What are the layers of wall of

the eye?

What is the corneoscleral coat?

What is the uvea?

What is the retina?

What is the inner neural retina

continuous with?

Corneoscleral coat
Uvea
Retina

outer fibrous layer that includes

the
Sclera which continues as the
Cornea

middle layer that includes the

Choroid and stroma of ciliary
body and iris

innermost layer and includes a

outerpigment epithelium
inner neural retina

- the CNS through the OPTIC

NERVE
- epithelium of the CILIARY
BODY and IRIS

What does the neural retina

consists of?

RODS and CONES

What make up of the retinal

pigment epithelium?

simple cuboidal melanincontaining cells

What does the retina sit on?

choroid layer - layer of

vascularized connective tissue

What are the layers of the

cornea?

What kind of cells are the

surface cells of the corneal
epithelium?

Corneal Epithelium
Bowman's Membrane
Corneal Stroma
Descemet's Membrane
Corneal Epithelium

nonkeratinized cells with nuclei

How are the surface cells on the

corneal epithelium adherent to
each other?

cells are slightly interdigitated

and fastened together by
interdigitation and desmosomes

What is the corneal epithelium

continuous with?

conjunctiva epithelium

How long does it take for the

corneal epithelium to
regenerate?

about 7 days

What happens to cells as they

migrate to the surface?

they lose their organelles

What does the loss of

organelles indicate?

loss of metabolic activity - they

don't do anything anymore they
just sit on the surface

What kind of nerves does the

corneal epithelium have?

free nerve endings

What do small bodies on the

corneal epithelium elicit?

blinking of eyelids
flow of tears
pain

What do the microvilli on the

surface of the corneal epithelia
do?

How does the epithelium on the

corneal surface regenerate after
minor injuries?

What is Bowman's membrane?

help retain thin film over the

corneal surface - trap and
contain moisture by providing
increased surface area which
keeps cornea moist

migration of cells to surface to

fill defect

a homogenous layer of
randomly oriented collagen
fibrils

Where does Bowman's

membrane end?

LIMBUS

What is the limbus?

junction of cornea and sclera

What does Bowman's

membrane provide?

strength to cornea
barrier to spread of infections

What layer of the cornea does

not regenerate?

Bowman's membrane

What happens if Bowman's

membrane is damaged?

opaque scar that would impair

vision because it interferes with
the transparency of the cornea

What is another name for the

corneal stroma?

What is the corneal stroma

composed of?

substantia propria

60 thin lamellae that are made

of parallel bundles of collagen
fibrils
layers of connective tissue

How are the collagen fibrils of

each layer arranged to the next
layer in the corneal stroma?

What is the purpose of having

flattened fibroblasts in between
the layers of collagen?

What does it mean to say that

the lamellae of the corneal
stroma are arranged in
orthogonal array?

at 90 degrees to the next layerorthogonal array

maintain health

alternating layers at right angles

What is responsible for the

transparency of the cornea?

uniform spacing of collagen

fibrils and lamellae
arrangement at orthogonal
array

What regulates the diameter of

collagen fibrils?

proteoglycans and Type V

collagen

What type of collagen is typical

of loose connective tissue that
make up matrix?

type V

What happens when the cornea

swells due to injury of the
epithelium or endothelium?

What does the ground

substance of the corneal stroma
contain?

arrangement is disrupted which

leads to transluncency or
disrupted opacity - cant see as
well

corneal proteoglycans

How do neutrophils and

lymphocytes responde to
inflammation of the corneal
since the corneal is
avasuclarized?

What is Descemet's membrane?

neutrophils and lymphocytes

migrate to blood vessels of the
limbus and penetrate between
lamellae of the stroma

basal lamina of corneal

ENDOTHELIAL cells that
seperates corneal endothelium
for adjacent corneal stroma

What does descemet's

membrane seperate?

corneal endothelium from

adjacent corneal stroma

What happens to Descemet's

membrane with age?

increases in thickness

What does Descemet's

membrane extend to become?

it extends beneath the scleara

as meshwork called PECTINATE
LIGAMENT

Where do the strands from the

pectinate ligament insert?

into ciliary muscles and sclera

What does the pectinate

ligament do?

helps maintain normal

curvature of cornea
exerts tension on Descemet's
membrane

What does the single layer of

flat endothelial cells of the
corneal ENDOTHELIUM cover?

