Transmission loss of a multilayer panel with internal tuned

Helmholtz

resonators

R.A. Prydz, L.S. Wirt, and H. L. Kuntz

LockheedAeronauticalSystems
Company,Burbank,California91520

k.D. Pope
L. D. PopeandAssociates,
The Woodlands,
Texas77387

(Received25 April 1988;acceptedfor publication16November1989)

Two differentmethodsof analysisare presentedfor the transmission

losspredictionof a
multilayerpanelwith internalHelmholtz resonators.One of the methods,devisedat the
LockheedAeronauticalSystemsCompany,is basedon the pressureratio methodologyof
Beranek and Work [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 21, 419-428 (1949) ], where the acousticresonators

are includedas a sidebranch.The other methodusesa transfermatrix approachwherethe

resonatorsare embeddedin and movewith the trim panel.Comparisonsare madebetween
numericalresultsobtainedfrom the two typesof analyses.Exceptfor a minor shift in the
frequencyof maximumtransmission
loss,the agreementis very close.The shiftis a functionof
the ratio of the nozzle throat area to the resonatorsurfacearea. When this ratio goesto zero
the resultsfrom the two approachesbecomeidentical.Experimentalresultsare shownfor a
double-wallpanelwith resonators
tunedto 240 Hz and are comparedagainstpredictionswh
goodagreement.The resultsshowthat the useof tunedacousticresonatorsin a double-wall,
structurecanprovidelargeincreases
in transmission
lossat selectedfrequencies.
In addition,
both theoryand experimentshowthat for singlytunedresonatorarraysthe largetransmission
lossincreaseat the resonance
frequencyis accompanied
by a largedecreasein the transmission
lossover a limited frequencyrangeabovethe resonancefrequency.
PACS numbers:43.50.Gf, 43.55.Rg, 43.55.Ti

INTRODUCTION

Resultsare presentedfrom a studythat wasundertaken

to determinethe transmissionloss(TL) of a multilayer panel with internal Helmholtz resonators.Comparisonsare
madebetweentwo analyticalmethods,a transfermatrix approach and a pressureratio procedure,the latter beingformulated recently at LockheedAeronautical SystemsCom-

panyusingthe Beranekand Work method.

The transfer
matrix approachwasdevelopedindependentlyasa back up
of the pressureratio procedure.In the transfermatrix approachthe resonatorsare embeddedin and move with the
trim panel,whereasthey act asa sidebranchin the pressure
ratio procedure.
Someminor differencesin resultsare found, specifically
in the trim panelimpedanceZTp andsurfaceimpedanceZB
of the resonators.However, the matrix theory reducesidentically to the side-branchresultsif the ratio rrof the resonator
nozzleaperture(or throat) areaA t dividedby the resonator
surfacearea A is sufficientlysmall. (A = total panel area
dividedby the numberof resonators.
) The pressureoutside
the resonatorsdependson ZB (which is the impedanceof
the trim panelin parallelwith the impedancez of the resonators), on the fuselagesoundpressurelevel, and on the skin
panelTL. If all the resonatorsaretunedto the samefrequen-

cythenz = ZA, whereZ istheimpedance

ofa singleresonator. When the resonatorsare tuned differently,z doesnot

reduceto thissimpleresultand the amplitudesand relative

phasesof the impedances
of the resonatorswill causea readjustment in the pressureover the surfaceof the resonator

aircraft

sidewall.

I. PRESSURE

RATIO

ANALYSIS

The TL of a multi-element wall structure (difference

betweenthe incident and transmittedpower levels) can be

expressed
in termsof the pressureratio acrossthe individual

layersasfollows:
2Z

P3 P4

where

Z = input impedanceof the first (sourceside) element,

poCo
= characteristic
impedanceof air on sourceside,
Pl = sum of the incidentand reflectedpressures,
Pt = transmitted soundpressure,

Pn/n + 1 = pressure
ratio acrosselementn.
The pressureratio acrossa singleelementcan be calculated if both the characteristicand terminationimpedances
of the element are known.

Expressionsfor the impedancesand pressureratiosfor

array.

