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Table&of&Contents&
!
Letter!from!Secretary!General!..!3!
Letter!from!Under!Secretary!General!of!Academics!!4!
Letter!from!Chair!5!
Committee!Introduction!...!6!
Topic!1:!Developing!and!Expanding!of!CrossHBorder!Intellectual!Workforce!
in!South!East!Asia!.!7!
Topic!2:!Impacts!of!Immigration,!Migration,!and!Refugee!Policies!in!South!East!Asia!!13!
Closing!Remarks!..!25!
Endnotes!..!26!
!

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Letter&from&Secretary&General&
!!
Dear!Delegates,!
Welcome!to!Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!2014!!
On!behalf!of!the!PAMUN!organizing!team,!I!would!like!to!extend!my!warmest!greetings!to!all!
the! delegates! of! this! years! conference.! After! serving! as! the! Under! Secretary! General! of!
Academics! for! Pan! Asia! MUN! 2013,! I! am! humbled! and! honored! to! be! returning! as! the!
Secretary!General!for!this!years!conference.! !
As!the!leading!conference!of!its!kind!in!Taiwan,!Pan!Asia!MUN!2014!is!devoted!to!providing!
delegates! with! the! best! Model! UN! experience! possible.! This! years! conference! will! bring!
together!more!than!400!undergraduate!and!graduate!students!to!discuss,!debate,!and!attempt!
to! solve! a! variety! of! pressing! issues,! including! international! security,! political,! and!
humanitarian!concerns.! !
Pan!Asia!MUN!has!always!been!a!conference!that!attracts!both!first!time!Model!UN!delegates!
and!seasoned!veterans.!At!PAMUN!2014,!apart!from!our!large!and!medium!sized!committees!
featuring! both! single! and! double! delegations,! we! have! also! continued! the! highly! successful!
ASEAN!Regional!Forum!from!last!years!conference.!This!years!conference!will!also!highlight!
a!committee!that!has!never!been!implemented!in!Model!UN!in!Taiwan!before:!the!continuous!
crisis!committee!of!the!United!States!National!Security!Council.!
The!following!Background!Guide!has!been!diligently!researched!and!written!by!your!Dais!staff!
over! the! past! few! months.! I! hope! this! guide! will! act! as! a! start! to! your! research! into! your!
assigned! committee,! country! and! topics.! It! is! highly! recommended! that! delegates! do! further!
research!in!order!to!draft!fully!comprehensive!resolutions!during!the!conference.! !
Pan! Asia! Model! United! Nations! 2014! is! sure! to! be! an! unforgettable! journey! of! profound!
debate,! selfHdiscovery,! and! lasting! friendships.! I! look! forward! to! meeting! everyone! in!
December,!and!please!do!not!hesitate!to!contact!our!delegate!affairs!team,!academics!staff,!or!
myself!should!there!be!any!questions!or!concerns.!
Sincerely,!
!
Joyce!Lee!
Secretary!General!
Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!2014!

3!

Letter&from& &
Under&Secretary&General&of&Academics&
!
Dear!Delegates,!
It!is!our!great!honor!and!pleasure!to!extend!the!warmest!welcome!to!you!to!Pan!Asia!Model!
United!Nations!2014!on!behalf!of!the!members!of!the!Department!of!Academics.!In!the!months!
leading!up!to!the!conference,!the!members!of!the!Department!of!Academics!have!fully!devoted!
themselves! to! preparations! for! the! conference! to! provide! you! an! unparalleled! Model! United!
Nations!experience.!It!is!our!sincere!hope!that!you!will!enjoy!the!four!days!of!heated!debates!
and!caucuses!in!the!lively!city!of!Taipei.!
Within!the!past!few!decades,!Model!United!Nations!has!become!one!of!the!most!invigorating!
and! intensive! worldwide! activities! that! facilitates! and! accommodates! students! with! the!
essence! of! tackling! international! issues! and! negotiating! transnational! disputes.! This!
unparalleled! simulation! allows! participants! to! explore! some! of! the! most! interesting! topics!
from!the!past,!present,!and!future.!Since!its!inaugural!year,!Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!has!
strived! to! provide! delegates! with! a! variety! of! simulated! committees! with! a! unique! Asian!
touch.!
This! year's! conference! offers! seven! committees! of! varying! fields! of! international! issues! and!
topics!to!cater!to!both!first]time!and!veteran!delegates.!Apart!from!committees!affiliated!with!
the! main! organs! of! the! United! Nations,! regional! organizations! such! as! the! ASEAN! Regional!
Forum! (ARF)! and! Shanghai! Cooperation! Organization! (

),! and! the! newly!

introduced! crisis! committee,! United! States! National! Security! Council! (USNSC),! will! also! be!
stimulated! to! provide! delegates! with! the! opportunity! to! expand! their! fields! of! exploration!
within!the!Model!United!Nations!society.!
We!would!like!to!again!express!our!utmost!and!sincere!welcome!to!you!for!participating!Pan!
Asia!Model!United!Nations!2014.!Should!there!be!any!questions,!doubts,!or!concerns,!please!
do!not!hesitate!to!contact!us!at!the!email!address!below.!We!look!forward!to!meeting!you!all!
this!December.!
Sincerely,!
Ederson!Chang!&!Kevin!Wang!
USG!&!DUSG!of!Academics!
Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!2014!
academics@panasiamun.com!
!

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Letter&from&Chair&
!
Dear!Delegates,!
Welcome!to!the!2014!Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!Conference!in!Taipei,!Taiwan.!My!name!
is! Edward! Chen,! and! I! am! currently! a! Senior! in! the! Department! of! Political! Science! at! Soo!
Chow! University,! Taiwan.! Along! with! my! three! amazing! Assistant! Chairs:! Violet! Kuo,! a!
Sophomore! studying! Business! Administration! at! National! Taiwan! University;! Alan! Lee,! a!
Junior! studying! Diplomacy! at! National! Cheng! Chi! University;! and! Alexis! Tsai,! a! Sophomore!
studying! International! Business! at! National! Taiwan! University.! It! is! our! greatest! honor! to!
welcome!you!to!the!Association!of!Southeast!Asian!Nations!Regional!Forum!(ARF).!
Being!introduced!to!Model!United!Nations!during!my!freshman!year!of!University,!I!attended!
my!first!conference!at!Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!2011,!where!I!represented!the!Russian!
Federation.! Similar! to! many! first! time! MUNers,! I! was! nervous,! scared,! and! anxious;! the! first!
words! out! of! my! mouth! were! so! shaky! delegates! were! giggling! in! the! conference! room.! !
Though!I!will!be!chairing!the!ARF!Committee!at!Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!this!year,!that!
boy! from! three! years! ago! still! trembles! inside.! So! this! year,! I! hope! to! challenge! myself! by!
delivering!the!best!MUN!experience!to!you,!but!I!also!hope!that!you!challenge!yourselves!with!
the!same!passion!and!dedication.! !
This!year,!the!topics!under!discussion!in!the!ARF!are:!
I.!

Developing!and!Expanding!of!CrossHBorder!Intellectual!Workforce!in!Southeast!Asia!

II.! Impacts!of!Immigration,!Migration,!and!Refugee!Policies!in!South!East!Asia!
The! reason! I! decided! to! host! the! ASEAN! Regional! Forum! at! PAMUN! 2014! was! not! only!
because! of! the! astonishing! success! of! the! committee! in! PAMUN! 2013,! but! also! because! this!
committee! is! a! unique! way! for! Taiwanese! students! to! familiarize! themselves! with! issues!
pertaining! to! the! rapid! growth! of! South! East! Asia.! As! the! dais! of! the! ARF,! our! goal! is! to!
familiarize!you!with!this!dynamic!region!of!the!world.! !
We! look! forward! to! meeting! all! of! you! this! coming! December,! and! we! hope! that! you! look!
forward!to!Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!2014!!
Sincerely,!
Edward!Chen!
Chair,!ASEAN!Regional!Forum!
Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!2014!

arf@panasiamun.com!!
5!

Committee&Introduction&
!
From!The!Beatles!and!Martin!Luther!King!Jr.!to!Chinas!Great!Leap!Forward!and!the!Vietnam!
War,!it!is!said!that!the!1960s!was!a!time!of!change!for!cultural!and!political!trends!and!the!
turning! point! for! the! modern! world.! On! August! 8,! 1967! the! Foreign! Ministers! of! Indonesia,!
Malaysia,!the!Philippines,!Singapore,!and!Thailand!formed!the!Association!of!South!East!Asian!
Nations!(ASEAN).!But!has!since!grown!to!include!Brunei,!Burma!(Myanmar),!Cambodia,!Laos,!
and! Vietnam.! Aiming! to! accelerate! economic! growth,! social! progress,! and! sociocultural!
evolution! among! member! states,! in! 1993! the! Ministers! agreed! to! hold! the! ASEAN! Regional!
Form! (ARF)! on! July! 25th,! 1994.! Since! 1994,! ARF! has! become! a! platform! that! includes! 27!
nations! whose! objectives! are! to! foster! dialogue! and! consultation,! and! promote!
confidenceHbuilding!and!preventive!diplomacy!in!the!region.!
The! core! objective! of! the! ASEAN! Regional! Forum! is! primarily! focused! on! the! upholding! of!
regional! security! as! well! as! contributing! to! confidenceHbuilding! measure! and! preventative!
diplomacy.!Preventative!diplomacy!refers!to!diplomatic!attempts!to!control!tensions!between!
states!before!disputes!escalate!into!open!military!conflict.!The!ARF!has!remained!relevant!in!
every! important! security! issue! in! the! AsiaHPacific,! from! crisis! surrounding! the! Korean!
Peninsula!to!maritime!disputes!in!the!South!and!East!China!Seas!to!the!Arab!Spring!and!the!
Syrian!civil!war;!the!ARF!has!been!an!effective!platform!for!dialogue!and!discussion.!
!

