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ZL1 at f 1
Zc,c
Ydown
ZL2 at f 2
common
node
1 Za + jZ0 tan(ua )
Za Z0 + jZa tan(ua )
Transformer structure and analysis: The proposed T-section impedance transformer is shown in Fig. 1. Depending on the load and
source impedances, an open or shorted stub can be used to maintain
the size of the transformer minimum. ZL1 RL1 + jXL1 and ZL2
RL2 + jXL2 are the load impedances at the two design frequencies,
namely f1 and f2. Left, down and right sections of the transformer
have characteristic impedances and lengths of Za , La , Zb , Lb , Zc and
Lc , respectively. Yright , Yleft and Ydown are the input admittances
looking from the common node towards right, left and down, respectively. The key idea is to conjugate match these admittances at both frequencies. It will be shown that design equations could be derived in
closed-form easily, if Yright |f 1 = Yright |f 2 , Yleft |f 1 = Yleft |f 2 and
Ydown |f 1 = Ydown |f 2 , which means conjugated relationship between
the two values. Let us start with Zright = 1/Yright which is shown in
[4] to be conjugate at two frequencies if
XL1 + XL2
(RL1 XL2 RL2 XL1 )
(1)
Zc = RL1 RL2 + XL1 XL2 +
RL2 RL1
Zc (RL1 RL2 )
RL1 XL2 RL2 XL1
(m + 1)bc1
(4)
(5)
and hence
La =
p
(1 + m)ba1
(6)
On the other hand, we have made Yright |f 1 = Yright |f2 earlier, which
means the real parts of Yright at two frequencies are equal and the imaginary parts are opposite in sign. Since the input impedance of an
open or shorted stub does not have any real part, in order to satisfy
the conjugate matching condition at the common node, the real part of
Yleft should be equal to the real part of Yright at two frequencies, i.e.
Gleft = Gright
(7)
where Gleft and Gright are the real parts of Yleft and Yright , respectively.
Using (3), (7) can be written as
Za Z0 + Z0 Za tan2 (ua )
= Gright
Za (Z02 + Za2 tan2 (ua )
Solving for Za results in
Z0 (1 Z0 Gright + tan2 (ua ))
Za =
Gright tan2 (ua )
(3)
(8)
(9)
The shunt stub should cancel out all imaginary impedances at the
common node, i.e.
open or
shorted
stub
np + arctan
Lc =
Yleft =
The only remaining section to design is the open or shorted shunt stub.
Ydown can be written as
+j tan(ub )/Zb , open stub
Ydown =
(10)
j cot(ub )/Zb , shorted stub
Yright
Za,qa
Z0
(2)
(11)
in which Bright and Bleft are the imaginary parts of Yright and Yleft , respectively. Obviously, in order to maintain the size of the stub minimum, i.e.
0 , ub , p/2; if (Bright + Bleft) , 0, then Ydown . 0 and we should use
an open stub. On the other hand, if (Bright + Bleft) . 0, then a shorted
stub should be used. Therefore, regardless of what type the stub is, its
electrical and physical lengths can be calculated by
p
(12)
ub1 =
1+m
p
Lb =
(13)
(1 + m)bb1
Derivation of these equations has been discussed in the design of the
left-hand section of the transformer. Using (10) and (11), Zb can be
written as
tan(ub )
, open stub
(B
right + Bleft )
Zb =
(14)
cot(ub )
, shorted stub
(Bright + Bleft )
If Zb obtained by this formula is not feasible to fabricate, one can easily
double ub and use the opposite kind of stub.
Numerical example: To verify the validity of the proposed transformer
and design equations, we designed and studied the input matching
network of an amplier. For this purpose, an ATF-33143 transistor
was chosen, which has scattering parameters available up to 18 GHz
[7]. From calculations, this transistor is absolutely stable above about
5 GHz. Thus, for simplicity, we designed our amplier above 6 GHz
where conjugate impedance matching could be applied for maximum
R
X
100
impedance,
E-mail: atlasbaf@modares.ac.ir
0
References
-100
-200
-300
-400
5
8
9
frequency, GHz
10
11
12
6
6
10
12
134
34
67.5
60
23
27
67.5
60
55
71
173
216
Short
Open
|S11|, dB
10
20
30
case A
case B
case C
40
50
8
10
frequency, GHz
12