EE321

Power Systems Analysis

Experiment 6
Semester I , 2016
School of Engineering & Physics Faculty of Science & Technology
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Discipline

Team Members

Asesela Sivo
Edward Chan
Elia Junior Mafi
Mohammed Muzaffar Khan

S11111401
S00007033
S11088531
S11099859

Date
: 25th April 2016
Lab Session: Mondays 9am-12am

OBJECTIVES
To observe the effect of dc excitation on the power delivered by an alternator.
To observe the effect of power delivered by an alternator on the torque of the prime
mover.
PRE-LAB
Problem 1

Three physically identical synchronous generators are operating in parallel. They are all rated
for a full load of 3 MW at 0.8 PF lagging. The no-load frequency of generator A is 61 Hz, and
its speed droop is 3.4 percent. The no-load frequency of generator B is 61.5 Hz, and its speed
droop is 3 percent. The noload frequency of generator C is 60.5 Hz, and its speed droop is 2.6
percent.

3 synchronous generators operating in parallel

All rated for a full load of 3MW @ 0.8 PF lagging
NO LOAD frequency of generator A is 61Hz, speed droop = 3.4%
NO LOAD frequency of generator B is 61.5Hz, speed droop = 3%
NO LOAD frequency of generator C is 60.5Hz, speed droop = 2.6%

a) If a total load consisting of 7 MW is being supplied by this power system, what will the system
frequency be and how will the power be shared among the three generators?
=

100%

=

100%

+ 1
100

Therefore we can calculate the full load frequencies of the three generators.
61
=

3.4
+ 1

100

+ 1

= 61.5
100
3
=
+ 1
=
100

= 60.5

2.6
+ 1
+ 1
100

100
+ 1
100

Asesela SIVO
Edward CHAN
Elia Junior MAFI
Mohammed Muzaffar
KHAN

S11111401
S00007033
S11088531
S11099859

Week9-Lab6
Alternator Power

= . ~

= .
~
= . ~

We must now determine the slopes of the power frequency curves for each generator.
3
/
= 2= .
3

Asesela SIVO
Edward CHAN
Elia Junior MAFI
Mohammed Muzaffar
KHAN

S11111401
S00007033
S11088531
S11099859

1.79

= . /

Week9-Lab6
Alternator Power

= . /

1.53
From the question we know that the load of the system is 7MW, from which we can
now determine our system frequency by the equation provided in notes.

= (

) + (

) + (

71 = (1.5)(61 ) + (1.67)(61.5 ) + (1.96)(60.5 )

Solving for gives us

5.137 = 306.2
= .

Therefore the frequency of the systemis 59.60 Hz

We can now determine the power shared among each generator

= (
) =
(1.5)(61 59.61)

= .

Therefore we have:

= (
= (

=) (1.67)(61.5

= (1.96)(60.5
59.61)
59.61)
= .

= .

Power supplied by Generator A = 2.085MW

Power supplied by Generator B = 3.1563MW
Power supplied by Generator C = 1.74MW

b) Create a plot showing the power supplied by each generator as a function of the total power
supplied to all loads (you may use MATLAB to create this plot). At what load does one of the
generators exceed its ratings? Which generator exceeds its ratings first?

In order to draw the plot we need to represent the system frequency ( ) as a function
of load

= (1.5)(61 ) + (1.67)(61.5 ) + (1.96)(60.5 )

313.2 = 5.137

313.2

5.137

Matlab Code:

Output:

Graph 1: Power Sharing Vs Total Load Power

From the plots on MATLAB, we can view the power sharing problems for both high and low loads. From
the plots, we can see that Generator B exceeds its load power ratings at about approximately 6.5MW.

c) Is this power sharing in (a) acceptable? Why or why not?

