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Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
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Answer Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
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Introduction
The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrich
students skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards. Exceeding the Standards:
Vocabulary & Spelling offers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language arts
classroom.
Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad
range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns. These lessons are aligned with
the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as
supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition. Each lesson incorporates
words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook. By using these lessons in
conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers,
speakers, and spellers.
Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components:
A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that
students may find particularly meaningful or interesting.
Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows
students to practice what they are learning.
Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be
fun and interesting.
Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and
give helpful suggestions.
A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to
assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized
test questions in a multiple-choice format.
It is essential that vocabulary instructions include a variety of strategies to develop students
word-study skills. Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and
studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules. Activating students
prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations
between new terms and words they already know.
The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with
words. As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly
confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words.
For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and
word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2:
Vocabulary & Spelling. Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature
selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated
Instruction for English Language Learners.
Teaching Tips
Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users
employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings. Effective instruction in word study gives students
tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term. The following teaching
tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling.
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Name: Date:
LEssON 1
Word: penurious
Pronunciation: \p@ ny1> r7 @s\
Origins: from penury, meaning poverty or extreme
frugality; derived from Latin penuria or paenuria,
meaning want
Definition: 1) marked by or suffering from penury, or
severe poverty 2) given to extreme frugality: stingy
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Tip
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Tip
Tip
Try It Yourself
Fill in this sample page of a word study notebook.
word: vacuous
Pronunciation:
Origins:
Definition:
Sentence using the word:
Tip
Tip
Br TradiTion, uniT 1
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Drawing:
Skim the newspaper until you find a word you dont know. On
your own paper, create a word study notebook entry like the one
shown above. Use a dictionary to find the correct pronunciation and
definition. If there is more than one definition, use context clues to
decide which definition makes the most sense in the article where it is
used. You might also include another definition if there is one and write
a contextual sentence using the second meaning.
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Name: Date:
LEssON 2
You may not know the word adumbrated, but, by looking at some of
the clues in the passage, you can figure out what the word means. The
word adumbrated is a verb that describes what the criminal did with
his plans. Later in the passage, you learn that the criminal wanted the
police to figure out what he was going to do, so you know he did not
state his plans outright. The next sentence refers to the mans hints.
From these clues, you can guess that adumbrated means hinted or
partially described.
Try It Yourself
Tip
ExErCIsE A
Look at the following passage. Use context clues to figure out the
meaning of the word chimerical.
Mayor Loretti denounced her opponents chimerical plans,
saying, The programs Mr. Lassiter mentions are lovely
daydreams, but my office must deal with the realities of the
budget. Well never see these programs functioning.
Context clues
Text support
Word parts
Dictionary
Teacher, adult, or friend
1. What word other than chimerical describes the plans? What else
do you learn about the plans?
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Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Many words appear in the
dictionary as main entries
more than once. Often these
entries represent different parts of
speech, such as break, the noun,
and break, the verb. Other times,
entries have completely unrelated
meanings. Use context clues to
determine which meaning makes
the most sense.
Tip
2. postlude
3. malodorous
4. presage
5. concordant
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Name: Date:
LEssON 3
Evaluate
Try It Yourself
Use PAVE to learn the underlined words in the sentences below.
1. Michela took umbrage with Trevors suggestion that her ideas were
unoriginal.
Tip
Predict
Associate
Predict
Associate
Verify
Verify
Evaluate
2. The sun had a soporific effect on Raoul, and he soon found himself
dozing.
Evaluate
Predict
Associate
Verify
Evaluate
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Tip
Tip
Associate
Verify
Evaluate
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LEssON 4
floor
fly
go
good
have
help
hill
home
land
live
love
meal
moon
see
sun
white
wood
year
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
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Tip
Use Anglo-Saxon
words when you want
your writing to be plain, direct,
and effective. Using many Latinate
words together may sound
sophisticated, but it will make your
writing more complex and less
powerful.
Tip
French
question
courage
sacred
royal
mount
Latin
interrogate
valor
felicity
consecrated
regal
ascend
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Write a contextual sentence using two of the word sets from the chart.
Keep in mind the connotations, or emotional associations, of each word.
1. A.
B.
C.
2. A.
B.
C.
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Name: Date:
LEssON 5
Old English
Understand the Concept
The Old English that the Anglo-Saxons used over a thousand years ago
barely resembles todays English. In fact, Old English used a different
alphabet from ours. If you look closely at Old English, you can see some
words that look familiar because they have been borrowed and adapted
in Modern English, but they now have a different meaning. Looking for
familiar words is one way, however, to see how the English language
has evolved.
The chart below shows some examples of Old English words and
the Modern English words derived from them.
Old English
earm
cuman
daed
eare
folc
halig
cyning
lufu
monn
mynd
seon
sittan
weorc
hwaet
Modern English
arm
come
deed
ear
folk
holy
king
love
man
mind
see
sit
work
what
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Look at each of the following Old English words. For each word, write
what you think the modern English equivalent is. Look up the word
you guessed in a dictionary and see if the Old English word is part of its
etymology.
Tip
1. weall
2. fyr
3. scield
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4. ondswardrede
5. eower
Tip
Many words in Old English use prefixes and suffixes. For example,
the word ingang adds the prefix in to the base word gang, which
means go to create a word meaning go in. Compound words are
also common. A compound word is created by combining two words
to make a new word. The word aeftergengness is a compound word
meaning succession. You can see the word after and the word geng,
which you know means go.
The word domdg or domesdg is a compound word meaning
judgment day. The word dom means judgment and the word dg
means day. It is also interesting to note that domesdg sounds like the
modern English word doomsday.
Figurative compounds called kennings are common in Old English
literature. The word banhus means bone-house. This kenning refers
figuratively to the human body. A large number of kennings found in
Old English literature deal with the sea. Some examples are seolbaep
meaning seal bath, hronrad meaning whale road, and waeterflod
meaning water flood.
