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Innovative Cantilever

Children Swing: The Space


Saving Device
Submitted as a partial requirement
for the course INME4011: Machine Component Design 1, 2007-I
Design Course for B.S. in Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez, Mayagez, PR

Students:
Perez Nieves, Ileana
Undergraduate Student at Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez, Mayagez, PR

Mendoza Padron, Rada


Undergraduate Student at Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez, Mayagez, PR

Aviles Oliveras, Roberto


Undergraduate Student at Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez, Mayagez, PR

Faculty Advisor:
Caseres, Pablo
Professor at Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez, Mayagez, PR

May, 2007

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Objectives
Socialization is extremely important during the development of the human being. For the
children the swings are and have been an important part of the recreation and therefore of their
socialization and development. We as future engineers decided to improve the present swings so that
every children can have a swing in their backyards no matter of the space they have. The main
objective of our project is to design an ergonomic and safe cantilever swing for the average family house.

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Description
As we all know swings can be very fun when you are a kid, they can even be lots of when
you visit the park for the first time in ten or fifteen years. No one ever forgets the first time that
they felt that sensation that they were going to come off flying of the swing and how scary it gets
once you start gaining lots of speed. The main purpose of our project is to design a swing that
doesnt have an excessive cost and with no need of a large backyard. Our main goal is to make a
practical design that at the same time is safe for children from four to ten years old.

An analysis will be made of the moment, shear stress and of fatigue to be able to
calculate the factor of safety that this element can support. We will consider the material to be
used and the different ergonomic aspects for the well-being and safety of the users. Taking into
account these specifications the calculations necessary will be made. We will design a swing
whose structure could be analyzed as a cantilever. The cantilever will have two ropes or attached
to the seat.

There are some constraints imposed by our professor, but we as a team imposed ourselves
some goals that at the same time present new problems to our design.

The minimum

requirements for our project were that the design must have one component subjected to
fluctuating loads, we must make a good material selection and it must have a minimum of two
stress concentrators. We want our device to be easy to install at high heights, which also implies
that is has to be lightweight. In order to achieve this we must figure out a way to assemble the

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whole mechanism in an effective way so that anyone can assemble it with a simple set of
instructions and with the fewer tools possible. We want it to be space efficient and cost efficient.
It must be sturdy enough to resist the loads generated by the swinging motion and it also must be
a marketable product, because the main reason behind any design is to satisfy a specific need. In
our case the need and the problem is simple and complicated at the same time, build a fun,
exciting and safe swing that is marketable.

Our hopes and expectations are very high with this project. First of all we want to know if
we, as engineers are able to come up with an engineering solution to a real world problem where
nothing has been given to us, except the customers need. This presents the ultimate challenge
because, as was mentioned before, it is time to pull all the knowledge that we have gained in the
university and all of our creativity together. We must apply everything we learned in physics,
statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, computer graphics, elements of machine design, etc.
The fact is that not all the knowledge is fresh in our heads, but we must be able to quickly review
the basics and apply the concepts in an effective manner in order to solve the problem in a
satisfactory way, while still meeting the deadline imposed. In some way we feel that this will
prepare us, or will give us a glimpse of what we will be facing on the industry.
Our teams research project consists of designing an innovative type of swing that can be
easily assembled and be space saving. The goal was to create a new type of swing in which use
with the fewest amount of pieces to make it easy to install in a house outdoors and be as safe and
fun as one in a park. In order to be able to generate data that later on will be analyzed to convey

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us specific information on how to build our specific design; by this we mean stresses, strains,
some assumptions had to be made.

Finally once we are done with the design and the corresponding analysis of critical parts,
our objective is to have something in hand that is really marketable.

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Design Details

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This design and calculation task is very different from what we are used to doing which is
calculating values of stresses or finding forces with data that is already given. Here we have to
study our design thoroughly which will enable us to come up with reasonable estimates for the
forces and stresses, which are force concentrations, that will be present in critical elements of our
design. By doing so we will be able to handle our data and design the elements of our swing
according to the maximum values observed in the analyzed elements. Also we have to consider
the mechanical and physical properties of the material to know how the loads will affect it. The
main concentration of stresses in our project will be localized at the fillet where the beam will be
attached at the wall.

The first assumption that we made was that the maximum allowable weight of the user
should be around 300lbs. The justification for this assumption is the fact that the swing is
intended for the use of a specific type of public, which are kids between the ages of six and
thirteen years old. According to Kids Nutrition webpage the weight of children between the ages
of six and thirteen should be between 30-95 lbs. As we all know there are some cases where
these values are exceeded so in order to accommodate a larger amount of public we placed the
weight limit above the maximum figure shown above.