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Topic&1:& &
Developing&and&Expanding&of&
CrossCBorder&Intellectual&Workforce&in&
South&East&Asia&
!

Statement'of'the'Problem'
In! recent! decades,! the! region! of! Southeast! Asia! has! been! greatly! influenced! by! the!
changing!economic!and!political!status!of!Asia!as!a!whole.!Major!powers!and!companies!have!
shifted! its! interest! into! the! region! due! to! low! wages! and! manufacturing! costs! yet! efficient!
production! output.! Southeast! Asia! advocates! for! open! markets,! trade! and! investment!
opportunities,! and! a! level! playing! field! for! businesses! to! compete! and! prosper.! Economic!
cooperation!between!countries!in!the!region!strengthens!coordination!on!issues!of!strategic!
importance!to!business,!including!intellectual!property!protection,!free!trade!agreements,!and!
regional!economic!integration.! !
However,!the!current!youth!and!college!graduates!of!the!region!are!no!longer!satisfied!
with! the! low! wages! and! blue! collar! jobs! that! their! parents! would! have! been! content! with.!
Consequently,!in!Southeast!Asia!the!youth!are!five!times!more!likely!to!be!unemployed!than!
adults.! The! International! Labor! Organization! (ILO)! projects! the! regional! youth!
unemployment! rates! in! Southeast! Asia! will! increase! from! 13.3!per! cent! in! 2013! to! above!
14!per! cent! by! 2017.1! This! isnt! a! trend! that! only! exists! in! Southeast! Asia.! In! its! recent!
report,!Global& Employment& Trends& for& Youth& 2013,! the! ILO! estimated! that! as! many! as! 73!
million!young!people!of!working!age!were!unemployed.!
In!a!move!to!expand!job!opportunities!in!the!region,!the!ASEAN!Economic!Community!
(AEC)! plans! to! lower! barriers! to! the! free! movement! of! goods,! capital,! and! workers! in! 2015.!
However,!few!workers!are!expected!to!take!advantage!of!freedom!of!movement!among!the!
ten!Association!of!Southeast!Asian!Nations!(ASEAN)!member!states.!One!reason!is!that!labor!
migration! will! initially! only! be! available! for! professionals! such! as! accountants,! architects,!
dentists,! doctors,! engineers,! nurses,! surveyors! and! tourism! industry! workers.! However,!
professionals! in! these! fields! face! obstacles! in! the! language! barrier,! country! specific! training!
requirements,!or!unrecognized!credentials.! !
The!majority!of!workers!that!do!migrate!between!ASEAN!member!states!are!illegal,!low!
skilled! workers,! such! as! Indonesians! in! Malaysia! or! Burmese! in! Thailand.! The! 2007! ASEAN!
Declaration! on! the! Protection! and! Promotion! of! the! Rights! of! Migrant! Workers! requires!
ASEAN! member! state! governments! to! protect! the! rights! of! these! lowHskilled! migrants.!
However,!there!is!no!framework!to!implement!the!2007!ASEAN!Declaration.!
!

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ASEAN! nations! are! currently! introducing! visaHfree! travel.! Currently,! many! ASEAN!
member!states!allow!nationals!of!other!ASEAN!countries!to!enter!and!remain!for!30!days,!but!
not! to! work.! However,! many! migrant! Vietnamese! workers! for! example! take! advantage! of!
visaHfree! entry! to! Thailand! to! find! jobs! in! Thailand,! which! often! pay! considerably! more.!
Although!their!visa!allows!them!to!travel!legally,!they!are!violating!the!terms!of!their!visas!by!
working.!
!

History'and'Discussion'
Over!the!past!two!decades,!there!have!been!three!kinds!of!temporary!labor!movements!
related!to!economic!development!in!Southeast!Asia:!flow!of!unskilled!labors!associated!with!
wage! differentials! between! home! and! host! countries,! flow! of! skilled! labors! associated! with!
both! wage! differentials! and! skill! surpluses! or! shortages,! and! flow! of! business! and! related!
professionals!associated!with!foreign!investment,!interHcompany!transfers!and!other!related!
capital! flows.! The! latter! two! are! highly! engaged! in! tradable! industries,! where! foreign!
investment!is!prominent.2!
On! the! eve! of! the! 1997! Financial! Crisis! in! Asia,! skilled! foreign! workers! employed! in!
overseas! firms! or! by! domestic! investors! were! increasingly! recruited! from! a! wide! range! of!
countries.!In!recent!years,!Southeast!Asia!has!become!a!major!importer!of!high!skilled!labor,!
despite!the!attraction!of!highHwaged!jobs!in!other!developed!countries.! !
ASEAN!countries!can!be!roughly!divided!into!three!groups!in!regards!to!the!mobility!of!
intellectual! workforce.! The! first! category! includes! countries! with! brain! gain,! which! is! when!
inflow! of! the! intellectual! workforce! far! exceeds! its! outflow.! This! includes! Singapore,! Brunei!
Darussalam,! and! Thailand.! The! second! category! is! where! outflow! of! intellectual! workforce!
surpass! the! inflow! of! brain! gain.! Philippines! and! Malaysia! are! in! this! category.! The! third!
category! includes! Indonesia,! Cambodia,! Lao! Peoples! Democratic! Republic,! Vietnam,! and!
Myanmar! are! considered! in! the! category! when! inflow! and! outflow! of! intellectual! workforce!
are! not! significantly! distinct.! In! these! countries,! restrictive! regulations! limit! the! inflow! of!
intellectual! workforce! while! the! existing! intellectual! workforce! lack! English! proficiency,!
which!makes!outflow!insignificant.3!
Case'Study:'Thailand'
Thailand! recovered! from! the! deepest! economic! contraction! in! 1997! by! its! "dual! track"!
economic! policy! that! combined! domestic! stimulus! programs! with! Thailand's! traditional!
promotion! of! open! markets! and! foreign! investment.! The! rapid! economic! growth! rate!
motivated!the!Thai!government!to!focus!on!high!productivity!development.!
Thai! firms! traditionally! focused! on! laborHintensive! product! assembly! without!
manufacturing! of! OEM! parts.! However! in! recent! years,! this! trend! has! reversed! and! the! Thai!
economy! is! gradually! moving! from! laborHintensive! industry! to! technologyHintensive! sector,!

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with!goods!and!services!included.!Since!the!Thai!government!is!providing!incentives!to!spur!
the! growth! of! highHtech! industry! and! has! made! great! progress! in! strengthening! their!
highHtech! manufacturing,! the! increasing! demand! of! skilled! labors! in! Thailand! is! expected! to!
grow! rapidly.! However,! in! spite! of! this! potential! new! labor! market! for! more! professional!
markets,!a!2007!survey!reported!that!20%!have!a!shortage!of!professional!workers.!The!case!
is!even!worse!for!skilled!production!workers:!where!shortages!reached!an!average!of!30%!for!
manufacturing! firms! and! nearly! 50%! for! auto! parts! firms.! Nearly! all! firms! are! seriously! in!
need!of!English!speakers!and!IT!professionals.4!
The!problem!of!Thailand!is!that!it!is!still!based!on!learning!by!exporting!strategy.!Thai!
firms!acquire!new!technology!through!the!parent!companies,!in!other!words,!the!technology!
innovations!of!their!own!is!highly!restricted.!An!insufficient!supply!of!quality!skilled!workers!
limits!the!efficiency!and!the!productivity.!
Once!the!ASEAN!free!labor!market!is!well!established,!laborHintensive!firms!that!rely!on!
lowHskill!labors!will!most!likely!transfer!many!factories!to!more!wageHcompetitive!countries!
such!as!Vietnam.!This!forces!Thailand!put!greater!emphasis!on!supporting!the!growth!of!the!
highHskilled!job!sector.! !
If! Thailand! is! able! to! offer! attractive! jobs! and! wages,! it! has! the! chance! to! draw! more!
professional! graduates! from! across! the! region! to! fill! the! labor! gaps! in! this! area.! However,! if!
wages! remain! low,! the! best! Thai! graduates! are! likely! to! move! to! more! developed! ASEAN!
states!for!opportunities,!worsening!the!situation!in!Thailand!
The!higher!education!system!is!seen!as!largely!to!blame!for!the!large!gaps!between!labor!
demand!and!supply.!The!number!of!graduates!from!Thailand's!top!engineering!programs!was!
only!14,652!engineers!in!2010.!This!is!far!short!of!the!estimated!demand!of!100,000!workers.5!
At!present,!higher!education!is!simply!not!producing!enough!graduates!in!the!quantity!
and!with!the!expertise!needed.!With!no!reform,!this!shortage!will!only!worsen!Investment!in!
three! areas,! namely! capital! and! machinery,! research! and! development,! and! training! and!
education,!will!be!critical!to!the!success!of!Thailands!future!economy.!
!