Try It Yourself
A kenning is a figurative
compound word, such
as swan-road for ocean or battleflame for sword. In the epic poem
Beowulf, the heros name itself is
a kenning: bee-wolf is a kenning
for bear.
ExErCIsE B
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8. quell
A. align
B. the quiet after a storm
C. a room in a cathedral
D. to subdue
2. naught
A. nighttime
B. midnight
C. nothing
D. a full moon
9. haven
A. a type of sandwich
B. a cold beverage
C. a safe place
D. a large village
3. goad
A. a male goat
B. positive
C. scoring area in some games
D. to prod
10. heathen
A. pagan
B. a type of bush
C. a type of house
D. the area in front of a fireplace
4. loathsome
A. likable
B. lighthearted
C. detestable
D. deadly
11. seethe
A. to leak
B. to go to sea
C. to bleed
D. to boil or churn
5. offspring
A. a river or well
B. children
C. an offering to a god
D. a body of water meant for
swimming
12. site
A. to reference
B. to recline
C. a location
D. a lasso
6. pall
A. a dark covering
B. palatable
C. potable
D. porcine
7. ilk
A. a type of thread derived from
worms
B. anger or malice
C. a rope fiber derived from a plant
D. type or kind
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13. steadfast
A. a girlfriend or boyfriend
B. unwavering
C. muscular
D. a four-legged stool
14. ire
A. anger
B. frozen water
C. method
D. town
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Name: Date:
LEssON 6
Middle English
Understand the Concept
From 1066, the time of the Norman Conquest, to the mid-1200s,
French was the main language of the ruling class of England, while
Anglo-Saxon remained the everyday language of the common people.
This was followed by a period when many aristocrats were bilingual,
speaking both French and English, until the late 1300s. During this later
period, English speakers borrowed heavily from French vocabulary,
pronunciation, and grammar. Because of this, many English words
have French origins.
Words Borrowed from French
account
accuse
allegiance
apparel
arrest
assault
assembly
assets
attire
attorney
authority
balcony
banquet
bargain
budget
cathedral
conquer
conscience
convict
costume
council
courteous
crime
crown
customer
dangerous
defendant
dignity
estate
evangelist
evidence
fashion
feat
felony
frank
garment
government
gracious
harmony
heir
innocent
judgment
jury
justice
legal
leisure
lieutenant
noble
obey
oppress
ornament
palace
pastry
peace
perjury
plaintiff
pleasure
property
ransom
receipt
reign
siege
sovereign
summons
tax
tournament
turret
tyrant
valor
value
vanquish
verdict
vice
village
virtue
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Circle any words in the list above that you do not know, or choose five
you would like to know better. Write a definition and a contextual
sentence for each word. Use a dictionary if needed to determine the
meaning.
1.
12
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Words used to describe
farm animals (calf,
ox) have Anglo-Saxon origins,
since native English people, not
the aristocrats in that society,
tended them. Words describing
prepared meats (veal, beef) are
French, since the French-speaking
Normans were wealthy enough to
eat prepared meat.
Tip
Comparing Origins
For many words that were incorporated into English from French,
there is a synonymous term with Old English origins. The following
chart shows some of these pairs. In many cases, the connotations of the
French words are more formal or sophisticated than those of the Old
English words.
Old English Origins
begin
calf
freedom
happiness
help
hide
meal
ox
stench
theft
French Origins
commence
veal
liberty
felicity
aid
conceal
repast
beef
aroma
burglary
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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Name: Date:
LEssON 7
Tip
Meaning
life
earth
blood
water
too much
measure
eight
far/end
heat
three
bio
geo
hemo
hydro
hyper
meter
oct
tel
therm
tri
Examples
biography, biology
geopolitical, geology
hemoglobin, hemophilia
hydroplane, hydrogen
hyperactive, hyperextend
thermometer, kilometer
octogenarian, octopus
telephone, television
thermos, thermometer
triad, triathlon
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Think of five other words that contain the Greek word roots in the
chart above. If necessary, you may use a dictionary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Tip
Meaning
water
sound/hearing
good/well
short
to take, seize
to cry out
law
many
write
build
one
empty
worthy
to live
Examples
aquatic, aqueduct
auditorium, audible
benefit, benevolent
abbreviation, brevity
intercept, receptive
declaim, proclamation
jury, justice
multiply, multiplex
inscribe, scripture
structure, construction
union, university
vacant, vacuum, vacation
valuable, valiant
vivid, revive
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Think of five other words that contain the Latin word roots in the chart
above. If necessary, you may use a dictionary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Name: Date:
LEssON 8
Tip
Pronunciation
If you are listening to British English, you may notice some variations
in pronunciation. These differences may include a difference in vowel
pronunciation or a difference in stressed syllables. Generally these
differences will not hinder your ability to understand. If you learn
words from listening to a British source, you may wish to check the
American pronunciation.
Examples
advertisement
aluminum
fillet
garage
herb
leisure
privacy
schedule
semi
American Pronunciation
British Pronunciation
spelling
From spelling alone, you may be able to tell if a document is written
in British or American English. Look at the following chart for some
examples of differences in British and American spelling.
