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Documente Cultură
t in agriculture)
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Universiti Putra Malaysia,Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Received February 06, 2013; Revision July 21, 2013; Accepted December 15, 2013.
Available Online- January 15, 2014.
KEYWORDS
Planting methods
Yield components
Storage roots yield
Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Polythene-covering
ABSTRACT
Cassava and Sago constitute the main sources of starch in South East Asia. The production of these
starchy plants is in declining due to the problem of low yield, high labor cost, pest and diseases damage,
and shortage of land. These production bottlenecks forced Malaysia to import cassava roots from
neighboring producer countries. One simple method to enhance cassava productivity is incorporating
polythene-covering in agriculture. Present research was carried out to reveal information on the effect of
planting methods on some yield attributes in cassava grown with polythene-covering. The involving
factors are three cassava varieties, three planting methods, and four black polythene-covering types. The
planting methods evaluated were: () vertical planting forming 90 0 angles with ridges, () incline
planting forming 45 0 to 600 angles with ridges, and () horizontal planting forming 180 0 angles with
ridges. Significant differences among planting methods in all variables tested were observed. Horizontal
and incline plantings were the most efficient in terms of leaf longevity with leaf fall reduction of 49.17%
as compared to vertical planting. However, vertical planting recorded the maximum leaf area index of
3.73 per plant. The mean storage roots number of 17.44 per plant obtained in incline planting was the
highest. Regardless of variety, the effect of incline planting in terms of fresh storage roots yield was the
highest (yields of 20.12 to 32.99 t ha -1). This investigation suggests that storage roots yield of cassava
could be enhanced by planting cuttings in an incline position with polythene-covering. Farmers
interested in vertical planting could incorporate polythene-covering at day 1 after planting.
* Corresponding author
E-mail: kafinsoli2@gmail.com (Ahmed O H)
Peer review under responsibility of Journal of Experimental Biology and
Agricultural Sciences.
Ahmed et al
481
1 Introduction
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a member of the family
Euphorbiaceae. It is an important crop of Africa, Asia, and
Latin-America (Ravi et al., 1996). Storage root have high
starch content (89%) (Silvestre, 1989). The leaves and tender
shoots are important sources of vitamins, minerals, and
proteins (Balagopalan, 2002; Nweke et al., 2002). Starch of
cassava has wide industrial applications. It is extensively used
in the manufacture of adhesive, dextrines, food paste and as
filler in the manufacture of paints (Godfrey et al., 2012).
Cassava crop is well known for its adaptation to poor soils
conditions, and responds well to better management practices.
It is also resistant to drought (Chantaprasan and Wanapat,
2003). The most common methods of cassava propagation is
stem cuttings and sexual seed, but propagation by stem
cuttings is mostly the commonest practice. There exists
conflicting reports about the appropriate cutting orientations.
As par Oguzor (2007) report vertical method of planting
cassava gave the best sprouting percentage of 88.8% than
horizontal and inclined planting. According to their report
there is no significant difference on the number of germinated
nodes among the planting methods. Mbah et al. (2008)
reported higher tuber yield in vertical and inclined positions
compared to horizontal method. Keating et al. (1988) reported
that planting method did not have significant effect on growth
and yield of cassava.
Cassava was first introduced into Malaysia in 1836 through
Jakarta, Indonesia (Burkill, 1936), as a possible substitute for
sago, which has a long growing period of 10 15 years before
it can be harvested. Problems of low yield, high labor cost,
pest, and diseases render cassava production unprofitable,
resulting in continuous but increasingly import of cassava roots
from outside Malaysia to meet the national demand. However,
due to the global demand for cassava starch, it is increasingly
difficult to secure sufficient supplies from the main regional
producers such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia to meet
the needs of the country. Besides varietal improvement
programme and fertilization, adoption of polythene-covering in
cassava agriculture is one of the ways to increase its
commercial yield (Aniekwe et al., 2004). However,
Table 1 Selected meteorological data at Bintulu during the experimental period, June 2011 to December, 2011.
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Maximum Temp.
