SOLUTIONS MANUAL

to accompany

Digital Signal Processing:

A Computer-Based
Approach
Fourth Edition

Sanjit K. Mitra
Prepared by
Chowdary Adsumilli, John Berger, Marco Carli,
Hsin-Han Ho, Rajeev Gandhi, Martin Gawecki, Chin Kaye Koh,
Luca Lucchese, Mylene Queiroz de Farias, and Travis Smith

Copyright 2011 by Sanjit K. Mitra. No part of this publication

may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written
consent of Sanjit K. Mitra, including, but not limited to, in any
network or other electronic Storage or transmission, or broadcast
for distance learning.

Chapter 8 Part 1
8.1

Analysis yields Y (z) = G(z)( X(z) C(z)Y (z)). Hence,

Y (z)
G(z)
2
H(z) =
=
=
. The overall transfer function H(z) is given
X(z) 1+ G(z)C(z) (1+ 2K) + 3z1
z2

=
by H(z)

8.2

8.3

. The transfer function is stable if K + 0.5 < 1 and

1+1.5z1 + (K + 0.5)z2
1.5 < 1+ K + 0.5. From the first inequality we have 1.5 < K < 0.5 and from the second
inequality we have K > 0. Hence H(z) is stable if 0 < K < 0.5.

z1

. Thus The
The overall transfer function H(z) is given by H(z) =
1+ (1.5 + K)z1 + 0.5z2

transfer function is stable if 1.5 + K < 1.5 which is satisfied if 3 < K < 0.
G(z)
From the results of Problem 8.3, wehave H(z) =
which can be solved
1+
G(z)C(z)
H(z)
G(z)
yielding C(z) =
. Substituting the expressions for G(z) and H(z) in this
G(z)H(z)
expression we get

C(z) =

1.2 + 0.4667z1 1.8133z2 4.2867z3 3.735z

1.9275z5 0.9z6

1+ 2.3667z1 + 3.65z2 + 3.7617z3 + 2.9217z4 +1.49z5 + 0.56z6

Pole-zero plots of G(z),C(z), and H(z) obtained using zplane can be easily
obtained.
8.4 The structure with internal variables is shown below. Analysis of this structure yields

_
1

d1
X(z)

V(z)

U(z)

_
z 1
_
z 1

_
z 1

_
z 1

Y(z)

d2
_1

U(z) = KX(z) + d2 z1V (z), V (z) = U(z) d1z1V (z), Y (z) = d1z1V (z) z2V (z) d1V (z).
Eliminating the internal variables we arrive at
Y (z) K(d2 + d1z1 + z2 )
H(z) =
=
.
X(z)
1++d1z1 d2 z2

(a) Since the transfer function is second-order, the structure is non-canonic.

K(d2 + d1 +1)
= K. Hence the structure has a unity gain at = 0 if K =1.
1+ d1 d2
K(d2 d1 +1)
= K. Hence the structure has a unity gain at = if K =1.
(c) H(e j ) =
1 d1 d2

(b) H(e j 0 ) =

(d) If we let D(z) = 1+ d1z1 d2 z2 , then H(z) =

H(z)H(z1 ) =

Kz2 D(z1 )
. Now,
D(z)

Kz2 D(z1 ) Kz 2 D(z)

= K 2 . This implies
1
D(z)
D(z )
2
2
H(e j ) = H(z)H(z1 )
j = K , or in other words the transfer function has a
z=e

constant magnitude for all values of .

8.5 The structure with internal variables is shown below. Analysis of this structure yields

+
_
z 1

V(z)

Y(z)
k2

k1
_
z 1

U(z)

+
1

2
X(z)

V (z) = 2X(z) + U(z), U(z) = k1Y (z) + 1 X(z), Y (z) = z1V (z) + k 2z1U(z).
Eliminating the internal variables we arrive at
Y (z) [(1+ k 2 )1 + 2 ]z1
H(z) =
=
. For stability we require k1 (1+ k 2 ) < 1.
X(z) 1+ k1 (1+ k 2 )z1

8.6 An equivalent representation of the structure of Figure P8.4 with internal variables is shown

below. Analysis of this structure yields

U(z)

X(z)

_
0 (z 1_1)

Y(z)
_
1 (z 1_1)

_
2 (z 1_1)

_1

W(z)

U(z) = X(z) + 0 (z1 1)W (z), W (z) = 1 (z1 1)U(z) Y (z),

Y (z) = U(z) 2 (z1 1)Y (z).

Y (z)
1
=
where
X(z) D(z)
D(z) = [1 ( 0 + 2 ) 01 + 01 2 ] + [( 0 + 2 ) + 2 01 3 01 2 ]z1
+ [ 01 + 3 01 2 ]z2 01 2 z3 .