American Spelling
airplane
appall
check
connection
defense
draft
jail
gray
16
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British Spelling
aeroplane
appal
cheque
connexion
defence
draught
gaol
grey
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American Spelling
jeweler
maneuver
mold
offense
paralyze
plow
program
traveler
tire
British Spelling
jeweller
maneouvre
mould
offence
paralyse
plough
programme
traveller
tyre
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
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Name: Date:
French-derived words
1. nuisance
A. excitement
B. negativity
C. discrepancy
D. annoyance
5. lozenge
A. tablet
B. pork dinner
C. goose feather
D. mink stole
2. porous
A. purple
B. permeable
C. skinny
D. underprivileged
6. monologue
A. type of viral disease
B. type of surgery
C. type of speech
D. single piece of firewood
3. jargon
A. large jar
B. field of grass
C. thick branch
D. slang
7. plumage
A. plumbers tool
B. spillway
C. teeth
D. feathers
4. liaison
A. massage table
B. intermediary
C. bank loan
D. hockey player
8. tenant
A. sailor
B. group of ten
C. renter
D. camping tent
Latin-derived words
9. vehement
A. car or truck
B. stomach muscle
C. passionate
D. part of a cathedral
11. habituate
A. to become accustomed
B. to eat healthily
C. a bears den
D. part of a fort
10. virile
A. disease caused by a virus
B. green vegetable
C. modern communication strategy
D. masculine
12. hospice
A. candy
B. handgun
C. place to rest
D. prisoner
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13. garrulous
A. talkative
B. ugly
C. fancy
D. strong
15. machination
A. engine
B. marching band formation
C. chewing motion
D. evil scheme or plot
14. gradient
A. high test score
B. inclined surface
C. spherical object
D. airplane motor
16. commodious
A. outhouse
B. loud
C. spacious
D. pretty
Greek-derived words
17. antagonize
A. feed
B. sing
C. dance
D. provoke
21. theism
A. theater design
B. religious belief
C. accounting practice
D. business strategy
18. eon
A. subatomic particle
B. digestive juice
C. long period of time
D. newspaper edition
22. dilemma
A. two performers
B. pair of rodents
C. predicament
D. solution
19. autonomy
A. study of the body
B. independence
C. political speech
D. type of walk
23. monolithic
A. massive
B. unmarried
C. boring
D. ill
20. kinetic
A. energetic
B. bilingual
C. kind
D. immature
24. homogenous
A. very intelligent
B. extinct; irrelevant
C. uniform; well-mixed
D. very large; significant
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Name: Date:
LEssON 9
Word Parts
Understand the Concept
Many words consist of a central part, called either a word root or a base
word, and a prefix or a suffix (or both a prefix and a suffix). If you are
familiar with common roots, prefixes, and suffixes, it will be much
easier to figure out the meaning of words that are new to you.
The word root or base word is a group of letters to which a prefix
or suffix is attached. A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to
the beginning of a word root or base word, whereas a suffix is a letter
or group of letters added to the end. Adding a prefix or suffix almost
always changes the meaning of a word.
Try It Yourself
Use a dictionary to identify the prefixes, roots, and suffixes in each of
the following words. Note that all words do not have both a prefix and a
suffix, and some words have more than one prefix or suffix.
1. contemplation
2. covetousness
3. excommunication
Tip
4. immortalize
5. reprove
6. transgress
7. tribulation
8. undiscerning
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Name: Date:
LEssON 10
Adding Affixes
Adding affixes, or prefixes and suffixes, often causes spelling errors.
When adding a prefix, do not change the spelling of the word itself.
examples
The spelling of most words is not changed when the suffix -ment,
-ness, or -ly is added.
examples
If you are adding a suffix to a word that ends with y, and that y follows
a vowel, you should usually leave the y in place. If the y follows a
consonant, you should change the y to i.
examples
If you are adding a suffix that begins with a vowel to a word that ends
with a silent e, you should usually drop the e. If you are adding a suffix
that begins with a consonant to a word that ends with a silent e, you
should usually leave the e in place.
examples
Tip
Tip
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
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Tip
Write I before E
Except after C
Or when it sounds like an A as in
neighbor and weigh.
seed Words
Supersede is the only word in the English language that ends in -sede.
Three words end in -ceed: exceed, proceed, and succeed. Every other
word that ends with the seed sound is spelled -cede.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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Common Errors
Below is a list of some words that high school students often misspell.
Studying these words can help you avoid common errors.
Commonly Misspelled Words
absence
environment
academically
fascinating
accessible
finally
accidentally
hypocrite
acknowledgment
independent
anonymous
influential
answer
irrelevant
beautiful
irresistible
beginning
judgment
business
leisure
calendar
license
catastrophe
manageable
changeable
mediocre
committee
millennium
conscientious
mischievous
disastrous
misspell
discipline
naive (also nave)
efficiency
necessity
embarrass
noticeable
nuisance
occasionally
occurrence
parallel
pastime
persistent
privilege
receipt
referred
relieve
schedule
separate
succeed
tomorrow
undoubtedly
vengeance
withhold
There are probably some words that you commonly misspell. Keep a
list of these words in your word study notebook. Practice these words
until you know how to spell them correctly. You may also wish to make
up devices to help you remember correct spellings. For example, say
Page the antits time for the pageant to help you remember how to
spell pageant.
Try It Yourself
E x e r ci s e C
Choose ten words from the list above or from your own list of difficult
spelling words. Make up a saying or image to help you remember the
correct spelling. Write or draw your ideas in the space below. Continue
on your own paper if necessary.
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LEssON 11
gh
ough
You can see that in some of the words the gh is silent, while in others
it has the f sound. The ou can have several different sounds.
ate/ite
24
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Use a Dictionary
After you have estimated the pronunciation, use a dictionary to verify
it. Use the pronunciation key in the dictionary and pay attention to
which syllables are stressed. Here is a sample pronunciation key.
Vowel Sounds
a
6
5
a1
e
pan, sap
may, sail
lot, star
out, cow
bet, sell
7
i
8
9
0
bee, deep
kit, lip
my, ice
grow, boat
paw, raw
0i
u
2
1
@
boy, coil
up, scrub
crew, blue
soot, foot
extra, summer
b
ch
d
f
g
h
j
k
but, cub
child, patch
doll, cod
fall, cuff
girl, hug
hole, ham
jam, fudge
kid, pick
l
m
n
4
p
r
s
sh
lip, pull
man, lamb
not, can
sing, wrong
pull, up
ram, core
sip, miss
ship, push
t
th
th
v
w
y
z
tip, cut
thank, forth
there, that
very, cove
wet, twin
your, yard
zip, puzzle
Some words will have more than one pronunciation. Check to see
if the pronunciation varies based on usage. If not, use the preferred
pronunciation. Recognize that some pronunciations vary by region.
Try it Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Tip
2. cathedral
3. melancholy
4. hyperbole
5. puerile
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spelling Patterns
Write the letter of the correctly spelled word on the line.
1. Do not information; tell us
everything you know.