Past'Actions'
United'Nation'Actions'
The!General!Agreement!on!Trade!in!Services!(GATS),!promoted!by!WTO,!is!the!first!and!
only! set! of! multilateral! rules! governing! all! internationally! traded! services.6! There! are! four!
modes!to!facilitate!the!liberation!of!current!international!trade!in!service.7!
Mode&1&Cross<Border&Supply:!services!supplied!from!one!country!to!another!
Mode&2&Consumption&Abroad:!consumers!or!firms!making!use!of!a!service!in!another!country!
Mode& 3& Commercial& Presence:! a! foreign! company! setting! up! subsidiaries! or! branches! to!
!

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provide!services!in!another!country!
Mode& 4& Presence& of& Natural& Persons:! individuals! travelling! from! their! own! country! to! supply!
services!in!another!
Mode! 4! relates! to! the! temporary! travel! for! a! limited! period! by! workers! to! provide! a!
specific! service! abroad,! either! as! selfHemployed! individual! services! or! as! employees! of!
corporates!supplying!services.8!
Existing! regional! and! bilateral! free! trade! agreements! (FTAs)! in! Southeast! Asia! have!
exactly! the! same! structure! as! Mode! 4! arrangements! delineated! in! the! GATS.! ASEAN! !
Australia! H! New! Zealands! FTA! (AANZFTA)! is! the! only! ASEAN+1! agreement! that! has! been!
accomplished! and! implemented. 9 ! This! FTA! establishes! streamlined! and! transparent!
procedures! for! applications! of! immigration! formalities! for! the! temporary! entry! of! natural!
persons.!Such!persons!may!include:!
Business!visitors;!
Installers!and!servicers;!
Executives!of!a!business!headquartered!in!a!Party!establishing!a!branch!or!subsidiary,!or!
other!commercial!presence!of!that!business!in!another!Party;!
IntraHcorporate!transferees;!or!
Contractual!service!suppliers.!
However,! this! FTA! does! not! apply! to! measures! regarding! citizenship,! residence! or!
employment! on! a! permanent! basis.! On! bilateral! levels,! the! FTAs! outline! various! methods!
targeting! different! groups! of! natural! persons! movement! depending! on! the! degree! of!
economic!development.!For!example,!the!JapanHSingapore!Economic!Partnership!Agreement!
(EPA)!includes!provisions!on!business!visitors,!intraHcorporate!transferees,!certain!categories!
of! investors! and! engineers.10! These! professionals! are! permitted! to! stay! in! Japan! in! order! to!
establish!and!maintain!their!investments!or!service!their!contracts!with!companies!in!Japan.! !
ASEAN'Actions'
The! ASEAN! Economic! Community! Blueprint! (AEC! Blueprint)! was! signed! in! 2007,! with!
the!goal!of!increasing!interdependence!of!the!ASEAN!economies!within!the!region!as!well!as!
with!the!rest!of!the!world.!It!emphasizes!the!importance!of!bridging!the!development!gap!and!
accelerating!the!development!of!ASEAN!countries.!The!main!purpose!of!the!AEC!blueprint!is!
to! transform! ASEAN! into! a! region! with! a! single! market! and! production! base! that! is! highly!
competitive,!has!economic!development,!and!is!fully!integrated!into!the!global!economy.11! !
In! addition,! the! AEC! Blueprint! seeks! to! substantially! removes! all! restrictions! on! trade!
and!services!for!air!transport,!eHASEAN!(information!and!communication!industry!in!ASEAN),!
healthcare,! and! tourism! by! 2010! and! the! fifth! priority! services! sector,! logistics! services,! by!
2013.12! Also,!the!AEC!Blueprint!facilitates!the!movement!of!skilled!labor!forces!by:!facilitating!
the! issuing! of! visas! and! employment! passes;! establishing! mutual! recognition! arrangements!

10!

(MRAs)! for! major! professional! services;! setting! a! core! concordance! of! services! skills! and!
qualifications;! and! enhancing! cooperation! among! ASEAN! universities! to! increase! regional!
mobility!for!students!and!staff.!It!is!important!to!note!that!the!AEC!Blueprint!only!covers!the!
free!flow!of!skilled!workers!but!does!not!include!the!flow!of!unskilled/semiHskilled!workers.!
!

Key'Players'
Singapore'
Attracting! an! inflow! of! foreign! professionals! and! executives! is! Singapores! national!
strategy!to!ensure!sustainable!economic!growth.!The!Ministry!of!Manpower!regularly!updates!
The!Strategic!and!SkillsHinHDemand!List!with!the!dynamics!of!labor!market!trends.!Currently,!
the! list! covers! manufacturing,! construction,! healthcare,! finance,! information! communication!
and!digital!media,!tourism,!and!retailing.!Foreigners!equipped!with!skills!on!this!list!or!foreign!
professional! whose! last! fixed! monthly! salary! overseas! was! at! least! USD! $18,000! are! eligible!
for!work!passes.!The!pass!holders!can!take!on!employment!in!any!sector!of!the!economy,!may!
be!accompanied!by!their!family!members,!and!are!permitted!to!stay!in!Singapore!for!up!to!six!
months!to!seek!jobs.13!
The!Singapore!government!also!takes!steps!to!attract!students!from!all!over!the!world!to!
study!and!even!work!in!Singapore.!With!an!EnglishHspeaking!environment,!good!reputation!of!
public! order! and! safety,! and! high! educational! standards,! Singapore! attracts! young! people!
from!China,!India,!Southeast!Asia!and!other!areas.!By!actively!inviting!renowned!universities!
to!establish!branches!with!local!universities!and!instituting!oneHstop!information!and!service!
centers! for! foreign! students,! Singapore! had! up! to! 150,000! international! students! in! 2012,!
double!that!of!previous!years.14!
The'Philippines'
' Migration!is!considered!an!integral!part!of!national!development!in!The!Philippines.!
Inflow! of! intellectual! workforce! is! encouraged! in! areas! such! as! in! engineering,! medical! and!
related! professions,! accounting,! and! architecture! where! foreign! workers! can! immigrate! and!
become!a!citizen.!Filipinos!secure!more!high!skilled!workers!than!any!other!type!of!workers!in!
this!region!because!they!are!able!to!guarantee!workers!rights!by!national!legislations!which!
are! reinforced! by! bilateral! agreements! between! host! and! home! countries.! The! government!
provides!migrant!workers!with!job!security!when!they!visit!home!and!also!actively!seeks!new!
policies!in!order!to!expand!the!rights!of!migrant!workers!when!they!are!abroad,!such!as!the!
amendment!of!Absentee!Voting!Act.15!
!

11!

Possible'Solutions'
Enhance'effective'cooperation'among'the'ASEAN'University'Network'
As!an!increasing!number!of!ASEAN!countries!struggle!to!move!up!in!the!economic!ladder,!
a! larger! skilled! workforce! becomes! necessary.! Thus,! effective! cooperation! among! higher!
education! institution! is! essential! to! improve! both! the! quality! and! quantity! of! intellectual!
workforce.! !
However,!the!differences!in!curriculum!and!standards!between!different!nations!schools!
and! lack! of! financial! resources! leave! cooperation! among! ASEAN! universities! limited.!
Integrating!or!fostering!an!ASEAN!model!for!higher!education!with!common!aspects!from!all!
regions! will! be! important! to! enhance! effective! cooperation.! Also,! using! English! instead! of!
respective!national!languages!as!a!median!of!instruction!facilitates!student!and!staff!exchange.!
This!then!easily!leads!to!greater!mobility!of!intellectual!workforce!among!ASEAN!countries.!At!
the! same! time,! it! will! promote! more! international! recognition! of! ASEAN! academic!
qualifications.!
Negotiate'bilateral'mutual'recognition'arrangements'(MRAs)'
MRAs! is! the! major! instrument! of! ASEAN! cooperation.! However,! differences! in!
development! levels! among! ASEAN! countries! make! the! negotiating! process! timeHconsuming.!
Furthermore,! implementation! of! these! arrangements! poses! another! problem.! Policies! and!
regulatory! frameworks! such! as! licensing! regulations! of! professional! associations! meant! to!
protect!local!jobs!or!ensure!the!quality!of!professional!jobs!will!impede!skilled!labor!mobility.'
Thus,! achieving! and! implementing! regulations! shared! by! multiple! parties! will! simplify!
the! process! and! remove! a! barrier! to! labor! mobility.! This! includes! increasing! information!
exchange!and!transparency!and!simplifying!visa!or!employment!pass!applications.!
!

Questions'to'Consider'
1. Intellectual! workforce! coming! from! abroad! may! threaten! domestic! job! opportunities! but!
also!benefit!the!industry.!How!can!we!strike!a!balance!between!maintaining!a!balanced!and!
fair!job!market!while!also!facilitating!beneficial!labor!and!information!exchange?!
2. How! can! ASEAN! formulate! a! feasible! multilateral! intellectual! workforce! regulation! while!
respecting!the!unique!differences!between!ASEAN!member!states?!
3. What! are! the! obstacles! ASEAN! countries! may! face! when! applying! ASEAN! Economic!
Community!(AEC)!Blueprints!in!practice?!
4. Can!ASEAN!member!states!increase!the!number!of!nonHmember!intellectual!partner!states!
without!jeopardizing!the!integrity!of!its!foreign!policy?!
!

!
!

'
12!