8.7
An
equivalent
representation
of
the
structure
of Figure P8.4 with internal variables is shown

1
z

below. Let Ti (z) = i 1 , i = 1, 2, 3. Then analysis of the structure yields

1 i z

Eliminating the internal variables we arrive at H(z) =

X(z)
V(z)

_1

0
Y(z)

1
2z

1 z

_1

_1

1 _ 2z
U(z)

1 _ 1 z

_1

3 z

_1

1 _ 3z

W(z)

V (z) = X(z) + T2 (z)U(z), W (z) = T1 (z)V (z), U(z) = W (z) + T3 (z)V (z),
Y (z) = 0 X(z) + W (z).
Y (z)
1
Eliminating the internal variables we arrive at H(z) =
=
where
X(z) D(z)

8.8 The structure with internal variables is shown below. Analysis of this structure yields

(1): W (z) = X(z) + k1Y (z), (2): U(z) =

(3): Y (z) =

1
1 z1

W (z) +k 2Y (z), and

k1

U(z). Substituting Eq. (2) in Eq. (3) we get

1 z1

k1
1
k1
k k2
W
(z)
+
k
Y
(z)
W (z) 1 1
Y (z). Substituting
(4): Y (z) =

=
2
1
1
1
2
(1 z )
1 z 1 z
1 z
k1
k k2
[X(z) + k1Y (z)] 1 1
Y (z)
Eq. (1) in Eq. (4) we then get Y (z) =
1 2
(1 z )
1 z
k1
k1 k1 + k 2 k2 z1

Y (z), or,
=
X(z)

(1 z1 ) 2
1 z1
1 z1

 k (k + k k z1 )
k1
1+ 1 1 21 22
Y (z) =
X(z). Hence,

(1 z )
(1 z1 ) 2
Y (z)
k1
H(z) =
=
.
X(z)
[1+ k1 (k1 + k2 )] (2 + k1k 2 )z1 + z2

8.10

From Figure P8.7(a), the input-output relation of the channel is given by

Y1 (z) 1
H12 (z) X1 (z)

=

. Likewise, the input-output relation of the channel
1 X 2 (z)
Y2 (z) H 21 (z)
V1 (z) 1
G12 (z) Y1 (z)
separation circuit of Figure P8.7(b) is given by
=

.
1 Y2 (z)
V2 (z) G21 (z)
Hence, the overall system is characterized by
V1 (z) 1
G12 (z) 1
H12 (z) X1 (z)

1 H 21 (z)
1 X 2 (z)
V2 (z) G21 (z)

1 H 21 (z)G12 (z) H12 (z) G12 (z) X1 (z)

=

.
H 21 (z) G21 (z) 1 H12 (z)G21 (z) X 2 (z)
The cross-talk is eliminated if V1 (z) is a function of either X1 (z) or X 2 (z), and similarly,
if V2 (z) is a function of either X1 (z) or X 2 (z). From the above equation it follows that if
H12(z) = G12 (z), and H 21(z) = G 21(z), then V1 (z) = (1 H 21 (z)G12 (z)) X1 (z), and

1
1
12 (z) = H
21
V2 (z) = (1 H12 (z)G
(z), and G 21(z) = H12
(z),
21 (z)) X 2 (z). Alternately, if G
(z) 1
H12 (z)H
H (z)H 21 (z) 1
21
(z), and V2 (z) = 12
then V1 (z) =

X 2
X1 (z).
H (z)
H (z)

21

12

8.11 Analyzing Figure P8.8, we get w[n] = A( X[n] + CDu[n]) and

y[n] = C ( ABx[n] + u[n]). A directimplementation of these two equations leads to

the structure shown below which has no delay-free loop.

8.12

(a) Figure P8.9(a) with internal adder output variables is shown below:

W1(z)

X(z)

Y (z)

W 2 (z)
1

k1

k2

_
z 1

_
z 1

W 3 (z)

The outputs of the 4 adders are given by

Y (z) = z1W 3 (z) + 1W1 (z), W1 (z) = X(z) + 2W 3 (z), W 2 (z) = W1 (z) + k 2W 2 (z),
and W 3 (z) = k1W 2 (z) + z1W 2 (z).
W (z)
From the 3rd equation given above we obtain W 2 (z) = 1
and from the 4th
1 k2

(z1 + k1 )
W1 (z).
equation given above we obtain W 3 (z) = (z1 + k1 )W 2 (z) =
1 k2
Substituting the expression for W 3 (z)
in the first equation given above we arrive at
z1 (z1 + k1 )
z1 (z1 + k1 ) + (1 k 2 )1
Y (z) =
W1 (z) + 1W1 (z) =
W1 (z) .
1 k2
1 k2

Substituting the expression

for W 3 (z) given above in the second equation we get

(z1 + k1 )
W1 (z) which leads to
1 k2
(1 k 2 )X(z)

W1 (z) =
. Substituting this expression for W1 (z) in the last
1
1 k 2 2 z 2 k1
expression for Y(z) we finally arrive at the expression for input-output relation of
the structure of Figure P8.9(a)

z1 (z1 + k1 ) + (1 k 2 )1
Y (z) =
X(z).
1 k2 2 z1 2 k1
W1 (z) = X(z) + 2

It can be seen that there are two delay-free loops in the structure: one going
through the multipliers k1 and 2 , and the other one going through the multiplier
k2 .
To develop the equivalent realization without any delay-free loop we first remove

the two unit delays as shown below:

X(z)
1

k1

k2

Y (z)
X1(z)

Y1(z)

X 2(z)

Y 2(z)

We then remove the output variable Y(z) and the two inputs to its adder as shown
below:
X(z)
k1
2

k2

X 2(z)

Y1(z)

Y 2(z)

As can be seen from the above structure, there are two delay-free loops with loop
gains 2 k1 and k2 . The corresponding expression for the determinant is
= 1 2 k1 k 2 .