A. withold
B. withhold
C. whithold
D. with hold
2. Our meal at the four-star restaurant
was only .
A. mediocer
B. medeocre
C. medieocer
D. mediocre
3. Is the mark on my face ?
A. noticeable
B. noticible
C. noticeible
D. notisable
4. We watched the tide .
A. reseed
B. recede
C. resede
D. receed
5. Claude fell behind at the of
the race.
A. begining
B. begginning
C. beggining
D. beginning
6. The will vote on the new rules
tomorrow.
A. comittey
B. comittee
C. committee
D. commitee
7. Dont be a .
A. hippocrite
B. hypocrite
C. hipocrite
D. hypocryte
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LEssON 12
Tip
Tip
28
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If you did not know the word rancor, what would you learn about it
from this paragraph? You can tell it is a negative feeling. It is related
to a bitter feud and to hatred, and it has the power to poison
happiness. From these clues, you could infer that rancor means
something like bitterness or ill will.
5/26/09 4:28:46 PM
When you are reading, you dont always need to know the exact
dictionary definition of a word. It is often enough to get a general sense
of the meaning. Of course, if the word seems crucial to the passage,
you might want to check your inferences by looking the word up in a
dictionary.
Try It Yourself
The following passage contains a number of words that you probably
dont know. Read the passage, and see if you can answer the questions
that follow.
Jorgen used to have some self-respect, but since the movie
company came to town, hes turned into a spineless sycophant.
At first, his interest seemed innocuous. I mean, a lot of people
are starstruck, right? Then he met the director and became her
lackey. He agrees with and praises everything she says. If she
asks for something, he runs to get it. His only interest is in the
movie. Everything he has to do off the set is done perfunctorily.
When I complain that hes not paying attention to our life, he
says Im just jealous, but really I just want him to go back to
being himself instead of the obsequious toady hes become.
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LEssON 13
Restatement,
apposition, examples,
contrast, and cause and effect
are five common types of context
clues.
Tip
apposition
examples
contrast
Tip
Why should you use context clues in your writing? Context clues help
your audience understand your meaning. When you use a recently
coined word, a piece of jargon, or another term you think may be
unclear, context clues are especially important.
Try It Yourself
Write a sentence using context clues for each of the following words.
Use a dictionary if necessary to understand the meaning of the word.
1. factitious
30
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2. shirk
3. blandish
4. complicit
5. ignominious
Choose five words from your word study notebook. Use these words in
context as well.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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LEssON 14
syntax
Understand the Concept
Syntax refers to the order of words in sentences. The English language
has rules regarding the correct or preferred syntax. When words are not
presented in the right order, the resulting sentences can be awkward
or ambiguous. It is important to understand the rules of syntax so that
your writing will be as clear and concise as possible.
In general, English sentences use the pattern subject-verb-object. In
other words, the sentences first explain who the subject is and then tell
what that subject is doing.
The lion (subject) is chasing (verb) the young zebra (object).
George Washington (subject) crossed (verb) the Delaware River
(object).
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
2. When the pot was placed over the fire, the water began to boil.
32
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4. The three dogs barked loudly as the jogger ran past them.
Avoiding Ambiguities
You can probably figure out that the speaker in both of the sentences
above is attempting to tell those interested in playing volleyball to leave
a note in his or her mailbox. However, because of the syntax of the first
sentence, it seems to suggest the possibility of playing volleyball within
the confines of a mailbox! The syntax of the second sentence makes its
meaning much clearer.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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Name: Date:
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LEssON 15
Tip
Tip
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gridlock
homophobia
intrapreneur
makeover
meltdown
netizen
political correctness
quark
reality check
soccer mom
sound byte
spin doctor
telemarketing
triathlete
voicemail
yuppie
Faddish or trendy words or phrases that are popular for a time are
sometimes called buzz words. Additional examples include downsize,
synergy, and outsource. If these words are overused for a long time, they
become clichs, words or phrases that have lost their power.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
What words have been dominating the media lately? With a partner
or small group, brainstorm a list of words you have heard or read
frequently in the past few months.
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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Name: Date:
LEssON 16
Tip
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Compound Words
Understand the Concept
As the English language evolves, new combinations of words are formed
and become common in everyday speech. Sometimes these combinations
are formally joined together as new terms, or compound words. For
example, in the early days of the Internet, one could go on line. As this
term was used more frequently, it was hyphenated as on-line. Now it
is acceptable to omit the hyphen and simply write online. Knowing the
correct way to write a compound word (as two words, with a hyphen, or
combined into one word) can be a confusing part of writing. A recent
edition of a dictionary should be used to check the correct forms of
compound words. A style guide such as The Chicago Manual of Style can
also provide helpful guidelines for words you cannot find in the dictionary.
For many compound words, the meaning of the combined word is
similar to the meaning of the separate words. For example, something
essentially means the same as the words some and thing. Another
example is the word toothpaste, which is a paste for teeth. With other
compound words, however, the definition has changed over time to
mean something distinct from the words that comprise it. For example,
the word cupboard has a different meaning than the combination of the
words cup and board. A more complicated example is bootstrap, which
literally means a strap or lace for a boot, but also has another more
figurative meaning: unaided or independent efforts. This meaning is
usually used in the phrase by ones own bootstraps.
Try It Yourself
For each of the following compound words, indicate if the meaning
is similar to or different from that of the two separate words. Briefly
explain each of your responses.
1. goldfish
similar
different
2. homework
similar
different
3. supermarket
similar
different
4. without
similar
different
5. backbone
similar
different
6. popcorn
similar
different
7. stonewall
similar
different
8. brainwash
similar
different
9. shoemaker
similar
different
10. tenderfoot
similar
different
5/26/09 4:28:50 PM
Name: Date:
LEssON 17
An allusion is a figure
of speech in which a
reference is made to a person,
event, object, or work from history
or literature.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Read each of the following sentences, and try to determine the meaning
of the underlined allusion. Also note the source of the allusion, if you
know it. You might want to work with a partner to pool your knowledge.
