1.Which
processes
of
photosynthesis
occur
only
in
the
light?
Which
processes
do
not
require
light?
Photosynthesis
consists
of
a
pathway
that
harvests
light
energy
and
transforms
it
in
to
chemical
energy
in
the
form
of
ATP
and
NADPH
(Z-scheme)
plus
a
pathway
that
uses
ATP
and
NADPH
to
make
glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate
from
CO2.
Light
is
only
required
for
the
Z-scheme,
the
reactions
of
the
Calvin
cycle
can
proceed
in
the
dark
as
long
as
ATP
and
NADPH
are
present.
There
lies
the
rubhow
long
does
the
ATP
&
NADPH
last
in
the
dark?
Probably
depends
upon
the
plant.
2.
Why
does
photorespiration,
an
energetically
wasteful
process,
happen?
Firstly,
evolution
isnt
worried
about
waste,
just
functionality.
Photorespiration
happens
because
rubisco
can
use
O2
as
a
substrate,
albeit
not
as
effectively
as
it
does
CO2.
There
may
have
been
some
adaptive
purpose
to
photorespiration
early
in
plant
evolution
and
it
remains
a
vestigial
function,
not
useful
but
also
not
selected
against.
3. Some
plants
synthesize
a
sugar
known
as
2-carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate.
This
compound
inhibits
the
activity
of
rubisco.
-2
a.
What
is
the
probable
mechanism
of
action
of
this
inhibitor
CH20P03
l
HOCCO2-
Resembles
the
transition
state
for
the
rubisco
reaction,
so
it
binds
in
l
the
active
site
of
the
enzyme
HCOH
l
HCOH
b. Plants
make
the
inhibitor
at
night
and
break
it
down
during
l
the
d ay,
Why?
CH2OH
The
inhibitor
is
then
available
to
prevent
rubisco
activity
when
levels
of
ATP
and
NADPH
are
low
but
available
when
levels
of
these
molecules
are
high.
4. The
inner
chloroplast
membrane
is
impermeable
to
large
polar
and
ionic
compounds
such
as
NADPH
and
ATP.
Thus,
the
membrane
has
a
antiport
protein
that
facilitates
the
passage
of
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
out
of
the
chloroplast
in
exchange
for
a
phosphate
ion
(Pi).What
function
does
this
transporter
serve?
Moves
the
products
of
the
Calvin
cycle
into
the
cytoplasm
for
synthesis
into
glucose
and
moves
phosphate
into
the
chloroplast
for
ATP
synthesis.
5. An
activating
CO2
reacts
with
a
lysine
side
chain
in
rubisco
to
carboxylate
it.
The
carboxylation
reaction
is
favored
at
high
pH,
why?
The
unprotonated
side
chain
can
act
as
a
nucleophile
in
the
reaction
with
CO2