EXPERIMENT 1

Objective:- Familiarisation with EDA tools.

Theory:What are EDA tools?
EDA stands for Electronic Design Tools, which is a category of software tools
for designing electronic systems, such as- printed circuit board, integrated
circuit. The tools work together in design flow that chip designers use to design
and analyse entire semiconductor chip. EDA is often known as CAE(Computer
Aided Engineering) and ECAD(Electronic Computer Aided Designing),
acknowledging the crucial role EDA plays in the design phase.
While the consumers mostly focus on the end products and is mostly unaware
of the chips and circuits inside. So, without EDA , there would be no electronic
designers in the market. The unrelenting drive to produce even smaller and more
complex electronic components and microprocessors for use in computers,
automobiles, household devices and in thousands of areas of modern life has
fuelled the need of ultra powerful EDA platform to design these systems .
Types of EDA toolsTo design different electronic devices and ICs, we need different types of EDA
tools. Some of the EDA tools are1. Alliance: It is a complete set of free CAD tools portable libraries for VLSI
design. It includes a VHDL compiler and simulator, logic synthesis tools and
automatic place and route tools. Advanced verification tools for functional
abstraction and static timing analysis are part of the system. Complete set of
portable CMOS libraries is provided, including a RAM generator, a ROM
generator and a data path provider.
2. State CAD: It automates state machine development in VHDL and Verilog.
Using the FSM wizard, complex, concurrent state machines are specified.
Fandom logic and Mealy/Moore outputs are added to complete the design. To
meet tough product requirements, State CAD optimises the code it generates for
speed, area , loading and more. Vendor specific generation code guarantees the
design will function, with your tools, as you aspect. State CAD has code
generators for all top name products from Synopsis, view LOGIC, Altera and
more.

3.Art Builder: It generates fully synthesizable RT- level VHDL and

Verilog HDL from a large subset of ANSI-C. ART designer 2.3 lets you
interactively drive and explore multiple dedicated hardware architectures from
softwares, using only ANSI-C or systems C programs. When the design is
optimized, the tool automatically generates a fully synthesizable Verilog or
VHDL description. This latest version of the tool has enhancements geared
specifically to FPGA architectures from Altera and Xilinx.
4.Active HDL: It is a completely integrated, powerful HDL design and
simulation environment. Active HDL is offered in three product configurations
to adapt to all the design styles.
5.TEST BENCHER PRO: It generates reactive VHDL and Verilog test
benches bus functional modes from language independent timing diagrams.
APPLICATIONS OF EDA TOOLS:
EDA tools help the system designer to use the latest technology and
explore different design approaches.
EDA programs allow the designer to model the systems performance
and estimate its power needs.
It helps the ASIC logic designers put their logic design ideas into
computer form.
The high complexity of integrated circuits: EDA helps the layout
designer place and route millions of components on the ICs.
It helps check hundreds of physical and electrical design rules.
EDA helps product companies achieve more complex chips with lower cost,
shorter time in the market.
It helps all of us, wherever we have electronic systems-like in cell
phones and satellite communications.
TV and personal entertainment products ,smarter cars and even in
military systems.

WHERE ARE EDA TOOLS USED?

Engineers use EDA tools to design electronic products. Electronic products
include just about anything that plugs into the walls or uses the batteries for
electric power, such as computers, cell phones, digital cameras and
communication equipment. Electronic products are used in houses ,
automobiles, aerospace products, and all kinds of industrial products.