1. Dereks proposal seems to be an expression of generosity and
friendship, but Im afraid it might be a Trojan horse.
2. Josh has never paid that much attention to girls, but meeting
Bridget has turned him into a real Romeo!
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An eponym is a word
formed from the name of
a person, character, or place.
Tip
In your study of
literature, you might
have encountered the term
alexandrine, which refers to a
line containing six metrical feet
or twelve syllables. This poetical
term is an eponym based on the
French poet Alexandre de Bernai
who wrote a popular verse about
Alexander the Great. The poem
was written in lines of six feet.
Tip
A proprietary eponym
is a brand name that
has evolved into a more widely
used term. For example, the word
Kleenex is often used to refer to
any tissue, and a moving staircase
is called an escalator whether
or not it is manufactured by the
Escalator company.
Tip
A malapropism is the
opposite of an eponym; it
is an inappropriate name given to
something.
Tip
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5. When his little brother sided with his parents, Chris cried, Et tu,
Brute?
Eponyms
Words that are formed from proper names are called eponyms.
Whether or not you realize it, you are probably familiar with many
eponyms. Here are some examples of eponyms, their meanings, and
their sources.
Eponym
Meaning
Cinderella one lifted from obscurity to honor
scrooge
stingy person
sherlock
detective
nemesis
odyssey
spartan
formidable opponent
long voyage marked by many
changes in fortune
marked by simplicity or self-denial
maverick
independent individual
Source
fairy tale character
character from Dickenss A
Christmas Carol
Sherlock Holmes, detective created
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Greek goddess of revenge
Homers epic the Odyssey
Sparta, ancient Greek city-state
known for its rejection of comforts
Samuel Maverick, a pioneer who
broke with convention by not
branding his cattle
Louis Pasteur, inventor of the
pasteurization process
There are many sources of eponyms. From the list above, you can
see that eponyms come from the names of characters in literature
and mythology, ancient places or peoples, and people from history.
Inventors often give their names to inventions, and botanists often give
their names to plants, flowers, or fruits.
If you know something about the source of an eponym, it will help
you determine the meaning of the eponym. Otherwise, rely on word
study skills you have already learned, such as using context clues or a
dictionary.
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Try It Yourself
E x e r ci s e B
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6. whitecap
A. a blonde woman
B. an elderly man
C. the crest of a breaking wave
D. the edge of a snow-covered street
7. ritzy
A. swanky
B. dirty
C. rapid
D. loving
8. fishnet
A. a type of dock
B. a type of fabric
C. a type of oceanic habitat
D. a type of restaurant
9. titanic
A. untrustworthy
B. expensive
C. metallic
D. immense
10. quixotic
A. quiet
B. mountainous
C. idealistic
D. spellbinding
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Name: Date:
LEssON 18
Common Acronyms
Understand the Concept
An acronym is a word made from the initial letters of the main parts of
a compound term. For example, the acronym PIN stands for personal
identification number. Initialisms are like acronyms, but each letter
is pronounced as a letter. TV is an example of an initialism. Some
initialisms and acronyms, such as RSVP and radar, are well known
and can stand on their own. Others, such as NHTSA are not so clear.
When using an acronym or initialism that may not be recognized by
your audience, spell out the word and write the acronym or initialism in
parenthesis the first time you use it. Look at the following example:
Information about child safety seats is available from the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
The next time you want to reference the agency in your document, you
can just use the acronym.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
VIP
Stands for: very important person
Meaning: someone who is considered by many to be
important
1. TBA
An acronym is a word
made from the initial
letters of the main parts of a
compound term.
Tip
Stands for:
Initialisms are like
acronyms, but each letter
is pronounced as a letter.
Tip
Meaning:
2. TLC
Stands for:
Meaning:
3. DOB
Stands for:
Meaning:
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4. FEMA
Stands for:
Meaning:
5. NASCAR
Stands for:
Meaning:
6. FAQ
Stands for:
Meaning:
7. DPI
Stands for:
Meaning:
8. UFO
Stands for:
Meaning:
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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LEssON 19
Clichs
Understand the Concept
If your friend is complaining about something you consider unimportant, do you tell him hes making a mountain out of a molehill? If your
little brother cannot sit still, do you ask if he has ants in his pants?
Or are you more original in your language? The familiar phrases above
are known as clichs. Originally, these statements were metaphors that
likened some situation to a familiar action or experience. However, they
have been used so frequently that they have become tiresome and trite,
so they are called clichs.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Tip
Tip
Rewrite:
3. The wrestling coach gave the first-year starter a real tongue-lashing
for surrendering the losing takedown with five seconds remaining
in the match.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
4. When all is said and done, Chief Justice Roberts surely hopes that
no one will remember his bumbling of the presidential oath of
office.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
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Tip
5. The investigator found that the warnings had been swept under the
rug by the firms management team.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
6. The art instructor had such a bad temper that all her students had
to walk on eggshells around her.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
7. Now that she was famous, the actress complained that her life was
under a microscope.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
8. After watching Morgan do several foolish things, the boys all
decided that he was not playing with a full deck.
Meaning:
Rewrite:
Tip
sports Metaphors
Sports metaphors are perhaps the most overused type of clich. How many
times have you heard an occurrence or accomplishment described as a
slam dunk, home run, or grand slam? While these events are exciting and
interesting when they occur in a baseball or basketball game, using them to
describe outside events usually ends up sounding tiresome and lackluster.
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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Name: Date:
LEssON 20
Contractions
Understand the Concept
In English, as well as other languages, words or groups of words
are commonly shortened, either in speech, in writing, or both.
Contractions are words formed by the combination of two words, the
elimination of one or more letters, and the insertion of an apostrophe.
For example, did not is often spoken and written as didnt. Contractions
are common in spoken English as well as in informal written English.
In general, contractions should be avoided in formal written English,
such as in school papers or business reports.
Common Contractions
Other common contractions that are formed from verb phrases and not
include:
isnt (is not)
wasnt (was not)
wont (will not)
dont (do not)
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Contractions are
words formed by the
combination of two words, the
elimination of one or more
letters, and the insertion of an
apostrophe.