The above structure is next redrawn as indicated below:

X(z)
k2
2

k1 /k 2

X 2(z)

Y1(z)

Y 2(z)

The transfer matrix of the above three-pair is given by

Y (z) t11 t12 t13
1 (1 k 2 ) 1 2 (1 k 2 )

k1
0
(1 k 2 )
Y1 (z) = t 21 t 22 t 23 =
Y2 (z) t 31 t 32 t 33

1
0
2

X(z)

X1 (z) .
X 2 (z)

A realization of the above structure without any delay-free loop is thus as shown
below:
X(z)
t11

t 21

Y (z)
X1 (z)

Y1 (z)

t 23

t33
X2 (z)
t13

t 31

Y 2(z)

(b) Figure P8.9(b) is redrawn below with the dashed block containing the two
delays.
7

X(z)

Y1 (z)

X1 (z)

Y (z)

Figure P8.9(b) with delays removed is as shown below

X(z)

Y1 (z)

Y (z)

X1 (z)

The only delay-free loop goes through the multipliers and . The corresponding
loop-gain is and the determinant is = 1 loopgain = 1 .
The transfer matrix of the above two-pair is given by

Y (z) t11 t12 X(z) 1 1 X(z)

=

=

.
Y1 (z) t 21 t 22 X1 (z) 1 X1 (z)
A realization of the structure of Figure P8.9(b) without any delay-free loop is thus
as shown below:

X(z)

1/

Y1 (z)

X1 (z) 1/

Y (z)

8.13

(a) H(z) = (1+ 0.4z1 ) 4 (1 0.2z1 ) 2

= 1+1.2z1 + 0.36z2 0.64z3 0.0384z4 + 0.001z6 . A direct form realization
of H(z) is shown below:

_
z 1

_
z 1

x[n]

1.2

_
z 1

_ 0.064

0.36

_
z 1

_
z 1

_
z 1

_ 0.0384

0.001

y[n]

The transposed form of the above structure yields another direct form realization as
indicated below:
z1

z1

z1

z1

_ 0.064

_ 0.0384

0.001

z1

z1

y[n]

1.2

0.36

x[n]

(b) A realization in the form of cascade of six first-order sections is shown below:
x[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1

0.4

0.4

_ 0.2

_ 0.2

0.4

0.4

_
z 1

_
z 1

_
z 1

_
z 1

y[n]

(c) A realization in the form of cascade of three second-order sections is shown

below:
x[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1

0.8

_
z 1

_
z 1

0.16

0.16

0.8

_
z 1

_
z 1

_ 0.12

_ 0.12

y[n]

(d) A realization in the form of cascade of two third-order sections is shown below:
_
z 1

_
z 1

x[n]

1.2

_
z 1

0.064

0.48

_
z 1

_
z 1

_ 0.12

0.016

_
z 1

y[n]

(e) A realization in the form of cascade of two first-order sections and two secondorder sections is shown below:
x[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1

0.8

0.16

_
z 1

_
z 1

0.16

0.8

_
z 1

_
z 1

_ 0.12

_ 0.12

y[n]

8.14 H(z) = E 0 (z 4 ) + z1 E1 (z 4 ) + z2 E 2 (z 4 ) + z3 E 3 (z 4 ) where,

E 0 (z) = a + ez 1, E1 (z) = b + fz 1, E 2 (z) = c + gz1, E 3 (z) = d + hz1 . A direct
4-band polyphase realization of H(z) is shown below which requires 18 unit delays
and hence is a non-canonic structure.

_4
x[n]

a + ez

_
b + fz 4

_
c + gz 4

y[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1

_
z 1
_
d + hz 4

A minimum-delay realization of the above structure is shown below which requires

7 unit delays and hence it is a canonic structure.
a
e
x[n]

_
z 4

h
d

8.15

+
_
z 1

g
c

y[n]

_
z 1

f
b

+
_
z 1

H(z) = E 0 (z 3 ) + z1 E1 (z 3 ) + z2 E 2 (z 3 ) where,
E 0 (z) = a + dz1 + gz2 , E1 (z) = b + ez1 + hz2 , E 2 (z) = c + fz1 . A direct 3band polyphase realization of H(z) is shown below which requires 17 unit delays
and hence is a non-canonic structure.