EXPERIMENT- 2
Objective: Learning to capture schematic and use simulation commands.
Theory:Simulation
Functional verification tool confirms that the functionality of a model of a circuit
conforms to the intended or specified behaviour, by simulation or by formal
verification methods. These tools are must have tools. There are two major tool sets
for simulation: Functional (Logic) simulation tools and Timing simulation tools.
Functional simulators verify the logical behaviour of a design based on design entry.
The design primitives used in this stage must be characterized completely. Timing
simulators on the other hand perform timing verifications at multiple stages of the
design. In this simulation the real behaviour of the system is verified when
encountering the circuit delays and circuit elements in actual device. In general, the
simulation information reflects the actual length of the device interconnects. This
information is back annotated to the corresponding design entry for final logic
simulation. That is why this process of simulation sometimes is called back annot

Placing and editing parts

Add library: Display a standard open dialog box that you can use
to locate a library and add it to the libraries.
Remove libraries: Remove the selected libraries from the list.
Part search: Open the part search dialog box, so you can search for
a part in all the libraries listed in a particular directory.
To find a part
1. In the schematic page editor, choose part from the place menu.
2. Click the part search button . The box is appear.
3. Enter the part name you want to locate.
4. Click browse to locate the directory where your libraries are
located.
5. Click begin search. Capture returns the names of all the libraries
in the specified directory, that contain your part.
RESULT: Hence learned how to capture schematic and use simulation commands.

EXPERIMENT-3
Objective:- To simulate a circuit containing various gates.
Tool Used:- OrCAD Capture
Theory: A Digital Logic Gate is an electronic device that makes logical
decisions based on the different combinations of digital signals present on its
inputs. Digital logic gates may have more than one input but generally only
have one digital output. Individual logic gates can be connected together to
form combinational or sequential circuits, or larger logic gate functions.
In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can
be used to store state information. A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator. The
circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control
inputs and will have one or two outputs.

(i) Digital gates IC-7404

IC-7408
1- NOT gate: A NOT gate has only 1 input and 1 output. It simply
complements the binary input applied to it. i.e. when the input is 0, output
is 1.
2-AND gate: An AND gate has 2 inputs and 1output. Its output is 1 only when
both of the inputs is 1, else it is 0.
3-OR gate: An OR gate has 2 inputs and 1 output. Its output is 1when either of
the 2 inputs is 1, else it is 0.

IC-7432

7400

IC-

IC-7402

4-NAND gate: A NAND gate is also a 2 input, 1 output device whose ouput is 1
when either of the two inputs is 0, else it is 1.
5-NOR gate: A NOR gate is a 2 input, 1 output device whose output is 1 when
both the inputs are 0, else it is 0.

Schematic:-

1. NOT GATE

2. AND GATE

3. OR GATE

4. NAND GATE

5. NOR GATE

Output:-

1.OUTPUT OF NOT GATE

2. OUTPUT OF AND GATE

3. OUTPUT OF OR GATE

4. OUTPUT OF NAND GATE

5. OUTPUT OF NOR GATE

EXPERIMENT 4
Objective:- To simulate S-R and J-K flip-flop.
Tool Used:- OrCAD Capture
Theory:(ii)
Flip
flops 1- S-R flip
flop:

2-J-K flip flop:

Schematic:-

1. S-R FLIP-FLOP

2. MASTER-SLAVE J-K FLIP-FLOP

Output:-

1. OUTPUT OF S-R FLIP-FLOP

2. OUTPUT OF MASTER-SLAVE J-K FLIP-FLOP

EXPERIMENT 5
Objective:- To simulate a circuit of 4:1 multiplexer and 1:4 demultiplexer.
Tool Used:- OrCAD Capture
Theory:A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one
of the many input lines and directs it to a single output line. The selection of a
particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines. Normally there are
2n input lines and n selection lines whose bit combinations determine which
input is selected.
A demutiplexer is a combinational circuit which takes a single input signal and
transmits it to the multiple output lines connected to it. Here also, the output line
to which the input signal is transmitted is determined by the bits combination of
the selection lines.
Schematic:-