Tip
1. I wont have time to visit her and I hope that shell not be too
disappointed.
2. Youll have all of the tools weve had.
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When in doubt, break the contraction into its separate words. If you do
this for the example sentence above, you will discover that the first line
does not make sense. The second sentence is correct. Other commonly
confused contractions and possessives include:
Possessive Form
its
their
your
whose
Many different kinds of
contractions that were
once considered acceptable
are now considered archaic
or obsolete. For example,
Shakespeare often formed the
past tense of verbs by adding d,
as in the phrase For Banquos
issues have I fild my mind.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
In each of the following sentences, circle the correct form of the word.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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Contraction
its (it is)
theyre (they are)
youre (you are)
whos (who is)
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Name: Date:
LEssON 21
Homophones
Tip
50
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Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
A spell-check program
will not find most errors
in homophone usage. Always
proofread your work in addition to
running a spell check.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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LEssON 22
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
If you need to find
synonyms or antonyms
and do not have a thesaurus
on hand, many computer wordprocessing programs have one
built in.
Tip
52
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4. talkative
5. weak
Knowing synonyms
and antonyms is
also important when you are
conducting research for school
or workit can help you to
paraphrase, or rewrite in your own
words, what you have read and
learned.
Tip
Example
amoral
antisocial
disappear
illogical
impolite
insecure
irrational
unbelievable
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE C
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LEssON 23
Tip
Try It Yourself
The words in each word pair below are synonyms or near synonyms.
That is, they have the same denotation but different connotations.
In your notebook, use each word in a sentence that demonstrates its
connotation.
example
lean
scrawny
The runners on the Bellville track team were lean, strong, and ready
to win.
The scrawny old woman slowly stood to shake her fist at Sam as he
pedaled his bike across the corner of her lawn.
1. enthusiastic
zealous
2. celebrated
notorious
3. save
hoard
4. cut
gash
5. confident
arrogant
54
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6. cage
enclosure
7. juvenile
youthful
8. smile
smirk
9. fib
lie
10. plump
fat
5/26/09 4:28:57 PM
Name: Date:
LEssON 24
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 55
A simile is a comparison
using like or as, such as
the rain was as light as a feather.
A metaphor is a comparison in
which one thing is spoken of or
written about as if it were another,
such as the rain was a feather.
Similes and metaphors are two
common types of figurative
language.
Tip
Br TradiTion, uniT 7
55
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An understatement is an
ironic statement in which
something important is spoken
of or written about as though it
were unimportant. This type of
figurative language is the opposite
of hyperbole.
Tip
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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Name: Date:
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Name: Date:
LEssON 25
Classifying Words
Understand the Concept
As you read novels, news reports, sports stories, or other specific types
of written communication, you will probably come across new words.
These words may seem very different from one another, but their
meanings may have something in common, such as the topic of the
written material. When you learn the meanings of new words, it can
help to list them in categories based on their similarities. That way, if
you encounter one of the words in the future and cannot remember its
exact definition, you can infer what it means, based on its category. For
example, books in the Master and Commander series by modern British
novelist Patrick OBrian, which are about the adventures of the British
navy during the Napoleonic wars, use words such as abeam, dunnage,
lanyard, keelhauling, and yardarm, which are nautical terms. Grouping
these words together in a list can help you remember what they refer to
when you encounter them in the future.
Try It Yourself
Categorize each of the words below by writing it in the proper space in
the chart. If you do not know a word, look it up in a dictionary.
anticline
birdie
bogey
bumptious
bunker
dogleg
extensor
Adjectives
Describing
People or
Behaviors
0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 59
fluvial
homeostasis
integumentary
metamorphism
mulligan
obsequious
olfactory
Earth Science
and Geology
patella
peristalsis
pugnacious
pyroclastic
subduction
supercilious
Golf
Tip
Physiology and
Anatomy
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LEssON 26
A dictionary provides
general definitions of
economic terms, but for more
specific information, consult an
economics textbook.
Tip
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Word Pairs
The following terms are easiest to learn in related pairs. In some cases,
the words are opposites; in others, they are just closely related.
bull market / bear market
A bull market is a prolonged period of rising stock market prices, while
a bear market is a prolonged period of falling stock prices.
deficit / surplus
A deficit is a shortage while a surplus is an excess.
gross / net
Gross refers to the overall amount, while net refers to what remains after
deductions or loss. Your gross income is the total amount you make.
Your net income is what you make after taxes.
appreciation / depreciation
An appreciation is an increase in value; a depreciation is the
oppositea decrease in value. For example, the value of most cars
depreciates over time because they become more prone to breakdowns
and costly repairs.
in the black / in the red
Operating in the black means you have enough resources to cover
all expenses; in the red means you have a debt you cant pay off
immediately. These terms originate from the accounting process of
recording negative balances in red ink.
Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling
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Economic Policies
Laissez-faire is a French phrase meaning let it be. In economics, it
refers to a policy in which the government tries not to get involved in
the business affairs of the country.
Trickle-down theory is the economic belief that providing benefits
to big business will eventually trickle down to middle- and lowerincome people, causing them to prosper as well. This theory remains
very controversial.
The suffix -nomics has been attached to the names of people and
groups, as in Reaganomics, to suggest a certain economic plan
promoted by that person or group.
Try It Yourself
Tip
ExErCIsE A
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Tip
expenditure
income
inflation
investment
monopoly
national debt
revenue
subsidy
supply and demand
unemployment
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Circle any words in the list above that you do not recognize or do not
know in an economic sense. Use a dictionary to find the economic
meaning of each word you circled. Write contextual sentences for five
of the words you circled. If you recognize all of the words, choose any
five words and write contextual sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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LEssON 27
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
monarchy
republic
liberty
senate
democratic
whip
filibuster
empire
vote
mayor
Tip
ExErCIsE B
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bail
convict
defendant
detain
evidence
indict
judge
jury
law
lawyer
objection
overrule
perpetrator
prosecutor
statute
sustain
Word Parts
There are several word roots related to law. Learning these word parts
will help you identify and understand some legal terms.