10

x[n]

_
_
a + dz 3 + gz 6

_
_
b + ez 3 + hz 6

y[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1
_
c + fz 3

A minimum-delay realization of the above structure is shown below which requires

8 unit delays and hence it is a non-canonic structure.
a
d
_
z 3

x[n]

_
z 3

_
z 1

h
b

y[n]

e
_
z 1

f
c

8.16 H(z) = E 0 (z 2 ) + z1 E1 (z 2 ) where,

E 0 (z) = a + cz 1 + ez 2 + gz3, E1 (z) = b + dz1 + fz 2 + hz3 . A direct 2-band
polyphase realization of H(z) is shown below which requires 20 unit delays and
hence is a non-canonic structure.

_2
_4
_6
x[n]

a + cz

+ ez + gz

y[n]

_
z 1
_
_
_
b + dz 2 + fz 4+ hz 6

11

A minimum-delay realization of the above structure is shown below which requires

7 unit delays and hence it is a canonic structure.
a
c

_
z 1

g
_
z 2

x[n]

y[n]

_
z 2

_
z 2

8.17
_
z 1

x[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1

+
_1

+
_1

_
z 1

_1

_
z 1

_1

_
z 1

h[1]

h[0]

_
z 1

_
z 1

h[2]

h[3]

y[n]

8.18
_
z 1

_
z 1

x[n]

_
z 1

+
_1

_1

_1

_
z 1

h[1]

h[0]

+
_1

_
z 1

_
z 1

_
z 1

_1

_1

z
h[3]

h[2]

_
z 1

h[4]

y[n]

8.19 G(z) = zN / 2 H(z). A canonic realization of both G(z) and H(z) is shown below for
N = 6.

12

8.20 Without any loss of generality, assume M = 5 which means N = 11. In this case, the
transfer function is given by

= z5 h[5] + h[4](z + z1 ) + h[3](z 2 + z2 ) + h[2](z 3 + z3 ) + h[1](z 4 + z4 ) + h[0](z 5 + z5 ) .

the Chebyshev polynomial

Now, the recursion relation for

is given by

Tr (x) = 2x Tr1 (x) Tr2 (x), r 2 with T0 (x) = 1 and T1 (x) = x. Hence,
T2 (x) = 2x T1 (x) T0 (x) = 2x 2 1,

T3 (x) = 2x T2 (x) T1 (x) = 2x(2x 2 1) x = 4 x 3 3x,

x 3 3x) (2x
2 1) = 8x 4 8x 2 +1,
T4 (x) = 2x T3 (x) T2 (x) = 2x(4
T5 (x) = 2x T4 (x) T3 (x) = 2x(8x 4 8x 2 +1) (4 x 3 3x) = 16x 5 20x 3 + 5x.
We can thus rewrite the expression inside the square brackets given above as
z+z 1
z+z 1
z+z 1
z+z 1
z+z 1
h[5] + 2h[4]T1
+ 2h[3]T2
+ 2h[2]T3
+ 2h[1]T4
+ 2h[0]T5

2
2
2
2
2
1 2
1 3 1
z+z 1
z+z
z+z
z+z

= h[5] + 2h[4]
+ 2h[3] 2 2 1 + 2h[2] 4 2 3 2
2

1 4 1 2
1 5
z+z 1 3 z+z 1
z+z
z+z
z+z

+2h[1] 8
8 2 +1 + 2h[0] 16 2 20 2 + 5 2

z+z 1 n
= a[n]
, where a[0] = h[5] 2h[3] + 2h[1], a[1] = 2h[4] 6h[2] +10h[0],
2

n=0
a[2] = 4h[3] 16h[1], a[3] = 8h[2] 40h[1], a[4] = 16h[1], and a[5] = 32h[0]. A

5
1+z 2 2 3
z+z 1 n
1+z 2 4
5
5

realization of H(z) = z a[n]

= a[0]z + a[1] 2 z +a[2] 2 z
2

n=0

1+z 2 3 2
1+z 2 4 1
1+z 2 5
+a[3]
z + a[4] 2 z + a[5] 2 is shown below:
2

13

P(z) P1(z) P 2(z) P 3(z)

=

. Assume all zeros of P(z) and D(z) are

D(z) D1 (z) D2 (z) D3 (z)
complex. Note that the numerator of the first stage can be one of the 3 factors, P1 (z),
P2 (z), and P3 (z). Likewise, the numerator of the second stage can be one of the

remaining 2 factors, and the numerator of the third stage isthe remaining
factor.

Similarly, that the denominator of the first stage can be one of the 3 factors, D1 (z),

D2 (z), and D3 (z). Likewise, the denominator of the second stage can be one of the

remaining 2 factors, and the denominator of the third stage is the remaining factor.
Hence, there are (3!) 2 = 36 different types of cascade realizations.

8.21 Consider H(z) =

If the zeros of P(z) and D(z) are all real, then P(z) has 6 real zeros and D(z) has 6
real zeros. In this case, then there are (6!) 2 = 518400 different types of cascade

realizations.