With these values we will be able to determine the appropriate materials that are best
suited for each component and also the dimensions of the component so that they do not fail
under any type of preventable circumstance. Also by determining the materials we will get a
better picture of how much maintenance will be required by the swing if any. After following

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certain criteria the material we choose was AISI 1020 a steel. This material is cold rolled and it
has a sigma yield 50800 psi and a ultimate tensile strength of 60900 psi.
To calculate the principal stresses we form a matrix with the applied loads, with this we
calculate the Deviatoric matrix and finally the principal stresses.
Matrix

Deviatoric Matrix

Principal Stress

Now calculating

to finally calculate the safety factor for static stage

Safety Factor

The dimensions of the beam that was design are: height 3in, length 44in and width 4in
in. After the beam was done a support was created so that it could be placed in the wall. The

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component life of our material is infinite. A fillet was done with a radius of 0.6in and an H of
2in. In order to calculate the critical section, stresses and safety factor under dynamic loads, the
area, the first moment of inertia and the second moment of inertia were found.
A 1 b h

bh

J.1

bh
3

12

1 0.58

The cantilever beam was analyzed in order to obtain the maximum deflection at the

beam. The force was placed between the support and the load at a distance of a=26in. A

program was done in MathCAD assuming that the maximum weight the beam resist is the force

F=300lb. The length of the cantilever beam was L

was to the end of the beam was b=18in.

beam

=44in and the length from where the force

The modulus of Elasticity for AISI 1020 was


4

E=20,300ksi and the moment of Inertia was I=9in . The expression of the momentum was

substituted for a differential equation in order to obtain the slope. Then a constant of integration

was found and the corresponding deflection was obtained. The force was equal to the reaction

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and to the Shear force. The momentum was found by multiplying the force in a negative
3

direction times the distance at which the force is located, M=-7.8 x 10 in*lb.
ab

Then the

momentum of AB was found M =5.4 x 10 in*lb. Then x=a therefore the deflection at AB and
-3

and BC were found. The values of these deflections are -9.62 x 10

deflection was 0.002in.

R1 F

M1 F a

Mab F Lbeam a

x a

F x
( x 3 a)
ab
6 E I
2

F x
( a 3 x)
bc
6 E I
2

F a
( 2a 3 b )
Ymax
6 I E
2

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in. The maximum

The material selected in this design was AISI 1020 a low carbon steel with an ultimate
strength of 60.9ksi. For this ultimate strength an endurance limit equation was found in the
course material, the endurance limit was 30ksi. This type of low carbon steel has been cold
rolled, therefore the surface factor calculated was of 0.909. The size factor for a nonrotating
rectangle is determined by calculating the A95 and a dequivalent. The equivalent diameter was of
0.808in therefore for 0.3in < dequivalent < 10in a the size factor was calculated with the equation for
ksize shown below. The load factor is determined by performing tests for the modes of cyclic
loading. Our design was subjected to bending, torsion and shear; therefore the load factor was 1.
A cantilever children swing is placed in backyards, parks, etc... consequently it is at ambient
temperature so its temperature factor is 1. It was assumed that the swing had a reliability of
99.9% therefore the reliability factor was 0.753. The endurance limit must be corrected by using
the Se.c equation shown below.
S.e 0.5 S.ut
ksurface a Sultimate

be

A .95 0.05 b h
A 95

d equivalent

0.0766

0.097

ksize 0.869 d eq

Se.c ksurface ksize kload ktemperature kreliability Se


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This design has a fillet of 0.06in therefore a stress concentration for a rectangular plate
with fillet must be found in its corresponding graph, therefore k t is 1.2. After that a kt has to be
calculated by finding q and substituting it on the kf equation then kf will be 1.139.
1

q
1

arootsquare

kf 1 q kt 1

A maximum and minimum force must be determined. The weight of a children will be of 300lb
and the weight of the beam will be of approximately 150lb. The length of the rope is 66 in and
its weight with the chair is 5lb. The potential energy must be equal to the cinetical energy after
doing this equality we solve for the velocity and find that the velocity is approximately 226in/s 2.
The maximum force will be the determined by adding the centrifugal force plus the weight of the
beam. We will consider the mass of the child and of the swing when calculating this force. The
minimum force is the weight of the beam plus the weight of the swing. The minimum force is
155lbf and the maximum force is 760lbf.
v Lsoga g 2

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Fcmax

mswing mchildren v2
Lsoga

Fmax Fcmax wbeam

Fmin wbeam wswing

The amplitude force and the mean force are found because we have dynamic loads in our
design. These forces are determined with the equations shown below for F a and Fb. The
amplitude force is 303lbf and the mean force is 457lbf.