surface of cornea that faces

anterior chamber

What are the corneal

endothelial cells joined by?

leaky tight junctions (zonulae

occludentes)
well-developed zonulae
adherentes
desmosomes

Where does metabolic

exchange of the cornea occur?

across corneal endothelium

What do the cells of the corneal

endothelium contain?

many mitochondria and vesicles

extensive RER and Gogli
demonstrate endocytosis
active transport Na+ and K+
ATPases

What is required for

transparency of the corneal
endothelium?

precise regulation of stromal

water content

What does physical or

metabolic damage to the
corneal endothelium lead to?

rapid corneal swelling and possibly

opacity
---> restoration of endothelial
integrity followed by reduced
turgitiy

Can the corneal endothelium

repair itself?

it can be restored in minor injuries

but with reduced turgitity of the
cornea BUT it can sweel beyond
self-repair which results in
permanent focal opacities

What is the opaque layer of the

sclera made up of?

dense irregular connective

tissue with fibroblasts and
elastic fibers

How would you describe the

sclera layers?

ill defined - graduate into each

very slowly

What are the layers of the

sclera?

episclera
sclera proper
lamina fascia

What is the episclera made of?

external layer of loose

connective tissue next to
periorobital fat

What is another name for the

sclera proper?

Tenon's Capsule

What is the sclera proper?

investing fascia of the eye

What is the sclera proper made

of?

dense network of thick collagen

fibers

Where is the lamina fascia?

inner part of sclera located

adjacent to choroid

What does the lamina fascia

contain?

Where is the limbus?

What does the limbus contain?

thinner collagen fibers

pigment cells
elastic fibers

transitional zone between

avascularized cornea and wellvascularized sclera

apparatus (canal of schlemm)

for drainage of aqueous humor
in stromal layer

What forms Canal of Schlemm?

endothelium lined channels

called Spaces of Fontana merge
to form the canal of schlemm

Where is the canal of schlemm?

it encircles the eye

What produces aqueous

humor?

CILIARY PROCESSES that border

the lens in posterior chamber of
eye

How does aqueous humor

reach the canal of schlemm?

What else can you call the canal

of schelmm ?

aqueous humor produced in ciliary

processes on the lens in posterior
chamber and pass to anterior chamber
through valve like opening between iris
and lens through spaces of fontana
(meshwork) to enter the canal of
schlemm

aqueous veins

Where does the aqueous humor

go after canal of schlemm?

What is glaucoma?

What causes glaucoma?

What is the purpose of the

Canal of Schlemm?

What forms the iris?

blood veins in sclera

increase in intraocular pressure

which interferes in nutrition of
eye and damage of retina due to
excess pressure

excessive secretion of aqueous

humor or impedance of
drainage of aqueous humor
from anterior chamber

conducts aqueous humor

through the anterior chamber to
venous circulation

anterior portion of choroid

extends as ciliary body which
extends as the iris

Where is the iris located?

it is a contractile diaphragm that

is ANTERIOR to the lens

what is the opening (central

aperture) of the iris known as?

pupil

How does the iris respond to

light intensity?

pushes forward as it changes in

size

What are the layers of the iris?

Where can you find the

contractor pupillae (sphincter)
smooth muscles of the iris?

(anterior to posterior)
- fibroblasts and melanocytes
- anterior stromal sheet
- loose connective tissue layer
- anterior pigment myoepithelium
- double layer of posterior pigmented
epithelial cells

loose connective tissue

What constitutes the main mass

of iris?

loose connective tissue layer

What makes up the dilator

pupillae muscles?

pigment myoepithelial layer in

the iris

What controls the size of

opening of pupil?

dilator pupillae

What innervates the dilator

pupillae?

sympathetic nerves from

superior cervical ganglion

What innervates the sphincter

muscle of the iris?

cranial nerve III - oculomotor

What does it indicate if the pupil

does not respond to light and
remains fixed and dilated?

What is the function of

pigmented epithelial cells?

What is responsible for eye

color?

lack of nerve or brain function

absorb light rays

the double layer of posterior

pigmented epithelial cells in the
iris

number of melanocytes in stroma

What is responsible for

variation in eye color?

What if there are few

melanocytes in the stroma?

eye color is derived from light

reflected from pigment present in
cells of posterior surface of eye

blue eye color

Where is the ciliary body

located?

between iris and choroid

Where does the iris extend

from?

root of iris posterorlaterall to

ORA SERRATA

What kind of cells are in the

ciliary body?

double layer of columnar

epithelial cells

What are the 3 main functions

of the ciliary body epithelium?