The word legal uses the Latin root leg, which means law. The
following chart shows some other words with the root leg.
Word
alleged
legality
legislate
legitimate
illegal
Meaning
accused but not yet convicted or proven
quality of being legal
enact a law
legal; accepted by law
not legal
The root jus or jur also means law or right. The following chart
shows some other words with this root.
Word
jurisdiction
jurisprudence
juror
justice
perjury
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Meaning
power or right to interpret and apply the law
system or body of law
person who serves on a jury
administration of the law
violation of an oath
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The Latin root culp means guilt. The following chart shows some
other words with the root culp.
Word
culpable
culprit
exculpate
Meaning
deserving to be condemned or blamed
someone who is guilty of a crime
clear from accusations
Tip
The word crime uses the Latin root crim, which means fault or
crime. The following chart shows some other words with the root
crim.
Word
criminal
criminology
decriminalize
incriminate
Meaning
person who commits a crime
study of crime, criminals, or law enforcement
remove the criminal status of something
show evidence of involvement in a crime
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Identify another word using each of the following roots related to law.
1. leg
Note that the word
legitimate is pronounced
two different ways depending
on how it is used. Pronounced
/l@ ji> t@ met/, it is an adjective
meaning accepted by law, and
pronounced /l@g ji> t@ m6t/, it
is a verb meaning to give legal
status or to show to be justified.
Tip
2. jur or jus
3. culp
Write a contextual sentence using a word that uses the given root.
4. leg
5. jur or jus
6. culp
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Name: Date:
2. An oligarchy is government by
.
A. the people
B. the rich
C. a few
D. religious leaders
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Tip
-logy
-metry
-nomy
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Number or Amount
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
hundred, hundredth
thousand, thousandth
half
many
Meaning
star, space
life
chemical
earth
habitat or environment
sun
water
science
process or science of measuring
system of laws or sum of
knowledge of a specific field
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Try It Yourself
Tip
ExErCIsE A
2. chemistry
3. polygon
4. quadrilateral
word parts
context clues
text support
glossaries and dictionaries
ask for help
5. millimeter
6. trigonometry
7. deciliter
8. astronomy
9. kilogram
10. geology
Try It Yourself
Tip
ExErCIsE B
Use your word study skills to define each underlined term. Use a
dictionary to check your response.
1. To determine the perimeter of the quadrilateral, find the sum of all
of the sides.
2. Thirty percent of 270 is 81.
3. What is the diameter of a circle?
diameter
= 4 cm
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Technology Terms
Understand the Concept
One of the sources of constant change in the English language is the
need to identify or describe devices, actions, and processes related to
new technology. From cyberspace to telecommute, new technologies
have demanded new language with which to talk about them and the
worlds they create.
To unlock the meaning of technology terms, use the same word study
tools that you would use for any other words:
context clues
word parts
text support
the dictionary
help from others
Meaning
Example
cyber-
network
cyberspace
digi-
digital
digitocracy
e-
electronic
net-
netiquette
tech-
technical, technological
technophile
tele-
distance
teleconference
web-
website
Consider the word teleconference. This word adds the prefix tele to
the root word conference and means conference from a distance using
technology such as telephones or webcast. Similarly, by understanding
the meaning of techno and phile, you can determine that a
technophile is a person who loves technology.
Remember that many new words are coined by combining parts of
existing words. This process happens frequently and rapidly in the quickly
evolving technological world. For example, the word webcast is a blend
of website and broadcast and refers to a means of transmitting video and
audio over long distances via the Internet, or World Wide Web.
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Tip
ExErCIsE A
ecyberdigiinettechnotele-
Know technology-related
prefixes.
electronic
cybernetic
digital
related to the Internet
related to the Internet
technical, technological
distance
4. technostress
5. netco
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
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Tip
Weird Words
Understand the Concept
There are many words you should know because they are used
frequently and will help you communicate with others. They will make
your writing and speech more precise and clear to your audience, and
they will help you understand what you read and hear.
There are other words you will want to know even though they
arent widely used. These words may have unusual spellings, be fun to
pronounce, or have unique features. See the list below and use your
word study notebook to track weird or wacky words you uncover.
Word
balderdash
blatherskite
bruxer
defenestrate
floccinaucinihilipilification
gastrocnemious
humdudgeon
jactitation
jiffle
mulligurbs
pollincter
snollygoster
Meaning
senseless talk or writing; nonsense
nonsense or foolish talk
person who frequently grinds teeth
fringed or having a border
act of judging something to be worthless
largest muscle in the calf
imaginary illness
restless tossing of a body during illness
fidget; shuffle
depression
person who prepares a dead body for
cremation or embalming
unprincipled person, especially a
politician
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Choose five of the words from the list above and use them in contextual
sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Antagonyms
Some words have two meanings that are opposite or nearly opposite
each other. These words have been called antagonyms or contranyms.
Consider the following:
belie
to give a false impression
to show something to be false
bound
moving toward
tied; unable to move
cleave
to adhere tightly
to cut apart
Tip
oversight
careful supervision
omission or error
sanction
to approve or support
to impose a penalty
transparent
see-through
obvious
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Can you think of two contradictory meanings for the following words?
1. apparent
Meaning 1:
Meaning 2:
2. fast
Meaning 1:
Meaning 2:
3. clip
Meaning 1:
Meaning 2:
Onomatopoeic Words
Onomatopoeia is the use of words or phrases that sound like the things
to which they refer, such as buzz, pop, and honk.
Try it Yourself
ExErCIsE C
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A certain number of
onomatopoeic words fall
into a category called reduplicative
words. Reduplicative words are
compound words in which the
second word somehow duplicates
the first. Onomatopoeic examples
include ding-dong, flip-flop,
bow-wow, and ping-pong. Many
more reduplicative words are not
onomatopoeic, including dillydally, wishy-washy, ship-shape,
blue blood, and artsy-fartsy, to
name just a few.
