Static and Dynamic

Chapter 1 : Introduction

Introduction to static

Mechanics can be defined as that branch of

the physical sciences concern with the state of
rest or motion of bodies that are subjected to
the action forces.

Basic mechanics is composed of two principal

areas:
Static

Deal with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those

that are either at rest or move with a constant
velocity

Dynamic

Concern with the accelerated motion of bodies.

Fundamental concept

Basic terms

Length
needed to locate the position of a point in space and
thereby describe the size of a physical system.
once a standard unit of length is defined, one can then
quantitatively define distances and geometric properties
of a body as multiples of the unit length.

Space
the geometry region occupied by bodies whose positions
are described by linear and angular measurement
relative to a coordinate system.
for three-dimensional problems three independent
coordinates are needed.
for two-dimensional problems only two coordinates will
required.

Time
the measure of the succession of event and is a basic
quantity in dynamics for three-dimensional problems
three independent coordinates are needed.
not directly involved in the analysis of static problems

Mass

a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its

resistance to a change of velocity.
can be regarded as the quantity of matter in a body.
the property of every body by which it experiences
mutual attraction to other bodies.

Force
the action of one body on another.
tends to move a body in the direction of its action.
the action of a force is characterized by its magnitude,
by the direction of its action, and by its points of
application.

Particle
has a mass, but a size that can be neglected.
Example: the size of the earth is significant compared to
the size of its orbit, therefore the earth can be modeled
as a particle when studying its orbital motion.
when the is idealized as a particle, the principles of
mechanics reduce to a rather simplified form since the
geometry of the body will not involved in the analysis of
the problem.

Rigid body
can be considered as a combination of a large number
of particles in which all the particles remain at a fixed
distance from one another both before and after
applying a load.
as the result, the material properties of any that is
assumed to be rigid will not have to considered when
analyzing the forces acting on the body.
in most cases the actual deformation occurring in
structures, machines, mechanisms, and the like are
relatively small, and the rigid-body assumption is
suitable for analysis.

List 5 more basic terms and units

Newtons three laws of motion

First law

A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion

will remain at a uniform speed in a straight line, unless it
is acted on by an imbalanced force.

F1

F2

F3

Second Law

A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force, F

experiences acceleration, that has the same
direction as the force and magnitude that is
proportional to the force
If F is applied to a particle of mass, m, this law may
be expressed mathematically as
F = ma

Accelerated motion

Third Law

For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction..

force of A on B

force of B on A

Action - Reaction

Which person in this ring will be harder to move? The

sumo wrestler or the little boy?

Newtons law of gravitational

attraction

Gravitational attraction between any two particles is govern after formulating

Law of motion

m1m2
F G 2
r

Where

= force of gravitation between the two particles

= universal constant of gravitation; according to

experimental evidence,

m1,m2= mass of each of the two particle

r

= distance between the two particles

Weight

What is the different between Mass and Weight?

The relationship between mass and weight can be

expressed

develop an approximate expression for finding the weight, W

of a particle having a mass m1 = m
Assume the earth to be a non-rotating sphere of constant
density and having a mass m2 = Me, then if r is the distance
between the earths center and the particle, we have

W G
Letting,g

G Me
r2

g = 9.807 m/s2
so

W mg

m1 M e
r2

yields

Units of measurement

Mechanic deal with four fundamental quantities

Length

Mass

Force

Time
SI Units in Two system
U.S Customary Units
Units and symbols

Quantity

Dimensional
Symbol

Unit

Symbol

Unit

Symbol

Mass

kilogram

kg

slug

Length

meter

foot

ft

Time

second

second

sec

Force

newton

pound

lb

SI units

International system of units

Newton (N)

Force in Newtons(N) is derived from F=ma

1kg

Force?

Solution

N kg

m
s2

W mg

(g=9.81m/s2)

US Customary

The unit of mass, called a slug, is derived from F = ma.

Newton (N)

Force in Newtons(N) is derived from F=ma

1slug

Solution

mass?

lb. sec 2
slug
ft

w
m
g

(g=32.2 ft/sec2)

Conversion factors
Terms

U.S Customary

S.I metric unit

Length

1 in.
1 ft
1 mile

= 25.4 mm
= 0.3048 m
= 1609 m

Area

1 in.2
1 ft2
1 sq mile

= 6.45 cm2
= 0.093 m2
= 2.59 km2

Volume

1 in3
1 ft3

= 16.39 cm3
= 0.0283 m3

Capacity

1 qt
1 gal

= 1.136 I
= 4.546 I

Mass

1 Ib
1 slug

= 0.454 kg
= 14.6 kg

Velocity

1 in/sec
1 ft/min
I mph

= 0.0254 m/s
= 0.3048 m/s
= 0.447 m/s = 1.61 km/h

Acceleration

1 in./sec2
1 ft/sec2

=0.0254 m/s2
= 0.3048 m/s2

Force

1 Ib
1 poundal

= 4.448 N
= 0.138 N

Pressure

1 Ib/in.2
1 Ib/ft2

= 6.895 kPa
= 47.88 kPa

Energy

1 ft-Ib
1 Btu
1 hp-hr
1 watt-hr

= 1.356 J
= 1.055 kJ
= 2.685 MJ
= 3.6 kJ

Power

1 hp

0.746 kW

Example 1.1

Convert 2 km/h to m/s and ft/s

Solution

Since 1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 3600 s, the factors of

conversion are arranged in the following order, so that
a cancellation of the units can be applied:
km 2 km 1000 m 1 h
2

h
h km 3600 s

0.556

m 3.281 ft
x
1.824 ft / s
s
m

Mathematic required

Algebraic equations with one unknown

Simultaneous equations with two unknowns

Quadratic equations

Trigonometry functions of a right angle triangle

Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right angle

triangles.

Geometry

Algebraic equations with one unknown

Example 1.2
Solve for x in the equation

3(6 x )
16
2
x?

Simultaneous equation

Example 1.3
Solve the simultaneous equations.

3x 4 y 8
6 x 2 y 10
x?
y?

Quadratic equations
Example 1.4
Solve for x in equation
3x ( 4 2 x ) 10 x 2 8
b b 2 4ac
use x
2a

Trigonometry functions of a right angle triangle

Sin

y side opposite

r
hypotenuse

cos

x side adjacent

r
hypotenuse

tan

y side opposite

x side adjacent

Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right angle triangles

Triangles that are not right angle triangles

b

A
B
C

sin a sin b sin g

g

a
B

Side divided by the sine of the angle opposite the side

C
b

C 2 A2 B 2 2 AB cos g

Right angle triangle where g = 90o

b
A

C 2 A2 B 2

Geometry

opposite angles are equal when two straight lines

intersect
a

a=b
c=d

d
c

supplementary angles total 1800

a
b

a + b = 1800

complementary angles total 900

a
a + b = 900

a straight line intersection two parallel lines produces the

following equal angles:

c
d

a
b

a=b
c=d
or
a=b=c=d

the sum of the interior angles of any triangles equals to 180o

a+b+c=
1800

b
c

similar triangles have the same shape

D
A

BD DE BE

BA AC BC

B
C

If AB = 4, AC = 6 and DB = 10, then by proportion

DE

6
10 15
4

circle equations:

circumfere nce D or 2r
Area

D 2
4

or r 2

Angle is defined as one radian when a length of 1 radius

is measured on the circumference.