Topic&2:& &
Impacts&of&Immigration,&Migration,&and&
Refugee&Policies&in&South&East&Asia&
&

Statement'of'the'Problem'
Categories'of'Migration:'Voluntary'Migration,'Forced'Migration'
Migration!is!movement!involving!a!change!of!permanent!or!temporary!residence.!Most!
people!move!voluntarily!for!economic!reasons.!They!may!relocate!for!betterHpaying!jobs!or!in!
search! for! opportunities! in! new! areas! or! to! escape! from! poverty! or! a! low! living! standard.16!
The!main!motivation!for!voluntary!migration!is!economic!incentives.!The!reasons!for!forced!
migration!on!the!other!hand!may!vary!from!case!to!case.!
Forced! migration,! as! defined! by! International! Labor! Organization,! describes! the!
situation! where! a! person! moves! so! that! they! can! escape! persecution,! conflict,! repression,!
natural!and!humanHmade!disasters,!ecological!degradation,!or!other!situations!that!endanger!
their!lives,!freedom!or!livelihood.!Forced!migration!is!also!known!as!displacement,!and!the!
displaced! are! considered! refugees! according! to! the! expanded! definition! of! the! 1951& United&
Nations& Convention& Relating& to& the& Status& of& Refugees.17& These! two! categories! of& migration!
both!have!social!and!economic!effects!on!hosting!countries!as!well!as!sending!countries.! !
Economic'Effect'
Migrant(Workers(
The!economic!effects!of!migration!vary!widely.!For!hosting!countries,!migrant!workers!
fill!in!the!labor!gaps!of!low!and!midH!skilled!workers!in!more!developed!nations.!Singapore,!
Brunei!Darussalam,!Malaysia!and!Thailand!receive!migrants!from!other!countries!due!to!their!
socioHcultural! and! economic! advancement.! In! thriving! and! developed! states,! foreign! labors!
tend!to!occupy!the!jobs!that!local!workers!are!less!willing!to!take.!The!presence!of!unskilled!
foreign! labors! also! drives! wages! down! in! these! occupations,! which! is! beneficial! to! local!
entrepreneurs.18! However,!this!does!hurt!local!unskilled!workers.!Additionally,!uncontrolled!
influx! of! people! could! exceed! the! demand! for! work! of! hosting! countries,! increasing! the!
population!living!in!poverty!and!adding!to!public!welfare!burden.19!
For!sending!countries,!the!huge!amount!of!remittance!is!the!economic!benefit!of!sending!
migrant!workers!abroad.!According!to!United!Nations!Conference!on!Trade!and!Development,!
in! conflict! or! postconflict! situations,! remittances! can! be! crucial! to! survival,! sustenance,!
rehabilitation,! and! reconstruction.! In! providing! primarily! for! household! livelihoods,!
remittances!are!spent!on!general!consumption!items!in!local!communities!that!contribute!to!
!

13!

local! economies! by! supporting! small! businesses.! Sending! redundant! labor! forces! overseas!
also! eases! the! problem! of! unemployment.! Nonetheless,! the! home! country! of! the! migrant!
workers! may! suffer! from! Brain! Drain,! which! is! the! loss! of! trained! and! wellHeducated!
individuals!to!emigration.20!
Social'Effect'
Migrant(Workers(
Similar! to! economic! effect,! migrant! workers! have! social! impacts! on! both! hosting!
countries! and! sending! countries.! Social! conflict! is! a! fairly! frequent! social! consequence! of!
migration.!It!often!follows!the!mass!movement!of!people!from!less!developed!States!to!more!
advanced!states!due!to!the!difficulties!of!integration!into!their!hosting!nations.!Generally,!low!
and!midH!skilled!migrants!have!more!difficulty!adjusting!to!new!environments!in!comparison!
to!those!educated!and!socially!aware.21&
Forced(Migration(
The!growing!phenomenon!of!undocumented!migration!and!refugees!in!Southeast!Asia!is!
a!difficulty!for!many!States.!The!frustration!caused!by!the!marginalization!of!undocumented!
populations!leads!political!instability!and!social!unrest.!The!problem!is!further!intensified!by!
human!trafficking,!as!trafficked!individuals!also!remain!silent!due!to!the!fear!of!deportation.!
Since!these!people!are!undocumented!and!do!not!have!the!resources!to!request!support!from!
the!local!government,!they!are!easily!and!often!exploited!for!criminal!purposes!or!become!the!
victims!of!crimes.!Migrants!moving!through!undocumented!networks!or!nonHlegal!means!have!
limited! legal! rights.! This! leaves! them! vulnerable! to! having! their! human! rights! violated.! This!
undocumented! status! can! persist! for! many! years! or! even! a! lifetime,! and! children! of!
undocumented! migrants! may! also! not! be! able! to! gain! legal! status.! This! can! lead! to! greater!
violation!of!human!rights!and!possible!victimization.22!
Gender(and(Migration(
Traditionally,! labor! migration! predominantly! involved! men! seeking! employment! in!
sectors!considered!undesirable!by!nationals!of!the!destination!countries.!In!recent!decades,!
intraHregional! migration! flows! have! been! become! predominately! females! going! into! the!
domestic!service!sector.!This!is!particularly!true!for!migrant!workers!from!Indonesia!and!the!
Philippines,! of! whom! the! vast! majority! are! female.! This! feminization! of! migration! has!
emerged!as!a!significant!trend!in!the!emigration!of!workers!from!Southeast!Asian!countries.23! !
This!in!turn!raises!the!need!for!greater!legal!and!civic!attention!towards!protecting!the!
rights!and!welfare!of!female!migrants.!Asian!states!continue!to!treat!migration!as!a!problem!of!
law! enforcement! and! crime,! and! neglect! considering! the! rights! of! the! migrants.! ! Reflecting!
this,! government! officials! in! host! countries! rarely! speak! out! for! the! welfare! and! rights! of!
migrant! workers.! The! public! is! also! not! very! aware! of! their! living! and! working! condition,!
leaving!female!migrants!in!a!dangerous!and!vulnerable!position!in!the!hosting!countries.24!

14!

'

History'and'Discussion'
For!centuries,!migration!has!been!a!major!problem!in!Southeast!Asia.!In!the!19th!century,!
European!colonial!activity!and!labor!shortages!in!North!America!and!Australia!increased!the!
demand! for! labor! forces! in! Southeast! Asia.! Influenced! by! European! colonial! powers,!
predominantly!male!Asians!moved!overseas!under!institutionalized!contracts!with!no!hope!of!
returning;! while! abroad! they! suffered! from! racist! exclusion! acts! in! North! America! and!
Australia.25!
The! labor! movement! in! the! early! 20th! century! then! spread! to! Asia,! especially! the!
Malayan!Peninsula,!due!to!increases!in!tin!demand.!Movements!peaked!in!1920,!then!began!to!
drop! off! in! 1930! following! the! Great! Depression.26! As! colonial! power! dissolved! after! World!
War!II,!migration!within!Southeast!Asia!became!limited!to!regional!movement!and!varied!with!
economic!development.!
The! Financial! Crisis! in! 1997! and! 2008! lead! to! another! wave! of! migration! in! ASEAN!
countries,! as! financial! insecurity! forced! many! to! move! and! search! for! better! opportunity.!
Another!factor!that!stimulated!migration!throughout!ASEAN!countries!during!this!period!was!
improved! intraHregional! trade,! investment,! and! cooperation.! The! social,! cultural,! and!
economic! impact! that! this! increased! migration! brought! became! an! increasingly! important!
concern!for!ASEAN.!These!would!remain!an!issue!in!the!area!for!a!prolonged!period!of!time.!
There! were! no! policies! or! mechanisms! established! between! the! receiving! or! providing!
countries.!
'

Case'Study'
Thailand'
Rich! in! natural! resources! but! not! densely! populated,! Thailand! attracts! countless!
immigrants! each! year.! Thy! come! for! reasons! ranging! from:! seeking! better! opportunities,!
improving!their!quality!of!life,!or!escaping!from!unrest!in!their!original!countries.!In!the!18th!
and! 19th! centuries,! Chinese! merchants! and! labors! arrived! and! settled! in! Thailand.! Other!
nationals! such! as! Indian,! Western,! and! Japanese! powers! also! came! to! Thailand! for! various!
political!and!economic!reasons.!Civilians!or!ethnic!groups!from!neighboring!countries!such!as!
the!Vietnamese,!Burmese,!Lao,!Karen,!who!were!escaping!from!natural!disasters!or!civil!wars,!
also!fled!to!Thailand!to!seek!shelter.27&
Migrants!in!Thailand!can!be!divided!into!two!categories:!regular!migrants!and!irregular!
migrants.! Regular! migrants! are! people! who! enter! Thailand! legally! while! irregular! migrants!
includes!those!who!enter!illegally!and!those!who!are!forced!to!flee!from!their!host!countries!
due! to! political! unrest.! An! estimated! 2.4! million! foreign! workers! reside! in! Thailand,! with! a!
vast! majority! of! them! being! undocumented.! In! 2008,! Thailand! passed! its! first! piece! of!
!