This type of power sharing is generally not acceptable because the Generator-2 exceeds its load
power rating at about 6.5MW and we have an unbalanced situation which is not acceptable in
power system applications.
d) What actions could an operator take to improve the real power sharing among these
generators?
To improve the real power sharing among these generators, the operator could decrease
the set points on generator B while simultaneously increasing the set points on generator
A and generator C.
The operator can maintain the system frequency of the generators close to 60Hz by
synchronizing the speeds of each generator by some means.

Problem 2
A 20-MVA, 12.2-kY, 0.8-PF-Iagging, Y-connected synchronous generator has a negligible
armature resistance and a synchronous reactance of 1.1 per unit. The generator is connected in
parallel with a 50-Hz, 12.2-kV infinite bus that is capable of supplying or consuming any
amount of real or reactive power with no change in frequency or terminal voltage.
a) What is the synchronous reactance of the generator in ohms?

3(,)

3(7044)

= 7.44
20000000

= 0, = (1.1)(7.44) = 8.18

b) What is the internal generated voltage EA of this generator under rated conditions?
=
=

20

= 946, power factor is 0.8 lagging

3(12.3 )

=
3

. => = 946 36.87

= + + = 7044+j (8.18) (946-36.87) = 13230 27.9V
c) What is the armature current IA in this machine at rated conditions?
= 946 36.87
d) Suppose that the generator is initially operating at rated conditions. If the internal
generated voltage EA is decreased by 5 percent, what will the new armature current IA
be?

= =
,

5% decrease: 2 =
12570

13230

 1 ) 2 =

(
1 (

) 27.9 = 29.5
1257
2
0
Hence new armature current: 2 = 12570A

=

e) Plot the magnitude of the armature current IA as a function of EA.

MATLAB Code:

Output:

Graph 2: Armature Current Vs EA

INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

DESCRIPTION
DC Motor/Generator
Synchronous Motor/Generator
DC Voltmeter/Ammeter
AC Ammeter
AC Voltmeter
Three-Phase Wattmeter
Synchronizing Module
Power Supply
Hand Tachometer
Connection Leads
Timing Belt

MODEL
8211
8241
8412
8425
8426
8441
8621
8821
8920
8941
8942

PROCEDURE
Warning: High voltages are present in this Laboratory Experiment! Do not make any
connections with the power on! The power should be turned off after completing each
individual measurement!
NOTE: ALL adjustments (if any using the dial on any module) while the system is
powered on must be done slowly steadily to avoid any transients! Failure to comply
will result in the system outage due to circuit breaker operation or may cause fire!!

Using your Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator, Synchronizing Module,

Power Supply, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter, connect the circuit shown in Figure 5-1.
Note that the output of the alternator is connected through the Synchronizing Module to
the fixed 415 V, 3-phase output of the Power Supply, terminals 1,2 and 3. The rotor of
the synchronous motor/generator is connected to the variable 0-240 V dc output of the
Power Supply, terminals 7 and N. The dc shunt motor (dc motor/generator) is connected
to the fixed 240 V dc output of the Power Supply, terminals 8 and N.

Figure
6.1

1.
a) Couple the DC Motor/Generator to the alternator (Synchronous Motor/Generator)
with the Timing Belt.
b) Set the field rheostat of the DC Motor/Generator at its full cw position (for
minimum resistance).
c) Place the synchronizing switch in its open position.
2.
a) Turn on the Power Supply. Using your Hand Tachometer, adjust the rheostat of
the DC Motor/Generator for a motor speed of 1500 r/min.
b) Turn on the switch S and adjust the dc excitation of the alternator until the output
voltage E, = 41 5 V ac.
c) Synchronize the alternator with the power line and turn on the synchronizing
switch.
d) Carefully adjust the dc excitation of the alternator as well as the speed of the
motor until both wattmeter and varmeter indicate zero. Measure E1, I1, and I2.
E1 =

