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Gaseous solutions
air( oxygen + other gases)
Liquid solutions
vinegar in water
salt dissolved in water
Solid solutions
liquid Hg dissolved in silver fillings
metal alloys
Solvent - component of a solution present in the greatest
amount
Solute - a solution component present in a small amount
relative to that of solvent.
2. Solubility: the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve
in a specified amount of solvent - units expressed
grams solute
100 grams solvent
Solubility @ specific
temperature, pressure
Solutions
O
H
Solutions
Problem
Predict the solubility of each solute-solvent combination:
acetone in water
methanol in water
NaBr in water
Ca3(PO4)2 in water
propane in water
BaSO4 in water
Percent by Mass
Solutions
Problem
How many grams of sugar must be added to 20.0 g of water to
prepare a 65 % by mass sugar solution.
Volume solute
volume solution
X 100
Percent by volume
Solutions
Problem
Vinegar is a 5.0% mass-volume percent of acetic acid. How much
acetic acid in grams is present in 8 oz of vinegar?
Solutions
6. Parts per million, ppm is one part of solute per million parts of
solution:
X 106
mass solute
volume solution
ppm (m/v)
X 109
mass solute
volume solution
ppb (m/v)
Problem
The concentration of sodium fluoride, NaF in tap water is found to
be 32.2 mg of NaF per 20.0 kg of tap water. Express the
concentration of NaF in water in ppm (m/m).
Solutions
Molarity
Problem
Determine the molarity of the following solutions:
Solutions
Problem
How many liters of 0.266 M aqueous hydrochloric acid can be
prepared from 255 g of HCl?
Problem
Calculate the grams of solute needed to prepare 475 ml of 5.62 X
10-2 M potassium sulfate.
Solutions
9
Problem
Problem
What is the molarity of a concentrated nitric acid with a density of
1.41 g/ml and contains 70.% HNO3 by mass.
Solutions
10
moles solute
kg solvent
Molality
Problem
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 48.0 g
of calcium nitrate in 2.34 X 103 g of water.
Problem
How many grams of KCl must be dissolved in 250. g of water to
make a 0.400 m solution?
Solutions
11
Problem
How many milliliters of 0.55 M HCl are needed to react with 3.7 g
CaCO3?
HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)
CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Solutions
12
Solutions
13
Problem
3.4 grams of sodium phosphate is dissolved in water to make 298
liters of solution.
What is the mass percent of sodium phosphate in the solution if the
density of the solution is 1.12 g/ml?
Solutions
14
Problem
53.9 mls of a 1.98 M silver nitrate solution is mixed with 7.52 mls
of 1.33 M solution of sodium chloride.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
Solutions
15
10. Dilutions
M1 X
V1
M2 X
V2
Problem
65.9 mls of water is added to 403 mls of 2.39 M solution of HCl.
What is the new molarity of the solution?
Problem
How much water must be added to 420. mls of a 3.61 M solution
of potassium nitrate to decrease the concentration of the solution to
1.40 M?
16
1. Calculate the mass of sodium chloride in 762 grams of a 5.3 % by mass solution
2. What is the mass of solute present in 437 cm3 solution, if the solution is 85% water
and has a density of 1.64 g/ml.
3. Determine the mass of solvent needed for 145 g of 3.20 % by mass solution.
4. What is the molarity of HCl solution, if density is 1.12 g/ml and it contains 31% HCl?
6. Calculate the molality and molarity of a solution made when 222 grams of MgCl2 are
dissolved in enough water to make 969 ml of solution? Density of solution = 1.00g/ml.
7. A 4.621 M KI solution has a density of 1.36 g/ml. Calculate the percent by weight.
Text Problems
5,7,11,13,15,17,19,23,29,33,41,43,51,53,55,57,61,63,65,67,69,71,75,77a.79a,b,81c,83a,
85a,87c,89,93,97,103,107,112,119,121,125,137,141