INFERENCE

IN TWO MEANS

Inference in Two Independent Means

- determines if there is a significant difference in the means between two groups

Students t-test


Welchs t-test

Z-test for two means
*assuming equal variances


*assuming unequal variances
with known variances
(homscedasticity; = )


(heteroscedasticity; )

( )
( )
( )
=
; =
; =



+

+
+
+
+


df = n1+n2 2

! !

*If two variances are unknown, determine if it differ significantly, using F-test: =

Ho: 21 = 22 ; Ha: 21 = 22

!!!
!!!

!!!
!!!

, where s1> s2.

, where s1> s2, df1 = n1 1, df2 = n2 1

Thus, if computed F > critical F or if p-value < then reject Ho (!! !! ).

Otherwise, failure to reject Ho (!! = !! ).

Examples:

1. (masspar) The BFAD was alarmed due to increasing number of customers purchasing the branded

paracetamol, Bryogesic. Customers believe that it is more effective than the generic drug. So researchers
tested randomly selected samples of Bryogesic and the generic drug to investigate its mass (in mg) of active
ingredient. Data are shown below. Assuming equal variances, do these data provide sufficient evidence that
the mean mass of the active ingredient in Bryogesic is significantly greater than that of the generic drug?
Test at = 0.05.
Bryogesic
523.16
499.17
515.63
512.65
500.77
510.19
521.21
513.88
539.75
537.84



mean = 517.43
s2 = 184.88

Generic
477.59
452.23
463.55
493.54
513.33
450.93
457.47
462.65
498.56
512.19
486.47
458.38
470.72
mean = 476.74
s2 = 486.11

Hypotheses:
Ho: _______________________________________
Ha: _____________________________________
Test Statistic:

Critical Value: _________

Decision: _____________

p-value: __________

Conclusion:
_____________________________________________
____

2. (liverlobe) A hepatologist is interested to determine if the left-to-right lobe liver ratio of patients with
cirrhosis differ with patients with normal liver. Using 17 sonograph images of different patients (9
normal patients and 8 cirrhotic patients), diameters were recorded and left-to-right liver ratio were
computed. The mean left-to-right liver ratio of normal patients is 0.8607 (SD = 0.11487) and 1.2813
(SD = 0.20097) for cirrhotic patients. Do the data provide sufficient evidence that patients with
cirrhosis have significantly greater left-to-right lobe liver ratio as compared to normal patients? Test
at = 0.05.

a) Hypotheses:
Ho: ________________________________________________________________________________
Ha: ________________________________________________________________________________
b) Test Statistic:

c) p-value: ________________________

c) Critical value: _______________

d) Decision:

_______________

e) Conclusion:

_______________________________________________________________________

3. (dengueplt) A group of researchers wanted to determine if the mean platelet counts of patients

diagnosed with dengue is significantly less than those diagnosed with chikungunya. Twenty seven
patients of each group participated and results are as follows (SDdengue = 16.05; SDchikungunya = 76.91):
Diagnosis
Dengue
Chikungunya

Platelet Count
55.19 3.09
271.74 14.80

t stat

p-value

Values are expressed as mean SEM, n = 27.

At 5% level of significance, do the data provide sufficient evidence

that the mean platelet counts of patients diagnosed with dengue is

significantly less than those diagnosed with chikungunya?
a) Hypotheses:
Ho: ________________________________________________________________________________
Ha: ________________________________________________________________________________

b) Test Statistic:

c) p-value: ________________________

c) Critical value: _______________

d) Decision:

_______________

e) Conclusion:

_______________________________________________________________________



4. (dengueplt2) Suppose same group of researchers (as discussed in item # 3) wanted to determine if
other CBC parameters (WBC, RBC, Hematocrit, & Hemoglobin) of patients diagnosed with dengue
significantly differ with those diagnosed with chikungunya.

Actual SPSS outputs:






















Table 1. CBC Parameters of Dengue and Chikungunya Patients
Parameters
Dengue
Chikungunya
t stat
p-value
9
WBC (x10 /L)
5.73 0.59
6.35 0.45
0.827
0.412
RBC (x1012 /L)
4.49 0.13
4.84 0.07
2.319
0.026
HCT
0.38 0.01
0.39 0.01
1.113
0.273
HGB (g/L)
126.78 4.33
130.93 1.98
0.871
0.389
Values expressed as mean SEM.

Statement of the results:

The CBC parameters indicate that the mean RBC [t37.9 = 2.319, p = 0.026] of patients diagnosed with
chikingunya significantly differ with those diagnosed with dengue. This indicates that the RBC of patients
diagnosed with dengue is less by 0.34 x1012 /L (CI95%: 0.04 to 0.64).

The mean WBC (t52 = 0.827, p=0.412), Hematocrit (t35 = 1.113, p = 0.273) and Hemoglobin (t36.4 =
0.871, p = 0.389) of patients diagnosed with dengue and chikingunya do not differ.

5. (reactiontimes.sav) Recent studies seem to indicate that using a cell phone while driving is dangerous.
One reason for this is that a drivers reaction times may slow while he or she is talking on the phone.
Researchers at Miami University measured the reaction times of a sample of drivers who owned a car
phone and the other half was not on the phone. The reaction times are in reactiontimes.sav, and
summary is shown below. Can you conclude that the reaction times for drivers using cell phones are
slower? Test 5% level of significance.
Reaction Time (sec)
Usage
n
Mean
SD
t stat
p-value
On Phone
125
0.646
0.045

<0.001
Not On Phone
145
0.601
0.053
Values expressed as mean SD.

a) Hypotheses:
Ho: ________________________________________________________________________________
Ha: ________________________________________________________________________________
b) Test Statistic:

c) p-value: ________________________

c) Critical value: _______________

d) Decision:

_______________

e) Conclusion:

_______________________________________________________________________
Inference in Two Dependent Means (Paired t-test)
-

determines if there is a significant difference between two means from single group

!

= !!

df = n - 1
!

Example: (fitnripe) Fit n Ripe is a product, which enables the costumers to lose their body weight (in
lbs) after two weeks, along with proper diet and exercise. A random sample of 9 costumers took the
product and their body weights decreased as shown in the table below. At = 0.05, is there sufficient
evidence that the product is effective in losing customers body weight after two weeks?
a) Hypotheses:
Ho: _____________________________________________________
Ha: _____________________________________________________
b) Test Statistic:

c) Critical value: _______________

c) p-value: __________________

d) Decision:

_______________

e) Conclusion:

_______________________________________________________________________