15!

comprehensive!legislation!regulating!the!hiring!and!employment!of!the!estimated!two!million!
labor! migrants! originating! from! Myanmar,! Laos,! and! Cambodia! currently! reside! in! the!
country.!The!Alien!Employment!Act!grants!lowHskilled!migrants!working!rights!on!temporary!
working!permits!and!imposes!penalties!for!irregular!migrants!and!their!employers.! !
In! the! past! decade,! Thailand! has! attempted! to! facilitate! the! regularization! and!
deportation! of! undocumented! migrants! from! neighboring! countries! through! a! series! of!
bilateral!and!multilateral!agreements!and!through!a!series!of!amnesty!registration!drives,!but!
these!efforts!have!been!met!with!limited!success.28! Thailand!also!hosts!significant!numbers!of!
refugees!and!asylum!seekers!from!Myanmar.!However,!there!is!no!comprehensive!regulation!
that!can!monitor!or!control!their!presence!since!Thailand!is!not!a!signatory!state!of!any!UN!
convention!regarding!refugee!status.!These!migrants!are!called!displaced!persons,!and!they!
stay! in! temporary! shelters! near! the! ThailandHMyanmar! border.! Much! of! the! assistance! and!
human!aid!for!these!displaced!persons!is!provided!for!by!NGOs!or!foreign!governments.29! !
The'Philippines'
The! Philippines! is! one! of! the! top! 10! countries! when! it! comes! to! number! of! emigrated.!
There!are!an!estimated!1.4!million!Filipinos!living!abroad,!with!most!of!them!being!contract!
workers.!The!national!trend!of!emigration,!began!in!the!1970s!and!continues!to!this!day!due!
to!a!number!of!factors.!Aside!from!the!breakdown!of!1965!Immigration!and!Nationality!Act,!
other! motivating! factors! include! political! instability,! economic! development,! and! high!
unemployment! rates.30! In! addition,! the! high! demand! for! labor! in! oilHrich! Gulf! countries!
following!the!oil!crisis!in!1973,!increased!foreign!demand!for!cheap!labor.!The!large!amount!of!
demand!for!cheap!labor!abroad!was!an!opportunity!The!Philippine!government!recognized.31&
Since!the!1970s,!the!government!and!the!private!sector!have!each!played!a!vital!role!in!
the!labor!export!process.!The!Philippine!Overseas!Employment!Administration!(POEA)!grew!
out!of!the!Overseas!Employment!Development!Board!and!the!National!Seamen!Board!in!the!
then! Ministry! of! Labor! and! Employment.! POEA! became! the! government! agency! responsible!
for! processing! workers'! contracts! and! preHdeployment! checks,! as! well! as! for! licensing,!
regulating,! and! monitoring! private! recruitment! agencies.32! The! Philippines! relies! highly! on!
remittances!received!from!migrant!workers.! !
The! promotion! of! labor! export! also! contributes! creating! a! migration! culture! in! The!
Philippines! and! this! in! turn! motivates! more! people! to! work! abroad.! The! government! has!
developed! a! set! of! sophisticated! mechanisms! and! comprehensive! regulations! to! promote!
labor! export! revolving! around! publicHprivate! cooperation.! The! benefits! of! the! emigration!
trend!are!the!large!remittance!sent!back!by!workers!abroad!and!also!reduced!unemployment!
in! the! nation.! Also,! since! more! Filipinas! have! become! domestic! workers! in! more! developed!
countries,! they! became! more! exposed! to! issues! regarding! gender! equality.! This! promotes!
greater!movement!for!womens!right!within!The!Philippines.! !

16!

However,!dependence!on!remittance!means!The!Philippines!relies!heavily!on!the!global!
market! and! makes! Philippines! vulnerable! to! external! market! shocks.! Brain! Drain! is! also!
another!problem!resulted!from!labor!outflow,!if!educated!and!skilled!workers!begin!to!leave!
as!well.33&
'

Past'Actions! !
UN'Actions'
United(Nations(Convention(on(the(Protection(of(the(Rights(of(All(Migrant(Workers(and(
Members(of(Their(Families(
The!General!Assembly!has!adopted!the!Convention&on&the&Protection&of&the&Rights&of&All&
Migrant& Workers& and& Members& of& Their& Families& in! December! 1990.! It! was! ratified! by! 21!
countries! in! March! 2003! and! therefore! enter! into! force! on! 1! July! in! the! same! year.! It! is! the!
most!comprehensive!convention!regarding!the!rights!of!migrant!workers!to!date.!One!thing!to!
note! is! that! although! it! defines! a! set! of! fundamental! human! rights! for! both! documented!
workers! and! undocumented! workers,! the! rights! granted! to! them! are! not! the! same.!
Additionally! the! convention! does! not! apply! to! refugees! and! forced! migration! cases. 34!
Bangladesh,!East!Timor,!Indonesia!and!the!Philippines!has!ratified!the!Convention.!Cambodia!
has!signed!but!not!yet!ratified!it.35&
Global(Migration(Group'(GMG)'
The!United!Nations!SecretaryHGeneral!established!the!GMG!in!early!2006!in!response!
to! a! recommendation! from! the! Global! Commission! on! International! Migration! for! the!
establishment! of! a! highHlevel! interHinstitutional! group! of! agencies! involved! in!
migrationHrelated! activities.! Apart! from! promoting! interHagency! cooperation! for! discussing!
international! migration,! the! Group! also! contributes! to! the! Global! Forum! on! Migration! and!
Development!(GFMD),!an!intergovernmental!process!created!after!the!2006General!Assembly!
High! Level! Dialogue! on! International! Migration! and! Development.! The! GMG! is! particularly!
concerned! with! improving! how! effectively! members! can! utilize! the! opportunities! of! and!
respond! to! the! challenges! presented! by! international! migration.36! Members! of! GMG! include!
the! International! Labour! Organization! (ILO),! International! Organization! of! Migration! (IOM),!
Office!of!the!High!Commissioner!for!Human!Rights!(OHCHR),!United!Nations!Childrens!Fund!
(UNICEF),!UN!Regional!Commissions,!etc.37!
Global(Forum(on(Migration(and(Development((GFMD)( (
Based!on!the!report!from!UNHGeneral!Assembly!High!Level!Dialogue!on!Migration!and!
Development!(HLD),!GFMD!is!a!voluntary,!nonHbinding!and!governmentHled!forum!open!to!all!
Member! States! and! Observers! of! the! UN.! The! GFMD! provides! a! stage! for! experts! and!
governments! from! all! regions! to! foster! practical! and! actionHoriented! solutions! for! issues!
regarding! migration! and! development.! The! Forum! has! also! engaged! civil! society!
!

17!

representatives!by!inviting!them!to!hold!parallel!meetings!and!share!their!deliberations!with!
states.38!
ASEAN'Actions' ' '
ASEAN(Committee(to(Implement(the(Declaration(on(the(Protection(and(Promotion(of(the(
Rights(of(Migrant(Workers((ACMW)( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
In!order!to!work!towards!achieving!the!goals!set!in!the!Declaration&on&the&Protection&
and& Promotion& of& the& Rights& of& Migrants,! the! ACMW! was! established.! It! is! responsible! for!
overseeing! the! progress! made! by! signatory! states! as! well! as! further! develop! the! protection!
and! promotion! of! the! rights! of! migrant! workers.39! The! annual! meeting! of! ASEAN! Forum! on!
Migrant! Labour! (AFML),! organized! by! ACMW,! provides! a! platform! for! employers! and!
workers! organizations! as! well! as! Civil! Society! Organizations! (CSOs)! to! engage! with!
governments.40! Stakeholders! can! share! information! and! cooperate! on! understanding! the!
needed!roles!and!responsibilities.41!
The! forum! includes! labour! officials,! representatives! of! workers! and! employers!
organizations,! and! NGOs! from! ASEAN! Member! States;! additionally! it! includes! experts! from!
international!organizations!such!as!the!International!Labour!Organization!(ILO),!International!
Organization! for! Migration! (IOM),! and! the! United! Nations! Development! Fund! for! Women!
(UNIFEM).!
Declaration(on(the(Protection(and(Promotion(of(the(Rights(of(Migrants(
In!2007,!ASEAN!passed!the!Declaration&on&the&Protection&and&Promotion&of&the&Rights&of&
Migrants.! The! ASEAN! Declaration! calls! on! both! sending! and! receiving! countries! to! promote!
the! full! potential! and! dignity! of! migrant! workers. 42 ! It! specially! outlines! each! countries!
obligations!in!various!categories.!The!declarations!calls!for!better!protections!of!workers!and!
their! families! rights,! decent! working! and! living! conditions,! social! protection,! fair! and! equal!
opportunities! for! all! in! conditions! of! freedom,! equity,! security! and! dignity.! The! Declaration!
mentions!that!migrant!workers!should!be!free!from!abuse,!exploitation,!discrimination!and!be!
provided!with!adequate!access!to!legal!as!well!as!judicial!system!of!the!Receiving!States.! !
Sending!States!are!obliged!to!ensure!access!to!employment!for!migrant!workers!as!well!
as! to! cooperate! closely! with! Receiving! States! on! the! protection! and! promotion! of! migrant!
workers.43! The!signing!of!the!declaration!was!seen!as!a!huge!step!toward!the!legal!protection!
of! migrant! workers! in! Southeast! Asia.! However,! undocumented! migrant! workers! are! not!
included!in!the!scope!of!the!Declaration.!In!2009,!the!Declaration!on!Migrant!Worker!Rights!
was!reaffirmed!in!the!ASEAN!SocioHCultural!Community!(ASCC)!Blueprint.44!
(

18!