Fm
Fa

Fmax Fmin
2

Fmax Fmin
2

There is a bending and torsion at point A and they are subjected to fluctuating forces.
Therefore a maximum and minimum moment was determined and sigma bending mean and
sigma bending amplitude were calculated for point A, the values of this numbers are 6ksi and
1ksi respectively.

Mmax c.M

.bm k.f

Mmin cM

ba kf

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A visual analysis of the loads in a quadrant of the cross section of the beam was
performed. We let point A be the top point, point B be the left side point, point C be the bottom
point and point D be the right side point (see appendix). We deduced that the critical point will
be found in the top point A or in the left side point B.
A torque is produced at both points and therefore a Tao torsion must be found for mean
and amplitude. The Tao torsion for mean and amplitude are 4ksi and 6ksi, respectively. A shear
is produced at point B for amplitude and mean forces the values of this are 16ksi and 25ksi,
respectively.
Ta c M

torsion.a. kf

J1

Tm c M

torsion.m kf

J1

3 Fa
kf
2. A 1

shear.a

.shear.m

3 F.m
2. A k.f
.1

A sigma Von Misses has to be found because we need a property that unites sigma forces
and tao forces. Von Misses has to be found at point A and B. At point A sigma Von Misses
amplitude and mean are 7kpsi and 12kpsi respectively. In order to find Von Misses at point B

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the torsion and shear forces are added to find a total Tao amplitude and mean. Then Von Misses
amplitude and mean are found. The values are 7kpsi and 11kpsi.

.total.a .shear.a .torsion.a.

.total.m .shear.m .torsion.m

.vm .amplit ude 3 .t ot al.a

.vm .mean 3 .t ot al.m

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After all this analysis was done a safety factor was found using the modified-Goodman
Criteria. At point A the safety factor 1.651 and at point B the safety factor is 1.732. Our lowest safety
will determine the critical section of the beam. The lowest safety factor was at point A , therefore the
critical point is at A.

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Discussion
The cantilever swing has many advantages than other type of swings. It is space saving
because the majority of home swings are designed to be on ground at the backyard. A swing
of this kind can be an obstacle in home tasks like cut the grass; a kid can hit himself
running when he is playing in the backyard. The swing was designed to gradually change
the seat while the kid is growing, because of this so many type of seats will adjust to the
design. Because of the versatility of the seat type is a good option to a housewife leave her
baby close to her while she is doing some outdoor tasks like fix the garden or simply seated
outside taking a breath or spending a good time. The beam alone can also be used in other
applications, like to hang punching bags, piatas and other things under 300lb.

Our

design is also easy to install because it has only four major parts that are the beam, the
ropes and the seat. It can be used by almost anyone because is designed up to 300 pounds
surpassing the weight of an average adult 189.8 pounds according to According to the
National Center for Health Statistics (See Appendix). The cantilever swing cost would be
relatively low because of the material selected. One major disadvantage and the main
problem of our design is that the beam will always be hanging out of the wall and it wil not
be considered esthethically appalling. Because of this disadvantage another future design
was thought with a pivot point attached to the wall so the beam can be bending toward the
wall (See Apendix). This could be considered the storage way of the new design.

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Conclusions
After design and analyze the cantilever swing we determinate that the critical part of the
design would be the beam. This was a simple design, but it was really difficult because it was an
idea begins from practically cero. The beam was analyzed in to points, A and B. Resulting A the
critical one because its lower safety factor. The difference between the two safety factors was
0.075 but for us was very important to design as safe as possible. The material selection part was
a very critical one in our project because it involves all aspects of our design. We wanted a light
material because to install the beam it is need to be raised approximate 7 or 8 feet above the
ground. If the beam is too heavy the installer could result injured because the beam falls and hit
him or because a muscular or back hurt because of the weight of the beam. The type of material
also determine how much the cost of the swing would be, that is wanted to keep low because of
the merchantability of the product. And of course the most important part of the material
selection, we do not want the swing to break while it is in use because the security of the people,
specially the kids which are the major users of this type of designs.

