressed

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Bulk method

no selec%on was done during the early genera%on of selng

requires handling of progenies in bulk without regard to set of
records from F2 to F6
increases the frequency of beder survivor in the early phases
of bulking with a sharp drop of undesirable genotypes
steps:
Parent 1 x Parent 2

Grow F1 and bulk the seeds

Con%nue bulking up to F6 and select desirable plants

Plant in progeny rows and select

Yield trial

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Bulk method
advantages

easy to maintain the popula%on during the inbreeding process

natural selec%on occurs
possible to handle more cross combina%ons
cheaper cost

disadvantages

no opportunity to study the inheritance of the character

many selec%ons need to be tested in yield trials
no opportunity for selec%on by repeated progeny test
natural selec%on could work in opposite direc%on wherein those
that survived are not very produc%ve
popula%on must be large enough in each genera%on to ensure
reten%on of desired genotypes and prevent random xa%on
plants of one genera%on are not all represented by progeny in
the next genera%on

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
F2-derived line method
steps

Parent 1 x Parent 2

Grow F1/ get selfed seeds/bulk

Grow F2 /select desirable plants/get seeds separately

Grow F3 in progeny rows/ select the best rows

Repeat up to F6 F8 with selec%on within rows

Yield trials

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
F2-derived line method
advantages

cheaper cost for a given cross compared to pedigree

handle more crosses compared to pedigree
disadvantage
eec%ve for traits with high heritability

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Single Seed Descent Method
Steps

Parent 1 x Parent 2

Grow F1/ get 1 seed /bulk

Grow F2 /get single seed per plant/bulk

Con%nue up to F5-F6

Yield trials

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Single Seed Descent Method
advantages

less space/genera%on
less cost
can be done in areas with limited space

disadvantages

applicable to traits with high heritability

iden%ty of superior F2 plants is lost
not all F2 plants will not be represented if there is failure in
germina%on or if plants died

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Double haploid technique

done through anther/pollen culture using %ssue culture

techniques
consist of produc%on of haploid plants from pollen followed
by doubling the chromosome with the use of colchicine
another technique is by chromosome elimina%on through
Hordeum bulbusom which is use in H. vulgare or Tri2cum
eas2vum

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Double haploid technique
steps in anther/pollen culture
Flower bud

Anther culture

Haploid embryo ProliferaFng Pollen culture
formaFon anther

Haploid callus Multlnucleate pollen


DierenFaFng Proembryo formaFon
callus













Pollen embryo

Haploid plant

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Double haploid technique
steps in anther/pollen culture

Haploid plants

Treatment with colchicine

Homozygous diploid plants

Seed increase

Yield trials

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Double haploid technique

chromosome elimina%on technique

Parent A x Parent B

F1 x Hordeum bulbosum
Preferen%al loss of H. bulbusom
genome

Haploid embryos

Grow embryos into seedlings

Doubling using colchicine

Homozygous diploid plants

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Double haploid technique
example:
For

Genotype: AaBcCd
Haploid individual

Diploid Individual

ABC

AABBCC

ABc

AABBcc

AbC

AAbbCC

Abc

AAbbcc

aBC

aaBBCC

aBc

aaBBcc

abC

aabbCC

abc

aabbcc

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Double haploid technique

a dvantages
complete homozygosity achieved in a single genera%on
beder selec%on eciency among homogenous progeny
of double haploid
selec%on not complicated by masking eect of
dominant allele over recessive allele
saves %me to achieve high degree if homozygosity
disadvantages
requires special equipment/facility as well as trained
personnel
preferen%al haploid produc%on may be observed

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Improvement of exis%ng purelines
through backcrossing method
use to retain the characteris%c of one parent
(recurrent parent)
basic requirements to be successful

variety that is generally sa%sfactory is available but

has a weakness that can be corrected by transfer of
character or characters from another variety (donor
parent)
there should be variety/varie%es that have character/
characters needed in a good variety
genes controlling the character in donor parent are
able to give full expression in the gene%c background
of the recurrent parent
genotype of recurrent parent can be recovered in a
reasonable number of backcross

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Improvement of exis%ng purelines

through backcrossing method

well suited for aec%ng a small number of gene
subs%tu%on necessary to increase the usefulness of
successful variety/varie%es without the risk of
breaking up the exis%ng combina%ons of desirable
genes which have made them outstanding in many
respects

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Improvement of exis%ng purelines

through backcrossing method (dominant character)

example: transfer of stem rust resistance in wheat

White Federa%on (rr) x Hope (RR)

rr x Rr (F1)

BC1 rr x Rr + rr (discarded)

BC2 rr x Rr + rr (discarded)

up to BC6

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Improvement of exis%ng purelines

through backcrossing method (dominant character)

example: transfer of stem rust resistance in wheat

Rr (aaer BC6)

selfed
RR + Rr + rr ( discarded)
selfed
RR + Rr + rr

discard

RR: uniformly resistant in progeny rows (White Federa%on with

rust resistance (bulk all the materials)
Rr: lines segrega%ng at F2
rr: uniformly suscep%ble

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Improvement of exis%ng purelines

through backcrossing method (recessive character)

done through alternate backcrossing and selng
example
BB x bb
(suscep%ble) (resistant)
BC1 BB x Bb





BB + Bb (selfed)

BC2


BB + Bb + bb x BB








Bb (selfed)

BC3



BB + Bb + bb x BB

up to BC6

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Improvement of exis%ng purelines
through backcrossing method (recessive character)
contribu%on of recurrent parent genome
GeneraFon

% Recurrent parent
genome

BC1
BC2
BC3
BC4
BC5

75
87.5
93.8
96.9
98.4

BC6

99.2

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Improvement of exis%ng purelines

through backcrossing method

advantages
a predictable method
can be conducted in small area
very lidle or no tes%ng is necessary aaer obtaining
the improved variety
disadvantages
eec%ve only for highly heritable character
performance of resul%ng improved variety is limited
to the choice of donor parent
undesirable genes/character of donor parent may be
dicult to eliminate if linked with desirable character
improved variety could be obsolete in other traits
before it is released

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Produc%on of mul%lines/blends

composed of several lines/varie%es which are almost the

gene%cally the same but with dierence in only 1 trait
produc%on of isogenic lines
usually deals with disease/insect pest resistance
develop isogenic through series of backcrossing with 1
variety as a recurrent parent and dierent donor parents
exhibi%ng dierent degree of resistance
for commercial produc%on, bulk together the isogenic lines
with dierent sources of resistance in equal amounts of
seeds
needs monitoring of the strain of pests to deploy the
needed resistance

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Produc%on of mul%lines/blends

blends: a composite produced by mixing 2 or more

varie%es/cul%vars which yield consistently higher than the
average of the pure component varie%es/ cul%vars due to
the buering eect against the G x E.
needs uniformity in terms of maturity
more stable than a pureline
needs to be recons%tuted at regular interval

BREEDING AND SELECTION METHODS FOR SELF-

POLLINATED CROPS
Produc%on of hybrid varie%es
popularly used in rice, onion
diculty in doing controlled crosses
u%lizes pollina%on control system e.g. male
sterility, self-incompa%bility, etc.
can do emascula%on and pollina%on