K
Pi (z)
8.22 H(z) =
numerator of the first stage can be chosen in ways, the
. Here, the
1
Di (z)
i=1

K1
numerator of the second stage can be chosen in ways, and so on, until there is
1
only one possible choice for the numerator of the K th stage. Likewise,
the

K
denominator of the first stage can be chosen in ways, the denominator of the
1

K1
second stage can be chosen in ways,
and so on, until there is only one possible
1
choice for the denominator of the K th
Hence, the total number of possible
stage.
2
2
K K1 K2 2 2 2 1 2
= (K!) 2 .
cascade realizations are equal to
1
1
1

1 1

8.23 A realization of the ringing delay is shown below:

_
z D

The second-order direct form II structure with each delay replaced by the above ringing
delay is shown below:

14

_
z D

_
z D

_d

+
+

p2

_d

8.24 (a) A direct form II realization of H1 (z) is shown below:

2

0.6
x[n]

_
z 1

+
+

y[n]

_
z 1

_ 0.9
_ 0.18

(b) A direct form II realization of H 2 (z) is shown below:

3
_ 0.6

x[n]

8.25

_
z 1

y[n]

_
z 1

0.8
_ 0.15

A direct form II realization of H(z) is shown below:

x[n]

_ 2.2

y[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1

0.81

_ 5.1

4.5
_
z 1

_ 2.9

15

A direct form II t realization of H(z) is shown below:

3

x[n]

y[n]

+
_
z 1

_ 2.2

_
z 1

4.5

0.81

_1
_ 2.9 z _
5.1

8.26 (a) A direct form II realization of H1 (z) is shown below:

3

z1

_4

_ 0.5

0.6

z1

0.3

z1
_1

1.5

A direct form II t realization of H1 (z) is shown below:

y[n]

x[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1

1.8

0.3

_4

_
z 1

_1

_ 0.5

1.5

(b) A direct form II realization of H 2 (z) is shown below:

1
z

_ 4.9

z1

3
1.5

_ 0.8

z1

4.2

z1

0.6

A direct form II t realization of H 2 (z) is shown below:

16

+
_
z 1

_
z 1

4.2

_1

_
z 1

z
1.5

_ 4.9

0.6

_ 0.8

(c) A direct form II realization of H 3 (z) is shown below:

4/3

z1

z1
0.475

0.75

_ 2.917

_ 0.25

1/12

A direct form II t realization of H 3 (z) is shown below:

4/3

x[n]

_ 1.9

8.27

_ 0.25

+
_
z 1

y[n]

_
z 1

_
z 1 _
2.917
1/12

0.75

The transfer function of the structure of Figure P8.11 is

H(z) = (1 a0 z

p0 + p1z1 + p2 z2
1+ d1z1 + d2 z2

1 1 zM
.
(a) M-point moving average filter: H MA (z) =
M 1 z1

Choose a 0 = 1, p 0 = 1/ M, p1 = 0, p 2 = 0, d1= 1, d 2 = 0.
(b) First difference differentiator:
H FD (z) = 1+ z1 .

Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = 1, p1 = 1, p 2 = 0, d1= 0, d 2 = 0.

(c) Central difference differentiator: HCD (z) = 0.5(1 z2 ).

17

Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = 0.5, p1 = 0.5, p 2 = 0, d1= 0, d 2 = 0.

(d) Running sum integrator: H RS (z) =

.
1
1

Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = 1, p1 = 0, p 2 = 0, d1= 1, d 2 = 0.

(e) Leaky integrator:

H LI (z) =

.
1
1

(1

)z

Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = , p1 = 0, p 2 = 0, d1= (1 ), d 2 = 0.

1 z1

.
(f) DC blocker: H DC (z) =
1 z1

Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = 1, p1 = 1, p 2 = 0, d1= , d 2 = 0.
0.5 + 0.5z1

.
(g) Trapezoidal integrator: HTI (z) =
1 z1

Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = 0.5, p1 = 0.5, p 2 = 0, d1= 1, d 2 = 0.

+ z1

.
(h) First-order allpass delay network: A1 (z) =
1+ z 1

Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = , p1 = 0.5, p 2 = 0, d1= , d 2 = 0.

+ z 1 + z2
(i) Second-order allpass delay network: A2 (z) =
.
1+ z 1 + z 2

Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = , p1 = , p 2 = 1, d1= , d 2 = .
1
3
(j) Simpson integrator: H SI (z) =

4
3

1
3

+ z1 + z2

.
1 z2
Choose a 0 = 0, p 0 = 1/3, p1 = 4 /3, p 2 = 1/3, d1= 0, d 2 = 1.

1
0.6z1 0.2 + z1
2
0.4 +1.76z1 1.2z2

=
.
8.28 (a) H(z) =
1+ 0.25z1 1+ 0.3z1 1+ 0.25z1 1+ 0.8z1 + 0.2125z2 + 0.0187z3

(b)
y[n] = 0.4 x[n] +1.76x[n 1] 1.2x[n 2] 0.8y[n 1] 0.2125y[n 2] 0.0187y[n 3].
(c) A cascade realization of

is shown below:

18

0.2
z1

1
z

z1
_ 0.25

_ 0.6

_ 0.25

_ 0.3

(d) A partial-fraction expansion of

in z1 obtained using residuez is given by
548
129.2
676.8
H(z) =
+
+
. The Parallel Form I realization
1
1 2
1+ 0.25z
(1+ 0.25z )
1+ 0.3z1
based on this expansion is shown
on the next page.