Declarations(before(2007( (
ASEAN!had!been!attempting!to!address!the!issue!of!migrant!workers!since!the!1990s.!
This!also!includes!related!topics!such!as!trafficking!in!persons!and!irregular!migration.!A!
number!of!declarations!and!action!plans!have!been!passed!such!as:! !

ASEAN!Declaration!on!Transnational!Crime!(1997)!
Hanoi!Plan!of!Action!(1998)!
Bangkok!Declaration!on!Irregular!Migration!(1999)!
ASEAN!Declaration!Against!Trafficking!in!Persons!Particularly!Women!and!Children!
(2004)!

Vientiane!Action!Programme!(2004)!
!

Key'Players'
The!states!of!Southeast!Asia!can!be!separated!into!three!general!groups!in!terms!of!the!
flow!of!international!migrants:! !

Receiving!countries,!or!migrant!importers:!Brunei!Darussalam!and!Singapore!
Sending!countries,!or!migrant!exporters:!Indonesia,!Lao!Peoples!Democratic!
Republic,!Republic!of!the!Union!of!Myanmar,!The!Philippines!and!Vietnam!

Countries!that!both!send!and!receive!migrants:!Cambodia,!Malaysia!and!Thailand)!
! TimorHLeste,! a! relatively! new! nation! state,! does! not! yet! contribute! significantly! to!
international!labor!migration.!However,!the!issue!is!still!important!there.!In!addition,!internal!
migration! remains! significant! in! the! following! six! Southeast! Asian! states,! each! with! very!
different!economic!and!political!contexts:!Cambodia,!Indonesia,!Laos,!Myanmar,!Thailand,!and!
Vietnam.! !
Migrant'Importing'Countries:'Brunei'Darussalam,'Malaysia,'Singapore,'Thailand'
A! twoHtier! migration! system,! which! includes! one! for! highly! skilled! labor! and! one! for!
unskilled!and!semiHskilled!contract!labor,!is!commonly!adopted.!In!practice,!these!vary!widely!
in! terms! of! comprehensiveness,! emphasis,! and! degree! of! control.! One! good! example! is!
Singapore.! They! execute! wellHdeveloped! policies,! such! as! easy! access! to! the! soHcalled!
Singapore!pass!for!foreign!professionals,!entrepreneurs,!executives,!directors,!shareholders!
and! general! managers.45! These! kinds! of! policies! are! designed! to! attract! and! retain! highly!
skilled! foreign! talent.! They! also! have! strict! policies! regulating! and! enforcing! the! flow! of!
temporary! contract! labor.! Both! sets! of! policies! are! well! integrated! into! the! overall! national!
development!strategy!of!the!Singaporean!state.46! !
Thailand,! in! contrast,! has! not! made! significant! efforts! to! attract! highHskilled! migrants,!
relying!instead!on!transnational!corporations!to!import!their!own!talent.!It!has!only!recently!
enacted!a!comprehensive!policy!to!deal!with!the!increasing!numbers!of!lowHskilled!workers,!
refugees,!and!trafficked!persons!crossing!into!the!country!from!Myanmar,!Cambodia,!and!Lao.! !

19!

In!all!importing!countries,!the!focus!has!historically!always!been!to!regulate!migration!in!
a!manner!that!maximizes!the!economic!gains!while!minimizing!and!even!actively!preventing!
migrants! claims! (and! potential! claims)! for! social! services,! legal! protections,! family!
reunification! and! permanent! settlement.47! This! kind! of! mindset! needs! to! be! addressed! to!
improve!conditions!for!migrant!workers.!
Migrant'Exporting'Countries:'Indonesia,'Lao'Peoples'Democratic'Republic,'Republic'of'
the'Union'of'Myanmar,'The'Philippines'and'Vietnam'
Although!these!countries!all!have!a!net!efflux!of!workers,!they!each!vary!significantly!in!
their! migration! policies! on! several! levels.! For! example,! policies! can! vary! in! how! much! they!
encourage!worker!migration,!how!much!they!advocate!at!the!multilateral!and!bilateral!level!
on!behalf!of!their!overseas!migrants,!and!in!what!support!and!services!they!provide!for!return!
migrants.! !
The!Philippines!is!at!one!end!of!the!spectrum!with!the!most!concentrated!efforts!at!the!
state!level!to!integrate!international!migration!with!national!development!goals.!States!such!
as!Cambodia!and!Lao!are!at!the!other!end!of!the!spectrum,!where!policies!to!encourage!and!
aid!migrants!are!either!ineffective!or!have!not!yet!been!instituted.!The!high!levels!of!poverty!
within! these! countries,! coupled! with! lessHthanHeffective! (or! nonHexistent)! policies,! signifies!
that!workers!often!leave!to!in!Thailand!or!elsewhere.!Many!are!undocumented,!leaving!them!
highly!vulnerable!to!abuse!and!exploitation.48!
Of!all!these!countries,!The!Philippine!government!has!the!clearest!policy!when!it!comes!
to! labor! export:! migration! should! be! encouraged,! but! only! for! temporary! work! via! channels!
under! control.! The! success! of! their! policy! varies.! The! Philippines! supplies! an! enormous!
amount! of! labor! through! regulated! channels:! 2.9! million! Overseas! Foreign! Workers,! or!
OFWs,!were!abroad!under!official!arrangements!in!2000.!However,!these!official,!temporary!
flows! coexist! with! other! types! of! migration.! The! government! estimated! that! another! 1.8!
million!Filipinos!were!abroad!irregularly!in!2000!and!that!2.5!million!of!its!citizens!had!left!for!
permanent!residency!elsewhere.!
Since! 1995,! the! Philippine! government! has! made! prioritized! adequate! support! for!
returning! migrant! workers! among! its! policies.! Understanding! that! migrants! are! prone! to!
return!with!vast!amounts!of!foreign!goods,!the!government!started!profitable!dutyHfree!shops!
for! returned! migrants.! Other! privileges! granted! to! returning! migrants! include! taxHfree!
shopping! for! one! year,! loans! for! business! capital! at! preferential! rates,! and! eligibility! for!
subsidized!scholarships.49!
!

20!

!
Number!of!Deployed!Overseas!Filipino!Workers50!
!

!
Number!of!Deployed!Land!base!Overseas!Filipino!Workers51!

'
Key'Players'
Peoples'Republic'of'China'
The!Chinese!have!been!migrating!southward!for!centuries,!driven!from!their!homeland!
by!economic!necessity,!political!disturbance,!flood!and!drought.!They!have!fostered!a!steady!
network! of! mutual! help.! A! number! of! voluntary! associations! such! as! speechHgroup!
associations,! sports! clubs,! occupation! groups! and! chambers! of! commerce! provide! their!
worker! communities! with! schools,! health! and! recreational! facilities.! Chinese! workers! have!
experienced!goods!degree!of!economic!success!in!areas!such!as!Indonesia,!the!Philippines!and!
Malaysia.! Many! are! involved! in! commerce! and! trade.! ! Their! success! has! aroused! the!
antagonism!of!a!large!number!of!poor!Indonesians,!Filipinos!and!Malays.! !
The! loyalty! of! these! Chinese! workers! have! occasionally! come! into! question,! especially!
during!the!upheavals!in!PRC!and!the!communist!insurrections!in!SouthHEast!Asia.!As!a!result,!
Southeast! Asian! nationalism! in! in! the! region! is! direct! as! much! against! the! Chinese! as! it! is!
against!Western!capitalism.!Chinese!workers!have!had!to!struggle!for!equal!treatment!and!are!
usually! not! granted! citizenship.! In! each! country! the! laws! governing! citizenship! have! been!
altered! several! times! during! the! past! 50! years,! usually! in! response! to! changing! relations!
!

21!

between! the! host! country! and! the! PRC.! In! Islamic! Indonesia! and! Malaysia,! the! Chinese! have!
integrated! poorly! with! local! society.! Comparatively,! they! have! assimilated! well! in! the!
Philippines.!
In!the!21st!century,!the!economic!power!of!the!PRC!has!risen!rapidly!in!Southeast!Asia!
and! the! world.! More! and! more! Chinese! works! are! going! abroad! doing! business.! In! addition,!
more!people!from!outside!China!are!attracted!to!working!inside!the!PRC!due!to!its!abundance!
of!jobs.!The!PRC!plays!an!increasingly!stronger!role!within!the!ARF.!
Australia'
Much! of! modern! Australia! came! as! a! result! of! immigration.! ! Australia! started! off! as! a!
penal! colony! for! England! and! has! long! since! been! considered! friendly! to! immigrants.! In! the!
1970s,! the! policy! of! integration! was! expanded! as! the! population! of! Australia! boomed! and!
more! and! more! migrants! came! from! all! over! Asia.! An! early! example! of! increased! regional!
migration! from! SouthHEast! Asia! includes! the! Liberal! government's! acceptance! of! refugees,!
known!as!'boat!people',!from!Indochina!following!the!Vietnam!War.!Even!though!Australia!can!
be!considered!a!Western!nation!and!is!relatively!far!from!Southeast!Asia,!a!large!number!of!
legal! and! illegal! immigrants! still! travel! into! Australia.! It! is! for! this! reason! that! Australias!
immigration!policies!have!an!important!impact!on!worker!flow!in!Southeast!Asia.52!
!