Tip
Tip
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LEssON 32
To determine the
meaning of a word, first
Use context clues
Use what you know about word
parts
Use text support
Tip
Then
Look up the word in a dictionary
Ask for help
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE A
Try It Yourself
ExErCIsE B
Choose ten words from your word study notebook. Write an article or
essay using these words. Use a separate sheet of paper. When you have
finished, practice speaking the words by reading your article or essay
aloud to a partner.
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Answer Key
Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook, page 1
Try It Yourself
Try It Yourself
word: vacuous
pronunciation: \vak> y2 @s\
definition: stupid, lacking ideas
contextual sentence: Reponses will vary.
Students should set up a sample page for another
word from the newspaper.
E x e r c ise A
1. wall
2. fir
3. shield
4. answered
5. your
E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise A
1. one
2. Students might say Anglo-Saxon words
are simple and concrete and that they tend
to refer to objects that would have been
common in an agricultural society.
E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise B
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5. A. tablet
6. C. type of speech
7. D. feathers
8. C. renter
Latin-derived words
9. C. passionate
10. D. masculine
11. A. to become accustomed
12. C. place to rest
13. A. talkative
14. B. inclined surface
15. D. evil scheme or plot
16. C. spacious
Greek-derived words
17. D. provoke
18. C. long period of time
19. B. independence
20. A. energetic
21. B. religious belief
22. C. predicament
23. A. massive
24. C. uniform; well-mixed
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7. tribulation
root: tribula, to oppress (from Latin
tribulare)
suffix: -tion, action or process of
8. undiscerning
prefix: un-, not
prefix:
dis-, apart
root: cern, to sift (from Latin cernere)
suffix: -ing, having the quality of
1. morosely
2. unnoticed
3. sincerely
4. heavily
5. summarily
E x e r c ise B
Spelling Patterns
1. B. withhold
2. D. mediocre
3. A. noticeable
4. B. recede
5. D. beginning
6. C. committee
7. B. hypocrite
8. C. unnatural
9. B. privileges
10. C. embarrassed
11. C. receive
12. A. irrelevant
13. A. occasionally
14. C. misspell
Try It Yourself
3. B. ambidextrous
4. D. septuplets
5. B. misnomer
6. C. postlude
7. B. accreditation
8. A. inoperable
9. C. subfloor
10. A. depopulated
11. A. atypical
12. B. insurmountable
13. C. quadruped
1. recedes
2. exceeded
3. shield
4. precede
5. relief
E x e r c ise C
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E x e r c ise A
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Try It Yourself
E x e r c ise A
1. B. united
2. C. haphazard
3. D. optimistic
4. C. free
5. A. inexplicable
6. D. practical
7. D. timid
8. D. glib
9. C. difficult
10. C. stinginess
11. C. nave
12. B. protests
13. B. flirtation; trifle
14. A. strong
15. C. mildness
16. B. respects
17. B. temporary
18. C. increase
19. B. shackled
20. A. takes away
E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise A
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1. TBA
Stands for: to be announced
Meaning: information will be released at a
later time
2. TLC
Stands for: tender loving care
Meaning: affectionate treatment
3. DOB
Stands for: date of birth
Meaning: when you were born
4. FEMA
Stands for: Federal Emergency Management
Agency
Meaning: government agency that provides
disaster assistance
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5. NASCAR
Stands for: National Association for Stock
Car Auto Racing
Meaning: auto racing group
6. FAQ
Stands for: frequently asked questions
Meaning: list of questions and answers
7. DPI
Stands for: dots per inch
Meaning: indicator for print quality
8. UFO
Stands for: unidentified flying object
Meaning: alien spacecraft or something
believed to be one
E x e r c ise B
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E x e r c ise B
1. your
2. youre
3. its
4. its
5. theyre
6. there
7. their
8. whose
9. whos
10. Its
1. complimented
2. pare
3. piece
4. peace
5. whether
6. cereal
7. airs
8. pair
9. sent
10. feet
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E x e r c ise B
1. forgettable: unforgettable
2. permeable: impermeable
3. healthy: unhealthy
4. exact: inexact
5. regular: irregular
6. connect: disconnect
7. climactic: anticlimactic
8. literate: illiterate
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9. equal: unequal
10. agree: disagree
1. F
2. L
3. L
4. L
5. F
6. F
E x e r c ise B
1. I
2. I
3. H
4. I
5. H
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6. I
7. I
8. H
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5. democratic
origin: from Greek prefix demo, people
plus kratia, rule
meaning: adjective that describes a form of
government ruled by citizens
sentence: The governor was selected through
the democratic process.
6. whip
origin: Middle English hwippen or whippen,
Middle Dutch wippen, to move quickly
meaning: a rope used to hit a person or
animal so as to punish or encourage quick
movement; in politics, a whip is a party
member responsible for ensuring that others
vote in a manner dictated by the party
leaders
sentence: The position of whip requires the
ability to use either friendly encouragement
or blustery threats to keep party members in
line.
7. filibuster
origin: Spanish filibustero, pirate, or
French flibustier, freebooter (mercenary
soldier)
meaning: the use of dilatory tactics to delay
the passage of legislation
sentence: In the 1960s, southern
conservative Democrats used the filibuster
to delay passage of civil rights legislation for
several years.
8. empire
origin: Anglo-French empirie, from Latin
imperium, absolute authority, and
imperare, to command
meaning: an extensive territory ruled by a
single sovereign authority
sentence: At the height of its power, the
British Empire ruled one quarter of the land
surface on earth.
9. vote
origin: Latin votum
meaning: v., to cast a ballot; n., a ballot or a
formal expression of opinion or choice
sentence: I will vote for the candidate with
the best plan for the economy.
10. mayor
origin: derived from major, the military
governor of a city during martial law;
ultimately from Latin maior, more; greater
meaning: the leader of a city
sentence: Although a mayor is the political
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E x e r c ise A
E x e r c ise A
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E x e r c ise B
E x e r c ise A
E x e r c ise B
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