1597

Both modelspredict that a significantincreasein TL

can be expectedat or near the mean resonancefrequencyof
the resonatorarray. In addition,a significantdecreasein the
TL is predictedat a higherfrequency.Analytical resultsare
supportedby experimentaldata which were obtained on
1.08-by 1.08-mdouble-wallpanelscontainingacousticresonators tuned to a nominal frequencyof 240 Hz. The test
panel configurationwas a simplifiedrepresentationof an

J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 87 (4), April 1990

0001-4966/90/041597-06500.80

1990 AcousticalSocietyof America

1597

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Pl

flat and unstiffenedpanels,septa,airgap,and porousblan-

ketsare Wellknown.]'2 For adjacentelements,

the termi-

Ip2

nationimpedanceof the first elementbecomesthe input impedanceof the secondelement.The input impedanceof each
elementis calculatedby startingat the innermostlayer and
working outward to the last element,which, for an aircraft
sidewall, is the skin.
When an array of Helmholtz resonatorsis included in

P3

--P,v2

]-

PoCo
m1

Winc
(Pinc)

(Prafl)

--

RESONATOR- TRIM PANELASSEMBLY

OUTER(SKIN)PANEL--

INTERIOR(TRIM) PANEL

INSULATION
(OPTIONAL)

the multi-elementwall structureshownin Fig. 1, the same

basicapproachcanbeusedfor calculatingtheTL of the total
system.Only the acousticresonatormodel remains to be
defined.The followingderivationis reproducedfrom Ref. 3.
The nozzle nonlinearity model is taken from Ref. 4.
For a singleHelmholtz resonatorjthe input impedance

Wtrans
(Pt)

PiCi
RESONATORCAVITY
i

AIRGAP

m2 - RESONATOR
+ TRIMPANEL
SURFACE
DENSITY

is (e - io,
t dependence
assumed)

Zs = Rs -- i (cols -- 1/togs),

(2)

RESONATOR
AREA,A

where
THROAT
AREA,
At

Gs= V/p,c,
2. (compliance),
(3)
L =pi(ls + Bs(r/2)r)/r(r)
2, (inertance), (4)

MODULEAREA,S - MA
M RESONATORSIMOOULE

V = resonator
volume,

o- AtlA

Pi = densityof the fluid,

c = velocityof soundat the prevailingtemperatures,

/ = lengthof theresonator
throat,
r = radiusof resonator
throat,
Bs= empirical
correction,

FIG. 1. Flat double-wallpanel with resonators.

caring a small effect on the reactance) and the resonator

to = 2rf,

f= frequency,

Rs = nozzleresistance.
It is known that for steady-state(dc) flow throughan orifice
the nonlinear resistance is

R = Ro + R]U,

(5)

amplificationfactor (Q) is reduced.

3'7For orificeswith
shortthroats(r > L), boththeresonance
frequency
andthe
Q changeas the acousticpressureincreases.
7 For some
throats,theseeffectsoccurat fairlylow soundpressure
levels;the reductionin the Q may startnear 100dB.3'7
CombiningEqs. (6) and (8) gives

Rs=Ro+RIP/(R

where U is the volume flow velocity.

For the dynamic pressurecasethe resistanceof each

(6)

'

R 2 _{..X2
q

'

1/2

(9)

Ro= [2(r/pf)1/2/7'/'/'2]
(2 + l/r),

(10)

R 1=,0/(//'/2)2,

(11)

and

where U is the rms volume velocity definedas

U=

Expressions
for Ro andR aregivenin Ref. 5. Theseare

nozzle is

Rs = Ro+ RU,

s+X s)

(7)

where/ is the viscosityof air.

Thus all termsin Eq. (2) are defined,allowingthe input

andPq,Rq, andXq referto thermssoundpressure,

resis- impedance
(Zs) of a singleresonator
to bedetermined.
tance,and reactance,respectively,at the mouth in the frequencyband q. At a discretefrequency,Eq. (7) can be writ-

For an array of M resonatorsper modulearrangedin

parallelthe impedancein acousticohmsis

ten as

-U=P/(R s +

=P/IZI.
(8)
Zorumski
andParrott
6 haveshownthatusingtherms

particle velocityis not exactin the calculationof flow resis-

tancein the nonlinearregimeof porousmaterialsor orifices.