Possible'Solutions'
Australia'
Australia!currently!has!immigration!programs!that!allow!people!to!live!in!Australia!for!
various!reasons.!This!includes!the!aptly!named!Migration!Program,!which!allows!professional!
and! general! workers! entry! along! with! their! family! and! eligibility! for! multiple! reHentry.! The!
Migration!Program!aims!to!attract!workers!who!have!skills!in!particular!professions!or!trades!
deemed!to!benefit!Australia.!The!program!usually!requires!high!levels!of!English!and!recent!
work! experience,! or! alreadyHcompleted! Australian! qualifications! from! studying! in! Australia.!
Migrants! with! family! or! children! who! are! Australians! have! also! been! accepted.! Special!
considerations! are! also! given! to! those! who! have! close! ties! with! Australia! or! are! former!
residents!returning!to!Australia.53!
Refugee(policy(
Migrants!are!also!allowed!entry!under!the!Humanitarian!Program,!directed!at!refugees!
and! others! who! have! faced! serious! human! rights! abuses.! It! implements! an! offshore!
resettlement! program,! which! assists! those! in! humanitarian! need! that! have! no! other! option!
than!to!resettle!in!another!country.!It!also!provides!an!onshore!protection!program!for!those!
already!in!Australia!who!arrived!seeking!asylum.!
Illegal(migrants(solution(

Illegal! migrants! under! the! Migration! Act! (1958)! are! those! who! enter! or! work! in!
22!

Australia! without! permission! or! those! who! overstay! their! visas.! The! Act! requires! that!
unlawful! migrants! detained! then! deported! unless! they! are! able! to! obtain! permission! to!
remain! in! Australia.! There! are! presently! an! estimated! 50,000! people! in! Australia! who! have!
overstayed!visas,!the!majority!of!whom!are!British!nationals.! !
The! majority! of! those! who! are! currently! detained! are! recent! Middle! Eastern! and!
SouthHEast!Asian!asylum!seekers!who!have!illegally!landed!in!Australia,!often!via!smuggling.!
The! sudden! influx! within! recent! years! has! led! to! new! policy! changes! intended! for! deterring!
future! arrivals.! Those! arriving! by! boat! or! other! means! without! official! classification! as!
refugees! are! no! longer! granted! refugee! status! on! arrival.! Many! of! these! asylum! seekers! are!
turned!away!automatically,!since!not!all!of!Australia!is!open!for!migrants!to!land!on.54!
Malaysia'
On!August!15,!1998,!an!estimated!237,000!work!permits!held!by!foreign!workers!were!
going! to! expire.! Malaysia! had! previously! announced! in! January! that! most! of! these! permits!
would!not!be!renewed.!However,!in!June!that!year,!this!decision!was!reversed!and!employers!
in!many!sectors!were!permitted!to!renew!work!permits!for!foreign!workers.55!
In!terms!of!global!illegal!immigration!statistics,!Indonesians!entering!Malaysia!accounts!
for!the!second!greatest!amount!of!migrants!second!only!to!migration!across!the!U.S.HMexico!
border.! Migration! between! both! cultures! can! be! traced! far! back! into! history,! with! Malay!
historical!records!documenting!evidence!of!movement!due!to!trade!or!war.!In!the!more!recent!
colonial!past,!British!and!Malay!authorities!in!the!peninsula!also!welcomed!migrant!workers!
from!Indonesia!to!meet!the!manpower!requirements!of!colonial!economic!enterprise.! !
In!the!early!1970s!with!rapid!industrialization!and!expansion!of!the!Malaysian!economy!
under! the! New! Economic! Policy,! a! large! demand! for! local! and! foreign! labor! arose.! Many! of!
these!roles!were!filled!by!Indonesians,!and!thus!Indonesian!labor!has!played!a!crucial!role!in!
the! expansion! of! the! Malaysian! economy! at! the! end! of! the! 20th! century.! As! labor! shortages!
began! to! arise,! yet! the! government! continued! to! recruit! foreign! labor,! greater! social! issues!
began!to!be!raised!regarding!Indonesian!foreign!workers.!This!issue!has!become!a!persistent!
source!quarrels!in!MalaysiaHIndonesia!relations!for!the!past!few!decades.!
Repatriation(and(the(Hire(Indonesians(Last(Policy(
On!24!January!2002,!the!Malaysian!deputy!prime!minister!Abdullah!Badawi!announced!
a! temporary! halt! to! the! employment! of! Indonesian! workers.! Elaborating! on! this!
announcement,!he!announced!a!Hire!Indonesians!Last!Policy,!where!Indonesians!would!be!
restricted! to! working! in! the! domestic! help! and! agricultural! industries.! However,! it! was!
revealed! by! the! Malaysia! Institute! of! Economic! Research! (MIER)! that! Indonesians! still!
accounted! for! up! to! 70%! of! construction! workers,! with! 80%! of! these! Indonesians! being!
undocumented.!Therefore,!full!implementation!of!this!new!policy!would!immediately!reduce!
Malaysias! construction! force! by! 40%.! As! a! result,! the! Hire! Indonesians! Last! policy! was!
quickly! rescinded.! This! case! highlights! the! integral! role! that! Indonesians! play! within!
!

23!

Thailands!economic!and!urban!growth.!
!

Questions'to'Consider'
1. How! can! ASEAN! increase! the! flexibility! for! movement! for! migrants! while! maintaining! a!
competitive!foreign!job!market!in!Southeast!Asia?!
2. Migration!is!a!complex!economicHsocialHcultural!issue!that!has!played!a!critical!role!in!the!
development!of!Southeast!Asia.!How!can!ASEAN!transform!its!migration!policies!to!better!
accommodate!migrants?!
3. How!can!ASEAN!countries!respond!to!the!migration!wave!and!sudden!increase!in!refugees!
resulting!from!recent!International!crises?!
4. How! can! cities! better! respond! and! prepare! for! growing! demand! in! employment! and!
realHestate!stemming!from!increased!migration?!
Many!of!the!frameworks!that!are!mutually!approved!of!in!ASEAN!only!address!documented!
workers.!What!can!be!done!to!bridge!this!disparity!with!undocumented!workers?

&

'

'

24!

Closing&Remarks&
!

Throughout! the! years,! the! ASEAN! Regional! Forum! (ARF)! has! strived! to! become! one! of!
the! most! successful! regional! bodies! in! the! world.! The! ARF! is! a! key! forum! for! discussing!
security! and! development! in! Asia,! and! it! is! complemented! by! many! bilateral! alliances.! It!
provides!a!platform!where!members!can!discuss!current!regional!security!issues!and!develop!
cooperative! measures! to! enhance! peace! and! security! in! the! region.! The! ARF! has! been!
characterized!by!its!ability!to!make!cooperative!decisions!and!come!to!a!consensus.!The!first!
ARF!Concept!Paper!in!1994!set!out!a!threeHstage!approach!to!the!ARF's!development,!moving!
from!confidenceHbuilding!to!preventive!diplomacy!and,!soon!after!towards!resolving!conflict!
resolution.!As!the!ARF!continues!its!growth!today,!it!continues!to!uphold!its!principles!set!20!
years!ago.! !
Instead! of! common! methods! adopted! by! many! organizations! and! bodies! around! the!
world,!the!ARF!operates!by!promoting!a!method!of!unity!and!understanding!among!member!
states!notably!deemed!the!ASEAN!Way.!The!forum!works!toward!greater!understanding!and!
consensus!by!holding!multiple!sessional!meetings!aimed!at!further!unifying!the!concepts!and!
positions!of!each!state.!The!procedure!of!annual!ARF!sessions!reflects!on!ASEANs!method!of!
consensus!building!diplomacy.!During!the!sessions!the!Ministers!strive!to!build!a!statements!
passes!with!unanimous!assertion!of!all!member!states.!
When! it! comes! to! research,! this! background! guide! serves! to! give! you! a! brief! yet!
thorough! introduction! of! both! topics! on! our! agenda.! However,! our! guide! should! not! be! the!
only! source! of! resource! you! use.! Delegates! who! seek! to! excel! should! conduct! their! own!
research! and! utilize! a! variety! of! researches! to! better! understand! this! region! the! role! you!
nation!plays!in!it.!In!ARF!at!Pan!Asia!Model!United!Nations!2014,!we!feel!we!have!chosen!two!
topics! that! are! challenging! yet! rewarding! to! discuss.! We! guarantee! that! this! will! be! an!
experience!you!will!never!forget.!
!

25!