_ 676.8

+
_ 0.3

_
z 1

548

_1

z
_ 0.25

129.2

+
+

_
z 1

_ 0.5

_
z 1

_ 0.0625

(e) The inverse z transform of the partial-fraction of H(z) given in Part (d) yields
h[n] = 548(0.25) n [n] +129.2(n +1)(0.25) n [n] 676.8(0.3) n [n].
8.29

A cascade
form given by
realization of based on the factored
1
1

0.44 + 0.362z + 0.02z2

z

is shown below:
H(z) =
1
2
1 0.4z1
1+ 0.8z + 0.5z

19

The above structure uses 4 unit delays, 6 multipliers, and 5 two-input adders, whereas the
structure of Figure 8.19 uses 3 unit delays, 6 multipliers, and 5 two-input adders.
8.30

(a) H1 (z) =

0.9z1 + 3.545z2 +1.8z3

. A partial fraction expansion of H1 (z) using

1+ 4.5z1 + 0.5z2 0.75z3
0.0435
0.1569
2.2866
+
+
residuez yields H1 (z) = 2.4 +
which leads
1
1
1+ 4.3452z
1+ 0.5z
1 0.3452z1

to the Parallel Form I realization shown below:

_ 2.4

_ 0.0435

_1

z
_ 4.3452

0.1569

_1

z
_ 0.5

2.2866

_
z 1

0.3452

A partial fraction expansion of H1 (z) using residue yields

H1 (z) = 0.9 +

0.8217z1

+
1

1+ 4.3452z
II realization shown below:

0.0392z1

0.2725z1
+
which leads to the Parallel Form
1+ 0.5z1 1 0.3452z1
0.9

_
z 1

_ 4.3452

_
z 1

_ 0.8217

0.0392

_ 0.5

_
z 1

0.2725

0.3452

20

(b) H 2 (z) =

1.5z1 + 7.05z2 + 4.05z3 + 0.45z4

. A partial fraction expansion of

1+ 5.7z2 + 3.92z3
H 2 (z) using residuez yields
1.6971+ 0.8049z1 1.5823 + 0.6951z1
H 2 (z) = 0.1148 +
+
which leads to the Parallel
1+ 4.9z2
1+ 0.8z2
Form I realization shown below:
0.1148

_1.6971

_1

z
_ 4.9

_
z 1

0.8049
1.5823

_1

z
_ 0.8

_
z 1

0.6951

A partial fraction expansion of H 2 (z) using residue yields

0.8049z1 + 8.3159z2 0.6951z1 1.2659z2
H 2 (z) =
+
which leads to the Parallel
1+ 4.9z2
1+ 0.8z2
Form II realization shown
below:

_
z 1 0.8049
_1

z
_ 4.9

8,3159
_
z 1 0.6951
_1

z
_ 0.8

_ 1.2659

21

(c) H 3 (z) =

5.3333 3.5333z1 + 0.80835z2 0.1583z3

. A partial fraction expansion

1 0.75z1 + 2.2917z2 1.7188z3
4.9093 + 0.2178z1
0.3319
+
of H 3 (z) using residuez yields H1 (z) = 0.0921+
2
1+ 2.2917z
1 0.75z1
which leads to the Parallel Form I realization shown below:

0.0921

0.3319

_1

z
0.75

4.9093

_1

0.2178

_
z 1

_ 2.2917

A partial fraction expansion of H 3 (z) using residue yields

H 3 (z) = 5.3333 +

0.2489z1

+
1

0.2178z1 11.2506z2

1 0.75z
1+ 2.2917z2

which leads to the Parallel Form II realization shown below:

5.3333

_
z 1

0.2489

0.75

_
z 1
_1

0.2178

z
_ 2.2917

8.31

_ 11.2506

Analysis of the structure of Figure P8.13 yields the transfer function

1+ 3z1 1+ 2.1z1
H(z) =

. Hence, the z-transform S(z) of the step response s[n] is

1+ z1 1 0.5z1
22

1+ 3z1 1+ 2.1z1
1

.
whose partial-fraction expansion using
1
1
1+ z
1 0.5z 1 z1
0.7333 12.1333
12.4

+
. The inverse z-transform of
residuez is given by S(z) =
1
1
1+ z
1 0.5z
1 z1
S(z) then yields the step response:

s[n] = 0.7333(1) n [n] 12.1333(0.5) n [n] +12.4 [n].

given by S(z) =

8.32

It can be seen from Figure P8.14 that the top branch is the Direct Form II realization of
1+ 2.3z1
the transfer function
and the bottom branch is the Direct Form II t
1 1.2z1 0.9z2
realization of the same transfer function. Hence the transfer function of the overall
2 + 4.6z1
structure is given by H(z) =
which is a second-order function.
Thus a

1 1.2z1 0.9z2

canonic realization of H(z) is either the top branch or the bottom branch with a scaling
multiplier with a coefficient 2 at the input.