What forms the suspensory

ligament of lens?

1. source of aqueous humor

(similar to plasma)
2. secretion and anchoring of
zonular fibers
3. blood-aqueous barrier ***

zounular fibers from the ciliary

body

What is the blood-aqueous

barrier a part of?

blood-ocular barrier

Where does the choroid lie?

between sclera and retina

What are the 2 layers of the

choroid?

choriocapillary layer
inner vascular layer

What does the inner vascular

layer do?

provide nutrients to retina

What part of the choroid can

you see with an
opthalmoscope?

inner vascular layer with its

large and irregular capillaries

What is the inner most layer of

the eye?

retina

What is the retina derived from?

inner and outer layers of optic

cup

What exits between the two

layers of the retina?

potential space between neural

retina and retinal pigment
epithelium (outer)

What happens if the potential

space in the retina expands?

neural retina separates from the

pigmented epithelium
= retinal detachment

What is retinal detachment

separation of neural retina from

pigemented epithelium due to
the expansion of the potential
space

What happens if retinal

detachment is not corrected?

blindness

What are the regions of the

neural retina?

non-photosensitve region
photosensitive region

Where is the non-photosensitve

region of the retina located?

anterior to ora serrata and lines

inner aspect of cliary body and
posterior surface of iris

Where is the photosensitve

region of the retina?

lines inner surface of eye

posterior or ora serrata except
where its pierced by optic nerve

What is the optic papilla or disc?

site where optic nerve joins

retina

Where are there no

photoreceptors in the retina?

What kind of cells does the

retina contain?

optic papilla

- photoreceptors(rods and cones)

- conducting neurons (bipolar and
ganglion)
- associating cells (amacrine and
horizontal)
- supporting cells (Mueller's cells and
neuroglial cells)

Where can you find bipolar

cells?

retina
olfactory epithelium
internal ear

What is the function of

association cells?

help interaction between bipolar

and ganglion cells

What is the function of

conducting neurons?

high speed pathways through

layers of retina

What photoreceptor celsl are in

the retina?

rods and cones

What conducting cells are in the

retina?

bipolar
ganglion

What association neurons are in

the retina?

horizontal
centrifugal
amacrine

What supporting cells are in the

retina?

Mueller's cells
neuroglial cells

How do the retinal cells

interact?

ganglions are attached to bipolar cells

which are attached to photoreceptor
cells
amacrine cells join ganglion and bipolar
cells
horizontal cells join bipolar and
photoreceptor cells

What are the ten layers of the

retina outside to inside?

1. pigment epithelium
2. layer of Rods and Cones
3. external (outer) limiting membrane
4. outer nuclear layer
5. outer plexiform layer
6. inner nuclear layer
7. inner plexiform layer
8. ganglion cell layer
9. layer of optic nerve fibers
10. internal (inner) limiting membrane

What layer is constituted by the

associations of tight junctions
and desmosomes?

outer/external limiting
membrane

Where do the cell bodies of the

the rods and cones lie?

outer nuclear layer (landmark)

What does the plexiform layer

contain?

processes of retinal rods and

cones
processes of horizontal,
amacrine, and bipolar cells that
connect to them

What does the inner nuclear

layer contain?

cell bodies of horizontal,

amacrine, bipolar and Muller's
cells

What does the inner plexiform

layer contain?

processes of horizontal,
amacrine, and bipolar cells
processes of ganglion cells that
connect to each other

What does the ganglion cell

layer contain?

cell bodies of ganglion cells

What does the layer of optic

nerve fibers contain?

processes of ganglion cells that

lead from retina to brain

What layer of the retina gives

rise to the optic nerve?

ganglion layer

What layers does incident light

have to pass through before it
reaches photoreceptors?

cornea
lens
all neural retinal layers

What does the internal (inner)

limiting membrane contain?

basal lamina of Muller's cells

What layer of the retina is the

site of the blood-retinal barrier?

retinal pigment epithelium

Which layer prevents reflection

and glare?

pigment epithelium

Which layer participates in

phagocytosis and disposal of
membranous discs of rods and
cones?