(C)
Minimum
Temp. (C)
Rainfall (mm)
Relative Humidity
(%)
31
31
31
31
31
30
29
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
282
239
287
312
371
409
455
63.7
64.1
62.4
64.2
66.5
67.2
68.5
6.3
7.0
6.1
5.2
5.2
6.2
4.4
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Effect of Planting Methods on Growth and Yield of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Grown with Polythene-covering.
482
Table 2 Mean SE of Selected physico-chemical characteristics of Bekenu series before and after planting cassava (n = 6) Mean of three
replicates; SE of Selected; (n = 6).
Physico-chemical properties
Before planting
After planting
Sand (%)
67.00 0.87
68.50 0.29
Silt (%)
16.00 0.29
16.17 0.72
Clay (%)
17.00 0.29
15.33 0.73
Soil texture
Sandy loam
Sandy loam
pH (H2O)
4.94 0.12
5.13 0.19
0.19 0.01
0.19 0.02
13.30 0.06
14.16 0.17
1686.20 70.69
947.0 13.32
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The results of the soil analysis before planting and after harvest
are shown in Table 2. The observed soil acidification after
harvesting cassava could be due to the application of
nitrogenous fertilizer and subsequent leeching of ammonium in
form of nitrate and crop removal of lime-like elements (e.g.,
Ca and Mg) at harvest (Chris, 2009). Available P increased by
0.86%, whereas total exchangeable K decreased by 739.2%.
The texture of the soils remained unchanged and it was
classified as sandy loam. Howeler (1991) reported that for each
tonne of cassava root dry matter produce, 4.5 kg of N, 0.83 kg
of P and 6.6 kg of K are removed. Putthacharoen et al. (1998)
reported that with an average root yield of 11 t ha -1, cassava
removes lower N and P than those of other crops, and while K
removal was similar to those of other crops and lower than that
removed by pineapple.
3.2 Leaf longevity
Figure 1 shows leaf fall rate of the three cassava varieties
under three planting methods grown with polythene-covering.
In Manihot Mardi 92, regardless of polythene-covering type,
vertical planting had the highest number of leaf fall (57.00 to
87.67 per plant) compared to those of the remaining planting
methods whose effects were statistically similar (30.33 to
68.33 per plant). In Sri Medan, the effect of planting method
on leaf fall rate was not significant except for cuttings planted
with polythene-covering at 30 and 60 days after planting. In
cuttings planted with polythene-covering at 30 days after
planting, incline planting showed the lowest leaf fall (42.33 per
plant) compared to those of vertical planting (59.33 per plant)
and horizontal planting (49.00 per plant). However, at C3,
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incline planting exhibited the highest leaf fall rate (80.67 per
plant) compared to those of the remaining planting methods
(leaf fall of 34.00 to 54.67 per plant). In Sri Pontian, there were
no significant differences among the planting methods tested
with respect to leaf fall rate.
This study shows that planting method influenced leaf fall rate
in cassava grown with polythene-covering, although the effect
was unstable, suggesting varietal effect. This information is
important because practices that enhance leaf longevity
positively influence leaf net photosynthetic activity and yield
in cassava. El-Sharkawy et al. (1990) and Osiru et al. (1995)
Ahmed et al
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Effect of Planting Methods on Growth and Yield of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Grown with Polythene-covering.
484
The leaf area index of the three cassava varieties grown with
polythene-covering is shown in Figure 2. In Manihot Mardi 92,
planting method did not have significant effect on LAI except
for when cuttings were grown with polythene-covering at 30
days after planting (C2). The vertical planting showed the
highest effect with LAI of 2.90 per plant, compared to those of
incline planting (LAI of 2.08 per plant) and horizontal planting
(LAI of 1.79 per plant). In Sri Medan, the maximum LAI was
obtained in an incline planting with polythene-covering at 1
and 30 days after planting (LAI of 3.73 per plant), whereas that
of horizontal planting had the lowest effect (LAI of 2.14 to
2.85 per plant) regardless of polythene-covering type.
However, the effect of incline planting was not significantly
different from that of vertical planting except for cuttings
planted with polythene-covering at day 1 after planting (C1)
where the effect of incline planting (LAI of 3.72 per plant) was
superior to that of vertical planting (2.12 per plant).
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Effect of Planting Methods on Growth and Yield of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Grown with Polythene-covering.
486
Attention.
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