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Appendix
A. Important Web Pages Visited
kidsnutrition.org
matweb.com
mdsolids.com
http://www.grantadesign.com/products/ops/review.htm
B. MD Solids Beam Analysis
Analysis of the V and M of the loads applied to the Cantilever Beam being study.

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C. Calculation of safety factor in steady state using matrix


Calculation of the safety factor in steady state using matrix:

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Matrix

Deviatoric Matrix

Principal Stress
,

,
Calculating

Safety Factor

Calculation of the safety factor in steady state using matrix:


We first calculate the area, inertia,

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D. Representation of how the forces are acting on the four principal surfaces of the
Cantilever Base Beam

E. Solid Works Drawing

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Fillet Close-up in the between green and red area.

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Cantilever Swing Design

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Beam Drawing

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Improved design model

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Support of the improved design

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D. Cosmos Beam Analysis

Deflection analysis made in Cosmos Xpres. The deflection magnitude is show form blue to
red.

Stress distribution in the fillet area. The stress intensity goes form blue to red respectively.

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F. Material Selected (matweb.com)


Subcategory: AISI 1000 Series Steel; Carbon Steel; Ferrous Metal; Low Carbon Steel; Metal
Key Words: UNS G10200, AMS 5032, AMS 5045, ASTM A29, ASTM A108, ASTM A510, ASTM A519,
ASTM A29, A108, A510, A512, A513, A519, A544, A575 M10120, A576, A635, A659, A827, A830, BS 970
040A20, 050A20 (En2C), 050A20 (En2D), 060A20, BS 970 Part 1 070M20, DEF STAN95-1-1 C1020,
SAE J412, SAE J414, DIN 1.0402, AFNOR CC 20, UNI C 20, SS14 1450 (Sweden), SAE J403
Component

Wt. %

0.17 - 0.23

Fe

99.08 - 99.53

Mn

0.3 - 0.6

Max 0.04

Max 0.05

Material Notes:
1020 steel responds well to cold work and heat treating. Weldability is fair.
Applications: Shafts, lightly stressed gears, hard wearing surfaces, pins, chains and case hardened
parts where core strength is not critical.
1020 is suitable for case hardened parts where core strength is not critical.
Physical Properties

Metric

English

7.87 g/cc

0.284 lb/in

Hardness, Brinell

121

121

Hardness, Knoop

140

140

Converted from
Brinell hardness.

68

68

Converted from
Brinell hardness.

126

126

Converted from
Brinell hardness.

Tensile Strength, Ultimate

420 MPa

60900 psi

Tensile Strength, Yield

350 MPa

50800 psi

15 %

15 %

Density

Comments

Mechanical Properties

Hardness, Rockwell B
Hardness, Vickers

Elongation at Break

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In 50 mm

Reduction of Area

40 %

40 %

Modulus of Elasticity

205 GPa

29700 ksi

Typical for steel

Bulk Modulus

140 GPa

20300 ksi

Typical for steel

0.29

0.29

65 %

65 %

Based on AISI 1212


steel. as 100%
machinability

80 GPa

11600 ksi

Typical for steel

Electrical Resistivity

1.59e-005 ohm-cm 1.59e-005 ohm-cm

condition unknown;
0C (32F)

Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature

2.19e-005 ohm-cm 2.19e-005 ohm-cm

condition unknown;
100C (212F)

Electrical Resistivity at Elevated Temperature

2.92e-005 ohm-cm 2.92e-005 ohm-cm

condition unknown;
200C (390F)

Poisson's Ratio
Machinability

Shear Modulus
Electrical Properties

Thermal Properties
CTE, linear 20C

11.7 m/m-C

6.5 in/in-F

0-100C

CTE, linear 250C

12.8 m/m-C

7.11 in/in-F

0-300C (68-570F)

CTE, linear 500C

13.9 m/m-C

7.72 in/in-F

0-500C (68-930F)

Specific Heat Capacity

0.486 J/g-C

0.116 BTU/lb-F

condition unknown;
50-100C (122212F)

Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature

0.519 J/g-C

0.124 BTU/lb-F

condition unknown;
150-200C (302390F)

Specific Heat Capacity at Elevated Temperature

0.599 J/g-C

0.143 BTU/lb-F

condition unknown;
350-400C (662752F)

Thermal Conductivity

51.9 W/m-K 360 BTU-in/hr-ft-F

Typical steel

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G. Similar Designs

Similar Cantilever Design


H. Mathcad Programs (attached on email)

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