We usethe rmsparticlevelocityasan approximation
in calculatingthe nonlinearflow resistanceof the throat.
For resonatorswith long throats (1> r, where r is the
throatradius),astheacousticpressure
increases
theresonator resonancefrequencychangesby a small amount (indi1598

J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 87, No. 4, April 1990

l/Z=s=
Zs orZ=.5:sl/Zs

(12)

The impedanceexpressed
in unitsof rayIsis
z = SZ,

(13)

where$ is the areaof the resonatormodule.The impedancez

isin parallelwith the impedance

of the resonatortrim panel
assembly,
Z WE,thusthe impedanceat the surfaceof theresonator mouth becomes

Z B = ZZTp/(2 .qL_
ZT P ),
Prydz eta/.' Transmissionlossof a multilayerpanel

(14)
1598

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In terms of the elementsof the overall transfer matrix,

where,for the caseof a limp trim panel,the impedanceis

Z.rl, = pici - iwm2.

(15)

UsingEq. (14) the calculationof the TL for the multielementsystemcan then proceedasoutlinedabove.
The equationspredicta significantincreasein TL at the
resonancefrequency.In additionto the increase,the equationsalsopredicta substantialdecreasein the TL. This decreaseis centeredarounda frequencyat which the resonator/sidewall system reinforces the transmitted acoustic
signal.The frequencymay be predictedfrom knowledgeof
the volumeof air containedwithin the sidewall ( Vs, excluding the resonatorvolume), the volumeof air in the resona-

tors(MVr, whereM isthenumberof resonators),

andthe

the combinationof Eqs. (17), (18), and (19) givethe complexratio of incidentto transmittedpressureas

Pinc/Pt
= 21[
(a'2
-- poCoa'l
) -- ( 1/piti)(712-- poCo'l
i) ].
(22)

The over.
all matrixiscomposed
of threecomponentmatrices

I a::

(23)
Resonator
Overall

resonance
frequencyof theresonators(fr)' The frequencyof
decreased TL can be shown to be

f,, = frX/( Vsq-MVr)/Vs.

(16)

For the applicationswherethisTL decrease

becomesimportant, a smallpercentageof the resonatorsmay be retunedto
the frequencyof decreasedTL. This retuning greatly increasesthe TL with only minor detriment to the TL at the

MATRIX

Outer

trim panel

Land

(skin)

assembly

insulation

panel

A l = 1+ i(o(Lcr/Z
),
A l2P=
ko[m2+ (rrLA(1 + koL/Z))l,

(24)

A l = 0,
ANALYSIS

The multi-elementtransmissionproblem can also be

solvedby a transfermatrixapproach.
9 Again,consider
the
double-wallsystemshownin Fig. 1. An overalltransferma-

trixcanbewrittenforthesystem
thatrelates
thepressure
on
the exteriorof the outer panel,Pl, and the velocityof that
panel,Vl, to the pressureon the interior panel,p,, and the
velocityof that panel,v2,i.e.,

where( ) = ( 1/M) ;=l ( ) denotes

theaverage
value
over
M resonators.

For the spacebetweenthe skinpanelandthe surfaceof

the resonators(resonatorsoperating)the airgapand insulation transfer matrix elements are

All = all ,

A 12 al2,

A21(a21
__
all/Z)/A
TP
---

Airgap

For the caseincludingmultiple tuned resonators,the

resonatortrim panelassembly
matrixisfoundtobea slightly
modifiedform of that for a simplemassreactingpanel (Appendix),

resonance
frequency.
s
II. TRANSFER

/ml]

le A 2e] Ai Al

tz, 3'22J

where1,v, p, and v: are complexamplitudes.Note that

(25)

11

11
A22 (a2:-- al2/Z)/A 're

elements
othetransfermatrixa.,above,
havebarsoverthe

whereall , a l:, a21,anda:: arethe elementsof the air gapand

sive"or "overallS'characteristics
o the completesystem.
In the presentcase,the outerpanelandthe interiortrim
panelareassumed
to actassimplemassreactantes,sincethe
primaryconcernis to investigatethe effectso the resona-

throatsare pluggedand z is the sameimpedanceas defined

by Eq. (13). Note that therearenobarsovertheseelements.
In the presentcase,with insulationpresent(thesearefound
usingthe resultsof Sec.3 of Ref. 10)

topothem.
These
rs areused
todenote
the"system
inclu- porous material insulation matrix when the resonator

tors.