Endnotes&
!
1.!"Global!Employment!Trends!for!Youth!2013,"!International&Labour&Organization,!
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/HHHdgreports/HHHdcomm/documents/publication/wcms_212423.pdf
.!
2.!Chris!M.!and!Pradip!B.,!"The!Movement!of!Natural!Persons!in!Southeast!Asia:!How!Natural?,"!
https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/39963/3/wpHeconH2004H02.pdf.!
3.!Siow!Y.!C.,!"Free!Flow!of!Skilled!Labor!in!the!AEC,"!Toward!a!Competitive!ASEAN!Single!Market:!Sectoral!
Analysis,!229.!
4.!"New!Thai!Built!Ford!Focus!Local!Export!Markets,"!photograph,!Straistimes,!
http://www.straitstimes.com/microsites/motoring/story/newHthaiHbuiltHfordHfocusHlocalHexportHmarkets.!
5.! ! "Thailands!Skilled!Labor!Shortfall!!When!will!it!end?,"!Thai<American&Business,!Vol.2,!2007,&
https://www.amchamthailand.com/asp/view_doc.asp?DocCID=1458.!
6.!"General!Agreement!on!Trade!in!Services,"!World&Trade&Organization,!
http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/26Hgats_01_e.htm.!
7.!"Services:!rules!for!growth!and!investment,"!World&Trade&Organization,!
http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm6_e.htm.!
8.!"Map!HAANZFTA,"!map,!Australian&Government<Department&of&Foreign&Affairs&and&Trade,!
http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/aanzfta/.!
9.!"Legal!Text:!Chapter!9.!Movement!of!Natural!Persons,"!ASEAN<Australia<New&Zealand&Free&Trade&Area,!
http://aanzfta.asean.org/index.php?page=chapter9.!
10.!"Overview!of!Japan!(JSEPA),"!Ministry&of&Trade&and&Industry,&Singapore,!
http://www.fta.gov.sg/fta_jsepa.asp?hl=7.!
11.!"ASEAN!Economic!Community!Blueprint,"!The&Association&of&South&East&Asian&Nations,!
http://www.asean.org/archive/5187H10.pdf.!
12.!"eHASEAN!Framework!Agreement,"!The&Association&of&South&East&Asian&Nations,!
http://www.asean.org/news/item/eHaseanHframeworkHagreement.!
13.!Ministry!of!ManpowerHSingapore,!
http://www.mom.gov.sg/skillsHtrainingHandHdevelopment/skillsHinHdemand/Pages/skillsHinHdemand.aspx.!
14.!"Rapid!Growth!in!Singapore's!Immigrant!Population!Brings!Policy!Challenges,"!Migration&Policy&
Institute,!
http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/rapidHgrowthHsingaporesHimmigrantHpopulationHbringsHpolicyHchalleng
es.!
15.!"Overseas!Voting!Act!2013,"!Office&of&the&Residents&of&the&Philippines,!
http://www.cfo.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1988:overseasHvotingHactH2013&catid
=108:cfoHpressHrelease&Itemid=839.!
16.!Stutz,!Frederick!P.!and!Barney!Warf,&The&World&Economy:&Geography,&Business,&Development.!

26!

!
17.!Roger!Z.,!"Forced!Migration!!Changing!Trends,!New!Responses,"!International&Organization&for&
Migration,&
http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/whatHweHdo/migrationHpolicyHandHresearch/migrationHpolicyH1/
migrationHpolicyHpractice/issues/octoberHnovemberH2012/forcedHmigrationHHchangingHtrend.html.!
18.!Stephen!C.,!and!Mark!J.!M.,!"Migration!in!the!AsiaHPacific!Region,"!Migration&Policy&Institute,!last!
modified!July!10,!2009,!http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migrationHasiaHpacificHregion.&
19.!Ronald!S.,!"The!Future!of!Labor!Migration!in!Asia:!Patterns,!Issues,!Policies,"!Migration&Dialogue,!last!
modified!September!1998,!https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rs/more.php?id=58_0_3_0.!
20.!Levin!Institute!H!State!University!of!New!York,!"Economic!Effects!of!Migration,"!Globalization&101,!
http://www.globalization101.org/economicHeffectsHofHmigration/.!
21.!Keiko!Y.!and!Nicola!P.,!"Feminized!Migration!in!East!and!Southeast!Asia:!Policies,!Actions!and!
Empowerment,"!Geneva,!Switzerland,!United&Nations&Research&Institute&for&Social&Development&(UNRISD),!2005.! ! ! ! !
22.!"The!Future!of!Labor!Migration!in!Asia:!Patterns,!Issues,!Policies,"!Migration&Dialogue,!
https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rs/more.php?id=58_0_3_0.!
23.!Lian!K.!F.,!"Migration!and!the!Formation!of!Malaysia!and!Singapore,"!The&Cambridge&Survey&of&World&
Migration,!392.!
24.!"Migration!Issues!in!the!Asia!Pacific,"!Asia&Pacific&Migration&Research&Network&(APMRN),&
http://www.unesco.org/most/apmrnw14.htm.!
25.!"ASEAN's!approach!to!migration!challenges!amidst!the!region's!multiculturalism,"!Fribourg&Peace&
Forum,!
http://www.fpforum.org/fpf/index.php/conferences/conferenceHseptembreH2011/presentationsHprincipales/9
8HaseansHapproachHtoHmigrationHchallengesHamidstHtheHregionsHmulticulturalism.!
26.!"The!Labour!Export!Policy:!A!Case!Study!of!the!Philippines,"!E<International&Relations&Students,!
http://www.eHir.info/2011/08/24/theHlabourHexportHpolicyHaHcaseHstudyHofHtheHphilippinesH2/.!
27.!"The!Philippines'!Culture!of!Migration,"!Migration&Policy&Institute,!
http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippinesHcultureHmigration.! !
28.!Ibid.!
29.!"The!Labour!Export!Policy:!A!Case!Study!of!the!Philippines,"!E<International&Relations&Students,!
http://www.eHir.info/2011/08/24/theHlabourHexportHpolicyHaHcaseHstudyHofHtheHphilippinesH2/.!
30.!"International!Convention!on!the!Protection!of!the!Rights!of!All!Migrant!Workers!and!Members!of!
Their!Families,"!United&Nations,!1990.!
31.!"The!1990!Convention!!Introduction,"!Migrants&Rights&International,!
http://www.migrantwatch.org/about_the_convention/Intro.html.!
32.!"What!is!the!GMG?,"!Global&Migration&Group,!http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/whatHisHtheHgmg.!
33.!"GMG!Members,"!Global&Migration&Group,!http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/gmgHmembers.!
34.!"The!GFMD!Process,"!Global&Forum&on&Migration&and&Development,!http://www.gfmd.org/process.!
35! "ASEAN!Committee!on!Migrant!Workers,"!Human&Rights&in&ASEAN,!
http://humanrightsinasean.info/aseanHcommitteeHmigrantHworkers/about.html.!

!
!

27!

!
36.!Joseph!W.,!"Is!ASEAN!Closer!to!Legal!Protection!of!the!Rights!of!Migrant!Workers?,"!ASEAN&Civil&Society&
Conference,!ASEAN&People's&Forum&2014,!last!modified!March!22,!2014,!
http:/aseanpeople.org/isHaseanHcloserHtoHlegalHprotectionHofHtheHrightsHofHmigrantHworkers/.!
37.!Ibid.!
38.!"ASEAN!Committee!on!Migrant!Workers,"!Human&Rights&in&ASEAN,!
http://humanrightsinasean.info/aseanHcommitteeHmigrantHworkers/about.html.! !
39.!Declaration!on!the!Protection!and!Promotion!of!the!Rights!of!Migrants,!ASEAN,!2007.!
40."ASEAN!Committee!on!Migrant!Workers,"!Human&Rights&in&ASEAN.!
41.!"Singapore!Taxation!FAQs,"!http://www.taxationservices.com.sg/singaporeHimmigrationHfaqs.!
42.!"Thailand!Migration!Report,"&International&Organization&of&Migration,!2011,!3.!
43.!Rosalia!S.!and!Sureeporn!P,!International&Migration&in&Thailand,!2009,!3.!
44.!Maureen!H.,!Pitra!N.,!and!Katie!R.,!"Migrating!out!of!Poverty:!A!Review!of!Internal!and!Regional!
Migration!Policy!in!Southeast!Asia,"!Asia&Research&Institute,&National&University&of&Singapore,!2013,!8H9.!
45.!Ibid,!10.! !
46.!Kevin!O.,!"Labor!Export!as!Government!Policy:!The!Case!of!the!Philippines,"!Migration&Policy&Institute,!
last!modified!January!1,!2004,!
http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/laborHexportHgovernmentHpolicyHcaseHphilippines.!
47.!"Chinese!of!Indonesia,!Malaysia!and!the!Philippines,"!
http://www.faqs.org/minorities/SouthHEastHAsia/ChineseHofHIndonesiaHMalaysiaHandHtheHPhilippines.html.!
48.!"Migrating!out!of!Poverty:!A!Review!of!Internal!and!Regional!Migration!Policy!in!Southeast!Asia,"!Asia&
Research&Institute,&National&University&of&Singapore.!
49.!"Labor!Export!as!Government!Policy:!The!Case!of!the!Philippines,"!Migration&Policy&Institute.!
50.!POEA!OFW!Statistics,!last!modified!2013,!http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2013_stats.pdf.!
51.!Ibid.!
52.!"Australia!in!its!regional!context,"!
http://www.skwirk.com/pHc_sH16_uH132_tH375_cH1313/migration/nsw/migration/australiaHinHitsHregionalHcont
ext/australiaHsHlinksHinHtheHregion.!
53.!Migration&News,Vol.5,!No.9!(September!1998).!
54.!"Migration!Policy!and!the!face!of!Australia,"!
http://www.skwirk.com/pHc_sH16_uH132_tH383_cH1337/migrationHpolicyHandHtheHfaceHofHaustralia/nsw/migrati
onHpolicyHandHtheHfaceHofHaustralia/australiaHinHitsHregionalHcontext/challengesHforHaustraliaHpopulation.!
55.!Joseph!L.,!"Malaysia's!Illegal!Indonesian!Migrant!Labour!Problem:!In!Search!of!
Solutions,"!Contemporary&Southeast&Asia,!Vol.!25,!no.!1,!April!2003,!51.!

28!