ANSWER QUESTION.

1.Reflux is a suitable method during a prolong heating experiment because the

technique more suitable to dissolve a solid when heating with consistent.
2.It is because the apparatus of Buchner filtration are most effective to dry the
crystal/solid with vacuum.
3.The solid obtained need to be rinse with cold solvent because the solid must form
with the crystal formed.
4.i.The solvent should not react with the compound that being crystalli6ed.
ii.The solvent should be readily dissolves the liquid 'solute( when the solvent is hot
but not when it is cold.
iii.The solvent should be inert but few are for example acetic acid is sometimes
usedas a solvent although it will react with basic compounds.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the obJective of this experiment was learned that is how to set up a
reflux and Buchner filtration apparatus the technique of dissolving a solid by reflux
and the importance of using reflux and Buchner filtration techniques.
HOW TO SET UP
Pour filtrate into Buchner funnel with correct size* filter paper already in place. The
filter paper is wetted with the vacuum on. To get as much solid as possible, swirl
before pouring.
*smallest size - D=4.25 cm - from Service Center Counter

Avoid the most common mistakes: the use of thin-walled hose (it collapses under
vacuum), forgetting the neoprene vacuum adapter (without it there is no vacuum),
and connecting to natural gas instead of vacuum (!!).

Check out with the vacuum tap before connecting to it and determine by the sound
which position gives maximum vacuum - the taps do vary a little.

Clamping is recommended.

REMINDER: Vacuum filtration is the method of choice for collection of a solid

product. Typically, to remove solid impurities from a desired solution, gravity
filtration is used instead. In both processes the solution passing through the filter is
called the "filtrate."

Step 2:

2001,2002 Daniel A. Straus

Wash the filter cake (collected solid) with a couple of small portions of cold solvent
(The photo shows that the wash solvent can do double duty by using it to rinse
some of the solid left behind onto the filter):
Turn vacuum off.

Pour in cold wash solvent to cover solid.

Turn vacuum on.

Repeat.

Air-dry: suck air through the filter cake for a few minutes to remove much of the
solvent.

(A drying procedure is often the next step, to purify the product of solvent traces.)

OBJECTIVES-CONCLUSION 1B
Distillation

Distillation is the process of heating a liquid until it boils, then condensing and
collecting the resultant hot vapors. Mankind has applied the principles of distillation
for thousands of years. Distillation was probably first used by ancient Arab chemists
to isolate perfumes. Vessels with a trough on the rim to collect distillate, called
diqarus, date back to 3500 BC.

In the modern organic chemistry laboratory, distillation is a powerful tool, both for
the identification and the purification of organic compounds. The boiling point of a
compound is one of the physical properties used to identify it. Distillation is used to
purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material.
When different compounds in a mixture have different boiling points, they separate
into individual components when the mixture is carefully distilled.

Distillation for Boiling Point Determination

The organic teaching labs employ distillation routinely, both for the identification
and the purification of organic compounds. The boiling point of a compound,
determined by distillation, is well-defined and thus is one of the physical properties
of a compound by which it can be identified. Distillation is used to purify a
compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material. Because
different compounds often have different boiling points, the components often
separate from a mixture when the mixture is distilled.

The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase
of a compound equals the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. The
external pressure is usually the atmospheric pressure. For instance, consider a liquid
heated in an open flask. The vapor pressure of the liquid will increase as the
temperature of the liquid increases, and when the vapor pressure equals the
atmospheric pressure, the liquid will boil. Different compounds boil at different
temperatures because each has a different, characteristic vapor pressure:
compounds with higher vapor pressures will boil at lower temperatures.

Boiling points are usually measured by recording the boiling point (or boiling range)
on a thermometer while performing a distillation. This method is used whenever
there is enough of the compound to perform a distillation. The distillation method of
boiling point determination measures the temperature of the vapors above the
liquid. Since these vapors are in equilibrium with the boiling liquid, they are the
same temperature as the boiling liquid. The vapor temperature rather than the pot
temperature is measured because if you put a thermometer actually in the boiling
liquid mixture, the temperature reading would likely be higher than that of the
vapors. This is because the liquid can be superheated or contaminated with other
substances, and therefore its temperature is not an accurate measurement of the
boiling temperature.

If you are using the boiling point to identify a solid compound which you have
isolated in the lab, you will need to compare its boiling point with that of the true
compound. Boiling points are listed in various sources of scientific data, as
referenced on the Chemical Information page on this website.

If you look up the boiling point of a compound in more than one source, you may
find that the values reported differ slightly. The literature boiling point depends on
the method and ability of the technician taking the boiling point, and also on the
purity of the compound. While theoretically all boiling points should be constant
from source to source, in reality the reported boiling points sometimes vary.
Therefore, always reference the source of the physical data which you write in your
lab report.
E.G LAIN
Boiling Points and Distillation
The action of boiling is a process familiar to anybody who has cooked pasta or
brewed tea. As heat is
applied to a pan of water, the temperature of the water increases until it reaches
100C (212F). At this
temperature, additional heat causes the water to bubble vigorously and transforms
liquid water into gaseous
water, or steam. Most organic liquids will behave in a similar fashion. On heating,
the temperature of the
liquid increases until a certain temperature called the boiling point is reached.
Additional heating causes the

liquid to vaporize accompanied by vigorous bubbling of the liquid. The boiling point
of a substance is a
physical property of a substance and can be useful for characterizing that
substance. The process of heating
a substance until it vaporizes, cooling the vapors, and collecting the condensed
liquid is the basis of a
commonly used purification technique called distillation.
ANSWER QUESTION 1B

1.

2.Boiling chips absorb the heat and temperature will increase. Because of the chips
has higher temperature than liquids, then the liquid that contacts with surface of

boiling chips will boils. If a liquid is heated, it may go to temperature above its
boiling point, resulting in sudden spurt. To avoid this spurting, boiling chips are
added.
3.Ethanol

Propane

LUKIS BOND DIA

Ethanol forms bonds between oxygen and hydrogen molecule whereas propane
form only hydrogen bonds .hydrogen bonds are weaker than hydro-oxi bonds thus it
takes more heat to break O-H bond than H-H bonds.

4.The thereotical value is 78 degree celcius while experimental value is 79 degree

celcius. during the distillation, at 92% ethanol-water mixture forms azeotrope which
hampers further distillation. so ethanol can be made 100% pure.
Conclusion:
as a conclusion, the techniques of distillation was learned and the boiling point of
ethanol was determined. Only 92% of ethanol was recovered from the distillation
process. This may be due to the ethanol vapour is still trap in the apparatus during
the boiling process.