The exteriorpressureisthe sumothe blockedpressure,

gm,and the radiatedpressure,
ga, which or normal incidencegives

P = Pu + Pa = 2pi - poCoV,

(18)

wherePincis the incidentpressure,

Po is the exteriorfluid
density,and Cois the exteriorsoundspeed.
With interiorfluidproperties,
Pi andci, theti'ansmitted
pressurePt is
Pt =picio2

(19)

The transmissionlossis definedby

TL = - 10 log r,,

(20)

J. Acoust.Soc. Am.,Vol. 87, No. 4, April1990

airgap

insulation

and

insulation

where
c
s

=
=
=
=

cosh(/dl) ,
sinh (/d1),
thicknessof porousmaterial,
waveimpedanceof insulation
(complex),
= complexpropagationconstantof the
insulation material,

ted to incidentpower,

1599

C '
(26)

airgap

wherethe transmissioncoefficient.7t is the ratio of transmit-

'7'
t = ( poco/pci
) lPt/pin
l2.

allal2][/pici
ipici][
C
]
-- S/W

a:l a:: =

(21)

= at -- i2rr/Am
Prydzet aL:Transmission
lossof a multilayerpanel

1599

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attenuation constant in the material,

TABLE I. Resonatorandpanelproperties.

acousticwavelengthof the material,

Panel area

= 1.165 m 2

cos[ co(d -- d)/c ] (coskd, if d1= 0), and

sin[co(d- d)/ci] (sinkd, if d = 0).

Outer panelmass/area
Resonator--trimpanelmass/area
Effectiveair space3 cases

= 4.0kg/m2
= 10.88kg/m2

Insulation

III. COMPARISON

OF ANALYTICAL

RESULTS

The followinganalyticalexpressions
havebeenobtained
to allow for precisecomparisonof the resultsof the two
analysismethods.In particular,for the caseof no insulation
(d = 0), and usingthe transfermatrix methodologyit can
be shown that

= 0.0508, 0.1016, 0.1270 m

=0

thickness

Exterior and interior air density

Externaland interiorsoundspeed

= 1.20kg/m3

Number

=49

of resonators

= 343 m/s

Nozzle throat radius

=0.0118

Nozzle throat length

= 0.0294

Resonator volume

= 4.75 X 10-4 m3

Throat resistance(Ro)
= 3200kg/m4s
Nonlinear resistancecoefficient(R ) = 0

Resonator
frequency

= 240Hz

Soundpressure
at resonator
mouth = 2.0N/m 2

Pin..c
(27)
p, =Z+poCo[zxi,(.A
2Z
piCi iB)]
ZB '
where

A C-- comlS/pici, B S .qt_

comlC/pici

(28)

(A andB arethe sameasdefinedin Ref. 1), poCo

is the characteristicimpedanceof the air on the sourceside,and Z is
the impedancelookinginto the surfaceof the outer (skin)
panel.
The pressureratio methodologygivesan identicalresuit,exceptZx, andZa havedifferentdefinitions.In Sec.I.
Eq. (14), the surfaceimpedanceof the resonatormouth
(pressure
P3dividedby the approachvelocity)is definedas
Z B = ZZTp/(Z -[- ZTp ),

(29)

where,for the caseof a limp trim panel,the impedanceis

Ztp = piCi -- icom

2.

(30)

In the transfermatrix formulationtheseimpedancesare

defined as follows:

V. COMPARISON

WITH MEASUREMENTS

In orderto examinethe validityof the analyticalresults,

comparisons
weremadewith experimental
data.The propertiesof the test panelare similar to thoseusedfor the numericalcasesshownin TableI. The effective
air spaceof the
double-wallpanelwas0.127 m whichisbasedon the volume
of air between the two walls and excludes the volume occu-

Z8 = zZ 'TP/ (Z + Z 'TP),
Z'

all 49 resonatorswere assumedto be tuned to 240 Hz, the

transfermatrix approachgavea maximumTL at 243 Hz,
i.e., a 3-Hz frequencyshift.When tr is setto zerothe results
fromthetwo methodsof analysisbecomeidentical.The dip
in TL at the higherfrequency,typicalof resonatorsystems,
isnotaffected
by theratiotr.The frequency
at whichthedip
in the TL occursdecreases
with increasing
air space,asmay
be seenby usingEq. (16).

( 31)

ll,
tI, = Zti,/,l tI,

(32)

and

piedby the resonators.