8.33 (a) Y (z) =

1 0.5z1
1

, X(z) =

1 0.3z
1 0.3z
1 0.3z
1 0.7z1
Y (z) (1 0.5z1 )(1 0.7z1 ) 1 1.2z1 + 0.35z2
H(z) =
=
=
.
X(z)
1 0.3z1
1 0.3z1

0.5z1

. Thus,

(b) y[n] = x[n] 1.2x[n 1] + 0.35x[n 2] + 0.3y[n 1].

(c) A Direct Form II realization is shown below:

1.2

0.35

0.3
(d) A partial-fraction expansion of H(z) in z1 using residuez is given by
0.8889
H(z) = 0.1111z1 1.1667 +
whose realization yields the Parallel Form I
1 0.3z1
structure shown below.

23

_ 1.1667
0.8889

0.3

0.1111

(e) The inverse z -transform of H(z) yields

h[n] = 0.1111[n 1] 1.1667[n] + 0.8889(0.3) n [n].

1 0.4z
0.4z

=
. Therefore, Y (z) = H(z)X(z)
1 0.2z1 1 0.2z1 1 0.2z1
(1 0.5z1 )(1 0.7z1 ) 1 0.4z1

. A partial-fraction expansion of Y(z) using

=
1
1
1

0.3z
1

0.2z

0.8889
7.5
+
residuez results in Y (z) = 5.6111z1 2.3333
an inverse
1
1 0.3z
1 0.2z1
-transform of which yields
y[n] = 2.333 [n] 5.6111 [n 1]. 0.8889(0.3) n [n] + 7.5(0.2) n [n].

(f) X(z) =

8.34 Analysis of Figure P8.15 results in H(z) =

5z1

2z1 + 3z2

which is seen to
1 0.2z
1+ 0.6z1 0.4z2
be a Parallel Form II realization of the transfer function H(z). A partial-fraction
expansion of H(z) using residue yields
4z1
2z1 + 3z2

H(z) =
+
. Comparing this expansion with the transfer
1 0.2z1 1+ 0.6z1 + 0.4z2
function of the structure of Figure P8.15 we conclude that the multiplier coefficient of
value 5 in the top path is wrong and should be replaced with the value 4, the multiplier
coefficient of value 2 in the forward path of the bottom branch is wrong and should be
replaced with the value 2, and the multiplier coefficient of value 0.4 in the feedback path
of the bottom branch is wrong and should be replaced with the value 0.4 .

8.35

Analysis of Figure P8.16 results in H(z) =

+
1

A + 3z1

which is seen to
1 Cz
1 0.9z
1 Bz 2
be a Parallel Form I realization of the transfer function H(z). A partial-fraction expansion
4
2 + 3z1
+
. Comparing this
of H(z) using residuez yields H(z) =
1+ 0.6z1 1 0.9z1 + 0.7z2

expansion with the transfer function of the structure of Figure P8.16 we conclude
A = 2, B = 0.7, C = 0.6.

+
1

24

8.36 (a) The difference equation corresponding to the transfer function H(z) =

(1+ 1 + 2 )(1+ 2z1 + z2 )

is given by
1 1z1 + 2 z2
y[n] + 1 y[n 1] 2 y[n 2] = (1+ 1 + 2 )(x[n] + 2x[n
1] + x[n 2]), which can be
rewritten as y[n] = (x[n] + 2x[n 1] + x[n 2]) + 1 (y[n 1] x[n] 2x[n 1] x[n 2])
2 (y[n 2] x[n] 2x[n 1] x[n 2]). Denoting w[n] = x[n] + 2x[n 1] + x[n 2], the
difference equation representation becomes
y[n] = w[n] + 1 (y[n 1] w[n]) 2 (y[n 2] w[n]). A realization of H(z) based on the

last two equations is as indicated below:

Y (z)
X(z)

An interchange of the two stages leads to an equivalent realization shown below:

Finally, by delay sharing the above structure reduces to the canonic realization shown
below:

(b) The difference equation corresponding to the transfer function H(z) =

Y (z)
X(z)

(1 2 )(1 z2 )

is given by
1 1z1 + 2 z2
which can be rewritten as
y[n] 1 y[n 1] + 2 y[n 2] = (1 2 )(x[n] x[n 2])
y[n] = 1 y[n 1] 2 y[n 2] + x[n] 2 x[n] x[n 2] + 2 x[n 2]

25

= 1 y[n 1] 2 (x[n] x[n 2] + y[n 2]) + (x[n] x[n 2]). Denoting

w[n] = x[n] x[n 2], we can rewrite the last equation as
y[n] = 1 y[n 1] 2 (w[n] + y[n 2]) + w[n].

A realization of H(z) based on the last two equations is as shown on next page.

