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INTRODUCTION
The magnitude of the force of attraction or repulsion between two electric
charges at rest was studied by Charles Coulomb. He formulated a law ,known as
"COULOMB'S LAW".
STATEMENT
According to Coulomb's law:
MATHEMATICAL
REPRESENTATION OF
COULOMB'S LAW
Consider two point charges q1 and q2 placed at a distance of r from each other.
Let the electrostatic force between them is F.
OR
---------------------(I)
Where k is the constant of proportionality.
VALUE OF K
Value of K is equal to 1/4π ε 0
where ε o is permittivity of free space .Its volume is 8.85 x 10-12 c2/Nm2.
Thus in S.I. system numerical value of K is 8.98755 x 109 Nm2c-2.
OTHER FORMS OF
COULOMB'S LAW
Putting the value of K = 1/4π ε 0 in equation (i)
FORCE IN THE PRESENCE
OF DIELECTRIC MEDIUM
If the space between the charges is filled with a non conducting medium or an
insulator called "dielectric", it is found that the dielectric reduces the electrostatic
force as compared to free space by a factor (ε r) called DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT. It is denoted by ε r . This factor is also known as RELATIVE
PERMITTIVITY. It has different values for different dielectric materials.
In the presence of a dielectric between two charges the Coulomb's law is
expressed as:
VECTOR FORM OF
COULOMB'S LAW
The magnitude as well as the direction of electrostatic force can be expressed by
using Coulomb's law by vector equation:
Where is the force exerted by q1 on q2 and is the unit vector along the
line joining the two charges from q1 to q2.
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ELECTRIC LINES
OF FORCE
In order to point out the direction of an electric field we can draw a number of lines
called electric lines of force.
DEFINITION
An electric line of force is an imaginary continuous line or curve drawn in an electric
field such that tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the electric force at
that point.The direction of a line of force is the direction along which a small free
positive charge will move along the line. It is always directed from positive charge to
negative charge.www.citycollegiate.com
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC
LINES OF FORCE
Lines of force originate from a positive charge and terminate to a negative charge.
The tangent to the line of force indicates the direction of the electric field and
electric force.
Electric lines of force are always normal to the surface of charged body.
Two electric lines of force proceeding in the same direction repel each other.
Two electric lines of force proceeding in the opposite direction attract each other.
The line of force are imaginary but the field it represents as real.
Consider a point charge q called SOURCE CHARGE placed at a point ‘O’ in space. To
find its intensity at a point ‘p’ at a distance ‘r’ from the point charge we place a
test charge 'q'.
The force experienced by the test charge q’ will be:
F = Eq’----(1)
According to coulomb's law the electrostatic force between them is given by:
This shows that the electric intensity due to a point charge is directly
proportional to the magnitude of charge q and inversely proportional to the
square of distance.
EFFECT OF
DIELECTRIC
MEDIUM
If there is a medium of dielectric constant (ε r) between the source charge and
the field charge,intensity at a point will decrease ε r times i.e.
VECTORIAL
FORM
ELECTRIC FLUX
GENERAL MEANING
OF ELECTRIC FLUX
In common language flux refers to the flow or stream of any thing from one point to
another point. In the similar way electric flux is the total number of lines of force
passing through a surface.
PHYSICAL MEANING OF
ELECTRIC FLUX
In physical sense, electric flux is defined as:
"The total number of lines of force passing through the unit area of a surface
held perpendicularly."
MATHEMATICAL MEANING
OF ELECTRIC FLUX
Mathematically the electric flux is defined as:
"The dot product of electric field intensity (E) and the vector area (∆ A) is
called electric flux."
Consider a small positive point charge +q placed at the centre of a closed sphere
of radius "r".
Similarly,
Electric flux through other segments
Being a scalar quantity, the total flux through the sphere will be equal to the
algebraic sum of all these flux i.e.
This expression shows that the total flux through the sphere is 1/ε O times the
charge enclosed (q) in the sphere.
The total flux through closed sphere is independent of the radius of sphere .
GAUSS’S LAW
INTRODUCTION
Gauss’s law is a quantitative relation which applies to any closed hypothetical
surface called Gaussian surface to determine the total flux (Ø) through the
surface and the net charge(q) enclosed by the surface.
STATEMENT
"The total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to 1/ε o
times the total charge enclosed by the surface."