The wallsof the panelwerelimp,
loadedvinylmaterialwith a surfacemassdensityof 4.0 kg/
m2.Forty-ninealuminumresonators
wereattachedto oneof
the walls, which increasedthe wall surfacemassdensityto

ZTp= ( piCi -- A 1T2P

)/A 1T1P.
(33)
Thus,it isseenthatbysetting
rr= 0 (allj), theimpedanceequationsderivedby the transfermatrixapproachcan
be reducedto those obtainedwith the pressureratio approach.ThenZ will bethe samein bothequationssinceZB
and ZTp will be identical.

10.9kg/m2.For thesoundtransmission
test,thepanelwas
mounted between a semi-anechoic room (source side) and
an anechoicroom (receiver side). The wall with the resona-

MATRIX
THEORY
IV. COMPARISON

OF NUMERICAL

PRESSURE
RATIO
METHOD

PREDICTIONS

The two analysismethodswereusedto calculatethe TL

for a resonatorpanelconfiguration
consisting
of the proper-

tiesshown
inTableI. Figures
2,3,and4show
theTLpredic-

tions
forpanels
withthree
different
airspaces.
Ineach
figure
theresults
fromthetwodifferent
methods
ofcalculation
are
comparedand, for reference,the resultsfor the panelwith

theresonators
plugged
arealsogiven.
Theplugged
resonator
systemis equivalentto a double-wallpanelwithoutinternal

resonators.
It isseen
that,except
foraslight
shiftinthepeak
TL nearthetuningfrequefiby,
thetwomethods
provideessentiallythe sameresults.The shiftin frequencyis causedby
the area ratio, tr, definedin Fig. 1 and usedin the transfer
matrixapproach.As tr increases,
the frequencyat whichthe
peakTL occursalsoincreases.
For thepresentcasesin which
1600

J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.87, No.4, April1990

150

200

250

300

350

FREQUENCY,
Hz

FIG. 2. Predicted
TL of 1.165-m:double-wall
panelwith andwithout
acousticresonators;air space-- 5.08 cm.

Prydzota/.:Transmission
lossofa multilayer
panel

1600

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70'
H

7O

,,,,,

=u- -- --

EORY

PRESSURE
RATIO
METHOD

60

I ......NO
RESONATORS
50'40
30-

lO-

MEASURED

PRESSURE
RATIO
METHOD

...........
'"

30

20

.."'

10

01

100

150

200

250

300

350

100

150

200

FREOUENCY,
Hz

250

300

350

FREQUENCY,
Hz

FIG. 3. Predicted
TL of 1.165-m
2 double-wall
panelwith and without

FIG. 5. Comparison
between
predicted
andmeasured
NR of a 1.165-m

acousticresonators;
air space= 10.16cm.

double-wallpanelwith 4 acousticresonatorstunedat 240 z.

torswason the receiverside.To providethe acousticexcitation, a systemconsistingof nineloudspeakers

waspointedat
the panel.The excitationand transmittedsoundfieldswere
measuredwith six microphoneslocatedon eachsideof the
panel.The microphoneswere spacedacrossthe faceof the
paneland located 1.27 cm from the panel surface.Using a
dualchannelspectrumanalyzer,the averagenoisereduction
(NR) of the panelwasdeterminedby takingthe difference
betweenthe averagesoundpressurelevelon the sourceand

VI. CONCLUSION

receiver sides.

This paperhasoutlinedand comparedtwo methodsfor

predictingtheTL of compoundflat panelscontainingHelmholtz resonators.Except for a small differencein the frequencyat which the peak transmissionlossoccurs,the two
methodsare equivalent.The transfermatrix methodshows

thatthe peakTL occursat a frequency

whichis slightly
greaterthanthecalculatedresonance
frequencyof theresonator. The frequencyshift dependson the ratio of the total
cross sectional area of the resonator nozzles to the effective

Figure 5 showsa comparisonbetweenthe measuredand

predictedNR resultsover the 100-to 350-Hz frequency
range.To allow direct comparisonwith the measuredNR
data, 6 dB was added to the calculatedTL valuesof Eq.
( 1.1). It isseenthat, exceptfor a smalloverpredictionof NR
at the tuningfrequency,the agreementbetweenthe predicted and measuredresultsis quite satisfactory.The low-frequencyNR dip at 157Hz wascausedby the firstcrossmode
in the panelairspace.Predictionof the frequencyat which
the resonator/sidewallsystemgenerates
the NR dip is excellent.

panel area. In the pressureratio methodthe resonancefrequencyof theresonatorandfrequencyat whichthepeakTL

occurscoincide.A closelycontrolledexperimentis required
to determinewhich of the two methodsprovidesthe more
accurateprediction.The panelteststhat were conductedto
verifythebasictheorywerenotdesignedto detectsuchsmall
differences(the analyzer bandwidth was 2.5 Hz). In fact,

thevariationbetweenthemeasured
resonance
frequencies
of
the 49 resonatorsusedin the panelwaslargerthan the discrepancy
betweenthetwoanalyses.
8Thus,thisstudyshows
thatbothpredictiomethodsareusefulin assessing
theeffect of acousticresonatorsin multi-layeredtreatmentsdesignedto achievehighnoisereductionsat selectedfrequencies.