(1) 1:4-MULTIPLEXER

(2) 4:1-DEMULTIPLEXER

Output:-

(1) OUTPUT OF 1:4-MULTIPLEXER

(2) OUTPUT OF1:4-DEMULTIPLEXER

EXPERIMENT-6
Objective:- To design and simulate a 2- digit BCD adder/subtractor.
Tool Used:- OrCAD Capture
Theory:- A BCD adder is a 4-bit binary adder that is capable of adding two 4bit words having a BCD (binary-coded decimal) format. The result of the
addition is a BCD-format 4-bit output word, representing the decimal sum of the
addend and augend, and a carry that is generated if this sum exceeds a decimal
value of 9.
A BCD adder requires two parallel binary adders. The first adder adds the
corresponding bits of the two input BCD numbers. It has an inbuilt circuitry
which checks the carry generated after the addition of the two numbers. If any
carry is generated, the BCD number is invalid. So, the second circuit adds
6(0110) to the BCD number to make it a valid BCD number which is the final
output of the adder.
Schematic:-

OUTPUT:

EXPERIMENT 7
Objective:- To simulate a class A amplifier.
Tool Used:- OrCAD Capture
Schematic:-

Output:-

EXPERIMENT- 8
Objective:- To design and simulateLow-pass filter, High-pass filter and Band-pass
filter .

Tool Used:- OrCAD Capture

THEORY:LOW-PASS FILTER
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain
cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff
frequency. The amount of attenuation for each frequency depends on the filter design.
The filter is sometimes called a high-cut filter, or treble cut filter in audio applications.
Low-pass filters exist in many different forms including electronic circuits. The
simplest low-pass filter can be achieved by combining a resistor and capacitance in
series and taking the output across capacitor. Another type of electrical circuit is an
active low-pass filter. In the operational amplifier circuit shown in the figure, the
cutoff frequency is defined as:
1

fC= 2 R 2C 1
1
= (2 20 K 0.01 )

=795.77 Hz

LOW-PASS FILTER CIRCUIT

LOW-PASS FILTER OUTPUT

HIGH-PASS FILTER
A high-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes signals with a frequency higher
than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the
cutoff frequency. The amount of attenuation for each frequency depends on the filter
design. A high-pass filter is usually modeled as a linear time invariant system. Highpass filters have many uses, such as blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero
average voltages or radio frequency devices.
The given circuit shows an active electronic implementation of a first order high pass
filter using an operational amplifier. In this case, the filter has a passband gain of R3
R2

and has a cutoff frequency of

1

fc= 2 R 2C 1
1

= (2 25 K 0.01 )
=636.62 Hz

HIGH-PASS FILTER CIRCUIT

HIGH-PASS FILTER OUTPUT

BAND-PASS FILTER
A band-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes signals with frequencies contained
in a bandwidth of certain frequencies and attenuates all other signals with frequencies
higher than and lower than bandwidth. The given circuit shows an electronic
implementation of band-pass filter using op amp. The cutoff frequencies are given by
lower cutoff frequency fc1 and higher cutoff frequency fc2 . The lower cutoff frequency
is given by
1

fc1= 2 R 5C 2
1

= (2 75 K 0.01 )
=212.21 Hz
The higher cutoff frequency is given by
1

fc2= 2 R 4 C 1
1
= (2 10 K 0.01 )

=1.6 KHz

BAND-PASS FILTER CIRCUIT

BAND-PASS FILTER OUTPUT

RESULT: Low-pass filter, high-pass filter and band-pass filter are verified using opamps, resistors and capacitors.

EXPERIMENT- 9
Objective:- To design and Simulateof 2-stage class A amplifier.
Tool Used:- OrCAD Capture
THEORY:-For many amplification purposes, a single transistor does not
provide enough gain, so multiple circuits, or stages of amplification are
needed. When an amplifier contains multiple stages. The total gain is the
product of the individual stage gains:
Gain=G1*G2*G3 etc.,
Hence, we use the 2-stage transistor configuration which is cascading of 2 single stage
amplifiers, these types of devices are basically two transistors within a single package,
one small pilot transistor and another larger switching transistor. The big
advantage of these devices are that the input impedance is suitably large while the
output impedance is relatively low, thereby reducing the power loss and therefore the
heat within the switching device.

2-STAGE CLASS A AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

2-STAGE CLASS A AMPLIFER OUTPUT

RESULT: The amplification of 2-Stage classA amplifier is performed using

transistors, resistors and capacitors. The input signal is amplified.