PROOF
Consider a Gaussian surface as shown below which encloses a number of point
charges q1,q2,q3…….qn
Draw imaginary spheres around each charge. Now we make use of the fact that
the electric flux through a sphere is q/ε o
Flux due to q will be Gaussian Surface
1
Ø1 = q1/ε o
Flux due to q2 will be
Ø2 = q2/ε o
Hence the total flux Øe will be the sum of all flux i.e
Ø = Ø1 + Ø2+ Ø3 +Ø4 ……….+ Øn
Ø = q1/ε o+ q2/ε o+ q3/ε o+……….. +qn/ε
Ø = 1/ε o(q1+ q2+ q3+……….. +qn)
Ø = 1 /ε o x ( total charge)
This shows that the total electric flux through a closed surface regardless of its
shape or size is numerically equal to 1 /ε o times the total charge enclosed by
the surface.
Consider a plane infinite sheet on which positive charges are uniformly spread.
Let ,
The total charges on sheet = q
Total area of sheet =A
Charge density (σ )= q/A (charge per unit area )
Take two points p and p’ near the sheet. Draw a cylinder from P to P'. Take this
cylinder as a Gaussian surface. Consider a closed surface in front of cylinder
such that p lies at one of its end faces.
The angle between E and normal n to the cylindrical surface is 90 .So the flux
through the cylindrical surface: www.citycollegiate.com
Ø = E A cos θ
Ø = E A cos90
Ø = E A(0)
Ø=0
The angle between E and normal n at the end of the surface P and P' is 0.hence
the flux through one end surface P:
Ø1 = E A cos θ
Ø1 = E A cos 0
Ø1 = E A (1)
Ø1 = E A
Similarly the flux through other end face P':
Ø2 = E A
Since electric flux is a scalar quantity, therefore, total flux through both surfaces
is:
Øt = ∆ Ø1 + ∆ Ø2
Øt = E A + E A
Øt = 2EA ...........(i)
According to gauss’s law : www.citycollegiate.com
Total flux through a closed surface is 1/ ε Ο x (charge enclosed) i.e.
Øt = 1/ ε Ο x q.............(ii)
Comparing equations (i) and (ii)
2EA = 1/ ε Ο x q
E = q/ ε Ο x 1/2A
or
E = q/ ε Ο 2A
E = (q/A) X 1/2 ε Ο
But q/A = σ , therefore,
Consider two oppositely charged plates placed parallel to each other. Let these
plates are separated by a small distance as compared to their size.
Surface density of charge on each plate is 'σ ' .Since the electric lines of force
are parallel except near the edges, each plate may be regarded as a sheet of
charges.
Since both intensities are directed from +ve to –ve plate hence total intensity
between the plates will be equal to the sum of E1 and E2
CAPACITOR
CAPACITOR
Capacitor is an electronic device, which is used to store electric charge or electrical
energy
A system of two conductors separated by air or any insulating material forms a
capacitor as
shown below:
PRINCIPLE OF CAPACITOR
The principle of capacitor is based on the fact that the potential of a conductor is
greatly reduced
and its capacity is increased without affecting the electric charge in it by placing
another earth connected conductor or an oppositely charged conductor in its
neighborhood. This arrangement is therefore able to store electric charge.
Capacitor are designed to have large capacity of storing electric charge without
having large dimensions.
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PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
A parallel plate capacitor consists of two conducting plates of same dimensions.
These plates are
placed parallel to each other. Space between the plates is filled with air or any
insulating material (dielectric). One plate is connected to positive terminal and
other is connected to negative term-
inal of power supply. The plate connected to positive terminal acquires positive
charge and the
other plate connected to negative terminal acquires equal negative charge .The
charges are stored between the plates of capacitor due to attraction.
The ability of a capacitor to store electric charge between its plates is its capacity
or capacitance.
DEFINITION
The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as:
"The ratio of electric charge stored on any one
of the plates of capacitor to potential difference
between the plates."
Mathematically
C=Q/V
UNIT OF CAPACITANCE
In S.I. system unit of capacitance is
Coulomb / volt
OR
Farad
Farad is a large unit therefore in general practice we use small units
(1) uF (microfarad) 1 uF = 1x10-6 F
(2) uuF (Pico farad) 1 uuF = 1x10-12 F
CAPACITANCE OF A
PARALLEL PLATE
CAPACITOR
Consider a parallel plate capacitor as shown below:
Let
The area of each plate = A
The separation between plates = d
Medium = air
Surface density of charge on each plate = σ
The electric field intensity between the plates of capacitor is given by
E= σ /ε o
Potential difference between the plates of capacitor can be calculated by the
following relation
V = Ed
Putting the value of "E"
V= ( σ /ε o) x d
But σ = Q/A
V = Qd/A.ε o
Aε oV = Qd…………(a)
We know that
The electric charge stored on any one of plate of capacitor is
Q = CV……………(b)
Putting the value of Q in (a)
Aε oV = CVd
Cd = Aε o
C = Aε o/d