- ....
..........

MATRIX THEORY
PRESSURE
RATIOMETHOD
NO RESONATORS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

501

The authorsare gratefulto D. L. Morrow for his meti-

culousexperimental
work and to the NASA LangleyResearchCenter for allowingus to usethe measureddata in
Fig. 5 obtainedunder the NASA contract NAS 1-18036.

301

APPENDIX: DERIVATION OF THE TRANSFER MATRIX,

EQ. (23)

The net pressureload on the resonator,trimpanelasot

100r

150'

200'

250'

300

350

FREQUENCY,
Hz

FIG. 4. Predicted
TL of 1.165m2 double-wall
panelwith and without

semblymoduleof Fig. 1 is
A st

qi03(1--)--Jt -'(d)cjO'j)
-'---ojaj(Uaj--U2),
Mi--

acousticresonators;
air space= 12.70cm.

1601

J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.87, No.4, April1990

(A1)
Prydzet aL:Transmission
lossof a multilayerpanel

1601

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wherep
isthepressure
in thecavityofthefihresonator
and
1
vlj

and

v = a2uo
2 + a22v.
= 1

Theresonator
throatslugvelocity%, forharmonic
excitation, is

Vaj= p3/ZjA + ( 1+ iwL/Z ) v2,

(A6)

Equations(A4), (A5), and (A6) reduceto Eqs.( 25) of the

text (the transfermatrix of the airgap and insulationwith
operatingresonators).

(A2)

whereRe,L,andZaretheresonator
variables
asdefined
in
the text.

IL. L. Beranek
andG. A. Work,"Sound
Transmission
through
Multiple

After

inserting

the

cavity

pressure

p = (iA{/wG) (v -- v2), the substitution

of Eq. (A2)
into (A1) yields

q=

c + io<

StructuresContainingFlexibleBlankets,"J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 21, 419428 (1949).

2C.ZwikkerandC. W. Kosten,
Sound
Absorbing
Materials(Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1949).

3L.Wirt,"InteriorNoiseAnalysis
andTesting
ofHelmholtz
Resonators,"

) -pt

Lockheed-California
Company,TechnicalReportLR 30976.

+ io{yLyA{(1+ iwL/Zy))va.

(A3)

The transfermatrix for the resonator-trimpanelassembly [i.e., Eq. (24) of the text] is obtainedby setting
q = -- iwmava.

4U. Ingard,"On the Theoryand Designof AcousticResonators,"

J.
Acoust. Soc. Am. 25, 1037-1061 (1953).

5U.IngardandH. Ising,"Acoustic
Nonlinearity
ofanOrifice,"
J.Acoust.
Soc.Am. 42, 6-17 (1967).

6W.E.Zorumski
andT.L.Parrott,
"Nonlinear
Acoustic
Theory
forRigid
PorousMaterials,"NASA TechnicalNote TN-616 ( 1971).

7j.WuandI. Rudnick,
"Measurements
oftheNonlinear
Tuning
Curves
of

The "approachvelocity"on the panelis

HelmholtzResonators,"
J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 80, 1419-1422(1986).

SR.A. Prydz,H. L. Kuntz,D. L. Morrow,andL. S.Wirt,"Transmission

v= va(!-a) +
Substituting
for vyyields

Lossof DoubleWall PanelsContainingHelmholtzResonators,"

in

NOISE-CON88Proceedings,
243-248,presented
at Purdue
University,
West Lafayette,IN, 20-22 June 1988.

v=v2
1+iwZ +

'

(A4)

Acrossthe insulationand airgap

P3 = a2

1602

+ a2v

d. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.87, No.4, April1990

9L.D. Pope,"Transmission
Lossof a Multilayer
PanelwithInternal
TunedHelmholtz
Resonators,"
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