An interchange of the two stages leads to an equivalent realization shown below:

Finally, by delay sharing the above structure reduces to a canonic realization as shown
below:

8.37

The 4 multiplier canonic realizations of H a (z) and Hb (z) are shown below:

26

X1
1

+
+
_1

z
3

Y1

X1

Y1

_
z 1

4
2

_1

+
_
z 1

(a)

(b)
Y1 C + D H N 1 (z)
=
,
8.38 (a) From the structure of Figure P8.174 it follows that H N (z) =
X1 A + B H N 1 (z)
C A H N (z)
. Substituting the expression for H N (z) we
from which we get H N 1 (z) =
B H N (z) D
N

C1+ di zi A pi
i=1

i=0
then arrive at H N 1 (z) =

N
N

B pi D1+ di zi

i=1
i=0

(C Ap 0 ) + (Cd1 Ap1 )z1 + + (CdN 1 ApN 1 )zN +1 + (CdN ApN )zN

( p 0 p 0 ) + ( p 0 d1 p1 )z1 + + ( p 0 d N 1 p N 1 )zN +1 + ( p 0 d N p N )zN

.
(Bp 0 D) + (Bp1 Dd1 )z1 + + (Bp N 1 DdN 1 )zN +1 + (Bp N DdN )zN

Substituting
the values A = 1,B = dN z1,C = p0 , and D = p N z1, we get H N 1 (z)

( p 0 d1 p1 ) + + ( p 0 d N 1 p N 1 )zN +2 + ( p 0 d N p N )zN +1
(dN p0 pN ) + (dN p1 pN d1 )z1 + + (dN pN 1 pN dN 1 )zN +1
p'0 + p1'z1 + + p'N 2 zN +2 + p'N 1zN +1

N +2
N +1
'
'
1+ d1'z1 + + dN
+ dN
2 z
1z
p d pN dk
, 1 k N 1.
and dk' = k N
p0 dN p N

(dN p0 pN )z1 + (dN p1 pN d1 )z2 + + (dN pN 1 pN dN 1 )zN

+(dN pN pN dN)zN 1

p d
pk+1
, 0 k N 1,
where p'k = k k+1
p0 dN p N

C
(b) From the chain parameters, we obtain for the first stage t11= = p 0 ,
A
AD BC
1
B
t12 =
= ( pN p0 dN )z1, t 21= = 1, t 22 = = dN z1 . The corresponding
A
A
A
input-output relations of the two-pair are given by

Y1 = p 0 X1 + ( pN p 0 dN )z1 X 2 = p 0 (X1 dN z1 X 2 ) + pN z1 X 2 , Y2 = X1 dN z1 X 2 .
Substituting the second equation into the first we rewrite it as Y1 = p0Y2 + pN z1 X 2 . A
realization of the two-pair based on the last two equations is therefore as indicated below:

27

(c) Except for the first stage, all other stages require 2 multipliers. Hence, the total number
of multipliers needed to implement an N th order transfer function H N (z) is 2N +1. The
total number of 2-input adders required is 2N, while the overall realization is canonic
requiring N delays.

0.9z1 2.46z2 1.8z3

8.39 (a) From G3 (z) = H1 (z) =

, using Eq. (8.151a) and (8.151b) we
1+ 9z1 +18.5z2 7.5z3

0.5 +1.3667z1 + z2
0.3252 + z1
.
G
(z)
=
.
get G2 (z) =
Repeating
the
procedure
we
get
1
1+ 5.2z1 + 22.5z2
1 2.08z1
From
G 3(z),G 2 (z), and G1(z), we arrive at the cascaded lattice realization shown below:

7.5

_ 22.5

2.08

_ 0.5

0.3252

_ 1.8

(b) From G4 (z) = H 2 (z) =

we get G3 (z) =

3 +14.1z1 + 8.1z2 + 0.9z3

2 +11.4z2 + 7.84z4
0.5995 +1.1097z1 0.0383z2 + z3

, using Eq. (8.151a) and (8.151b)

. Repeating the procedure twice we

1+ 4.7z1 + 2.7z2 + 0.3z3

3.3286 +1.3395z1 + z2
1.6514 + z1
. From
get G2 (z) =
and G1(z) =
1+ 3.7014z1 + 2.2982z2
1 0.0937z1
G 4 (z),G 3(z),G 2 (z), and G1(z), we arrive at the cascaded lattice realization shown below:

_ 7.84
3

_ 0.3

_ 0.5995

(c) From G3 (z) = H 3 (z) =

_ 2.2982

0.0937

3.3286

1.6514

5.3333 3.5333z1 + 0.8083z2 0.1583z3

, using Eq. (8.151a)

1 0.75z1 + 2.2917z2 1.7188z3
0.0518 1.2767z1 + z2
. Repeating the procedure we get
and (8.151b) we get G2 (z) =
1 0.661z1 + 0.1139z2

28

1.2401+ z1

. From G 3(z),G 2 (z), and G1(z), we arrive at the cascaded lattice

1 0.5197z1
realization shown below:
G1(z) =

1.7188

_ 11.39

5.3333

0.0518

0.5197
_ 1.2401

_ 0.1583

29