GAS TURBINES

RAVI KUMAR

IIT Roorkee

GAS TURBINES
The gas turbine obtains its power by using energy of burnt
gases and air at high temperature and pressure by
expanding in several rings of moving and fixed blades.
The quantity of the working fluid and speed required are
more, so, generally, a centrifugal or an axial compressor is
employed.
After compression, it is required either to increase the
volume of fluid at constant pressure or increase the
pressure at constant volume. Generally the former is
preferred and is attained by increasing the temperature of
the gases.
April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

IIT Roorkee

COMPONENTS OF A GAS TURBINE

compressor
combustion chamber
turbine
condenser

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

IIT Roorkee

CLASSIFICATION

on the basis of combustion process

constant pressure ( Joule-Brayton cycle)
constant volume (Atkinson cycle)

on the basis of action of expanding gases

impulse turbine
impulse-reaction turbine
April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

IIT Roorkee

CLASSIFICATION

on the basis of path of working substance

open cycle
closed cycle
semi-closed cycle
on the basis of direction of flow
axial flow (power plant & aviation)
radial flow
April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

IIT Roorkee

Simple Open Cycle Gas Turbine

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

Simple Gas Turbine Cycle

IIT Roorkee

aa

3
p

2
4
1

v
April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

s
7

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=
=

=1
April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

IIT Roorkee

=
=
1=

=1

April 18, 2016

=1

=1

=
1

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

IIT Roorkee

=1

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

10

IIT Roorkee

Actual Brayton Cycle

The fluid velocities are high in turbomachinery, hence,
the change in kinetic energy between inlet and outlet of
each component cannot necessarily be ignored. This
may be taken care by considering stagnation values of
properties instead of static values.
There are friction losses in turbines and compressors.

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

11

IIT Roorkee

Actual Cycle
T

2
2
4

1
s

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

12

IIT Roorkee

actual Brayton cycle

There is a small pressure loss in the combustion chamber.
The mass of gas flow in the turbine is (1+A/F) times the mass of
air.
The specific heat of combustion gases is slightly higher than
that of air.

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

13

Cycle Air Rate

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Air flow rate required for per kilowatt hour

=

=
3600
=

#$ %& '

3600

() ,

+,
-

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

14

IIT Roorkee

he extra work supplied to the compressor due to its inefficiency

is not entirely wasteful because the heat supplied in the
combustion chamber is reduced.
=

1
1

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

15

IIT Roorkee

1
=

April 18, 2016

/01
. /

2 -1

34

/01
/

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

16

IIT Roorkee

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

17

IIT Roorkee

If Wc is equal to Wt the ratio of T3/T1 can be calculated for

which no work is possible. This result in
56+

If r = 5; efficiencies are 0.85 and = 1.4 the tmin is 2.19. This

means that for T1 equal to 288 K the T3 is 631 K (358 oC).

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

18

IIT Roorkee

Numerical-1
A gas turbine power plant works between the fixed and absolute
temperature limits 300 K and 900 K, the absolute pressure limits
being 100 kPa and 400 kPa. The isentropic efficiency dof
compressor is 0.8 and that of turbine is 0.85. Estimate the actual
thermal efficiency if he plant and the power available for the
driving external load if the fuel consumption is 1 kg/s and the
calorific value of fuel is 42 MJ/kg.

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

19

Heat Exchanger Cycle

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a
th =

c p (T3 T4 ) c p (T2 T1 )
c p (T3 T4 )

= 1

T2 T1
T3 T4

T1
T1 T3
r
th = 1
= 1 x
= 1
T4
T3 T4
t

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

20

IIT Roorkee

Hence, efficiency of heat exchanger cycle is not independent of

maximum cycle temperature and clearly increases as t
increases.
As the t increases in is not necessary to increase r.

April 18, 2016

Prof. Ravi Kumar, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

21

THE END
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IIT Roorkee