Which photoreceptor is more

sensitive to light?

pigment epithelium

rods

What kind of visual images do

rods provide?

black and white

Which receptors are more active

in low light intensity?

rods

Which photoreceptors are more

abundant?

rods

What colors are the cones most

sensitve to?

green
red
blue

What is missing in color

blindness?

red cones
green cones
blue cones

What are the 3 parts of the

photoreceptor cell?

outer segment
connective stalk
inner segment

What part of the photoreceptor

is the site of photosensitivity?

outer segment

Which part of the photoreceptor

is considred to be a highly
modified cilium?

Are rods or cones replaced on a

regular basis?

What are the nuclei of rods and

cones surrounded by?

outer segment

rods

rod- thin rim of cytoplasm

cone - thich investment of
cytoplasm

Where are the nuclei of rods

and cones located?

outer nuclear layer

What occurs in the outer

plexiform layer?

photoreceptor cells are coupled

electrically to specialized
interneurons by synapses

What are the lateral processes

in rods called?

spherule

What are the lateral processes

cones called?

pedicle

What are the 3 types of

conducting cells in the inner
nuclear layer?

horizontal
amacrine
bipolar
Muller's cells

How far back do the capillaries

from retinal vessels extend?

What do Muller's cells do?

inner nuclear layer

form scaffolding for retina

- cell processes invest other
cells of retina and fill in the
extracellular space

What form the internal end

external limiting membranes?

basal and apical ends of

Muller's cells

How do rods and cones carry

out metabolism?

exchanges with extraceullar

fluids transported across the
blood retinal barrier of the
retinal pigment epithelium

What lies in the ganglion cell

alyer?

cell bodies of large multipolar

nerve cells
Nissl bodies

Where can you find Nissl bodies

in the retina?

ganglion cell layer

Where can you find midget

bipolar cells?

macular region around fovea

What can you find among

ganglion cells?

smaller nuclei of glial cells

Where are the axons of the

ganglion cells located?

nerve fiber layer

Are the axons of the ganglion

cells myelinated in the nerve
fiber layer?

no

What is the internal limiting

membrane?

basal lamina of Muller's cells

What does the basal lamina of

Muller's cells also make up?

internal limiting membrane

What is the FOVEA?

shallow depression at posterior

pole of optical axis

Where is the area of greatest

visual acuity?

fovea centralis

Where can you find a lot of

cones in the retina?

fovea centralis

What is the most sensitive area

of the retina?

macula lutea

What is the lens suspended

from?

suspensory ligament between

ciliary body

What allows for the lens to

accommodate?

release of tension allow lens to

flatten

What is accommodation of
lens?

bend light rays close to eye so

they focus on retina

What are special features of the

lens?

transparent
avascular

What are the components of the

lens?

lens capsule
subcapsular epithelium
lens fibers

What is the lens capsule

composed of?

thick basal lamina made by

anterior lens cells
composed mainly of TYPE IV
collagen and preteoglycans

Where is the subcapuslar

epithelium located?

CUBOIDAL epithelium on
anterior surface of lens
connected by GAP junctions

Where do new lens fibers

develop from?

subcapuslar epithelium celsl

What are lens fibers filled with

after they lose their nuclei and
organelles?

crystallins

What happens to lens with

aging?

lose elasticity and ability to

accomadate

What is Presbyopia?

lost of lens elasticity and ability

to accommodate
happens in 40s

How is Presbyopia corrected?

reading glasses

What is the lost of transparency

of the lens called?

cataracts

What causes cataracts?

lost of transparency of lens due

to conformational changes/
cross linking of proteins

What causes cross linking of

proteins?

metabolic/hereditary
trauma
UV light

How are cataracts corrected?

surgery- implant plastic lens

What is the conjunctiva?

thin, transparent mucous

membrane that covers inner
surface of eyelids

What kind of cells are in the

conjunctiva?

stratified columnar epithelium

+
goblet cells- lubricant

What glands are found in

eyelids?

Meibomian glands
Zeis glands
lacrimal gland

What are Meibomian glands?

long sebaceous glands in dense

connective tissue
TARSAL PLATES

What are glands of Zeis

small modified sebaceous

glands

What are glands of Zeis

connected with and empty
secretion into?

follicles of eyelashes

What are glands of Moll?

apocrine sweat glands

Where are tears produced?

lacrimal gland

Where are lacrimal glands

located?

beneath conjunctiva on upper

lateral side of eye

What kind of cells can you find

beneath the epithelium of
lacrimal glands?

myoepithelial cells