425.9

V ac
=

I1

0.03

mA ac
=

I2

0.11

mA dc

The alternator is now "floating" on the power line. It is neither receiving power
from the line nor delivering power to the line.
THE EXPERIMENT COULD NOT BE CONTINUED ANY FURTHER
AFTER COMPLETING TASK-2 SINCE THE ALTERNATOR WAS NOT
ABLE TO SYNCHRONISE WITH THE GRID. OUR ALTERNATOR
PRODUCES 415V WHILE THE GRID OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS 422V.
WE COULD HAVE SYNCHRONISED THE ALTERNATOR BY ADJUSTING
IT TO 422V HOWEVER THIS IS RISKY SINCE THE VOLTAGE IS TOO
HIGH TO WORK WITH AND THE MACHINE COULD GET DAMAGED.
THERE IS A POTENTIAL RISK THAT ACCIDENTS COULD HAPPEN. AS
A RESULT, THE REMAINING TASKS OF THE LABS COULD NOT BE
COMPLETED AS HIGHLIGHTED IN RED BELOW.
AS INSTRUCTED BY OUR LECTURER, WE SHOULD NOTE WHAT
WAS OBSERVED, AND WHAT WAS LEARNED FROM THIS
EXPERIMENT AND SUMMARIES THE LAB REPORT.

DISCUSSION
1. A generator delivers 10 000 kVA at a power factor of 0.95.
i) If the dc excitation is reduced, will the apparent power increase or decrease?
If the dc excitation is reduced, the power factor will be low hence the apparent
power decreases.
ii) If the dc excitation is increased, will the apparent power increase or decrease? If
the dc excitation is increased, the power factor will be high hence the power
increases.
2. A dc motor driving an alternator develops 100 kW. If the efficiency of the alternator
is 94% calculate the active power it can deliver to an infinite bus.
= 100kW,
= 0.94,

=
, therefore =

= . =

3. The power factor of an alternator connected into an infinite bus does not depend on
the electro-mechanical devices also connected to that bus.
Explain:
When the bus is infinite then the voltage of the bus is fixed and that keeps
the voltage of the Alternator constant. Then the alternators power factor
only depends upon the level of the excitation of current.
4. The output frequency of an alternator tied into an infinite bus is dependent on the
frequency of the infinite bus.
Explain:
The output frequency of an alternator tied into an infinite bus is dependent
on the frequency of the infinite bus because when the electrical system
or the grid will try and synchronize the alternator. By making the two
frequencies equal. The grid will have its frequency fixed and will try to
bring the alternator frequency equal to its frequency

DISCUSSION:
Synchronous generators do not operate individually in a generating station but they are
interconnected so that total generating capacity will be high. When number of alternators are
interconnected forming a system which may be treated as an infinite bus. Infinite bus bar is one
which keeps constant voltage and frequency although the load varies. Thus it may behave like a
voltage source with zero internal impedance and infinite rotational inertia. Any alternator
switched on to or off, the infinite bus does not cause any change in the voltage and frequency of
the system. The characteristics of a synchronous generator on infinite bus bars are quite different
from those when it is connected to another alternator and both are in parallel. When two
alternators are connected in parallel we have seen that a change in the excitation changes the
terminal voltage and p.f. is determined by load. However change in excitation for an alternator
connected to infinite bus bar will not change the terminal voltage but the power factor only is
affected whereas the power developed by an alternator depends only on mechanical power input.

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment it can be concluded that there were some difficulties in achieving the
objectives as per the designed lab manual. The alternator could not be synchronized with the grid
because the grid produced 422V while the alternator produced 415V.
The first objective which was to observe the effect of dc excitation on power delivered by an
alternator was achieved successfully. Moreover it can be said that the energy consumed by the
load is energy produced by the generator.
We have learn that when the slip of the machine is positive then it is an induction generator. If
the slip of the machine is zero then it is an asynchronous generator. If the machine is negative,
then it is an induction motor.

REFERENCE
1. Dr. F. M. Rabiul. Islam (2016) Power Generation - Alternator Power. In EE321:
Power Systems Analysis Manual Handout 2016, Faculty of Science and Technology. Suva:
The University of the South Pacific.

End of Experiment-6 Report (25 / 04 / 2016)