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Reading Worksheet
1. Differentiate innate and adaptive immunity.
- Innate immunity: defenses that are present at birth
- Host defenses that afford protection against any kind of pathogen
- Adaptive immunity: based on specific response to a specific microbe once a
microbe has breached the innate immunity defense
- The ability, obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific
antibodies and T cells
2. What are the components of the bodys 1st line of defense:
- Skin
- Mucous membranes
3. What are the components of the bodys 2nd line of defense:
- Defensive cells phagocytic cells
- Inflammation
- Fever
- Antimicrobial substances
4. What are the components of the bodys 3rd line of defense:
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
5. List several of the mechanical and chemical factors that protect the skin and mucous
membranes from microbial invasion:
- Epidermis
- Keratin
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Saliva
- Mucus
- Epiglottis
- Earwax
- Urine
- Vaginal secretions
- Sebum
- Perspiration lysozyme
- Gastric juice
6. Define commensalism:
- One organism uses the body of a larger organism as its physical environment and
may make use of the body to obtain nutrients
- Symbiotic relationship in which two organisms live in association and one is
benefited while the other is neither benefited nor harmed
7. What is meant by the term opportunistic pathogen? Give an example.
- Microorganism that does not cause ordinarily cause disease but can become
pathogenic under certain circumstances
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- Dont cause disease in their normal habitat in healthy person but may do so in a
different environment
- E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
oral streptococci
8. What is meant by the term competitive exclusion and microbial antagonism?
- In microbial antagonism, normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing
the host by competing with them for nutrients (competitive exclusion)
9. List the 5 types of wbcs and state the normal percentages of each of these in the
blood.
a. Neutrophils: 60-70%
b. Lymphocytes: 20-25%
c. Monocytes: 3-8%
d. Eosinophils: 2-4%
e. Basophils: 0.5-1%
10. Which of the cells listed above leave the blood and become macrophages and
dendritic cells?
- Monocytes
11. Which of the cells listed above is the most prevalent phagocytic cell circulating in
the blood?
- Neutrophils
12. Which of the cells listed above are most directly responsible for the immune
response (specific immunity, the bodys 3rd line of defense)?
- Lymphocytes
13. Which of the cells listed above may be substantially elevated in number during a
parasitic infection?
- Eosinophils
14. Which of the cells in #9 plays an important role in releasing substances that cause
an allergic response?
- Basophils
15.
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body
2) If destruction not possible, limit effects on the body by confining or walling off
the injurious agent and its byproducts
3) Repair or replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent or its byproducts
19.
21. Name 4 different chemical mediators of inflammation and describe the activity of
each.
1) Histamine: causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, smooth muscle
contraction
2) Kinins: causes vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
3) Prostaglandins: hormone like substance released by damaged cells, intensifies
inflammation, help phagocytes move through capillary cells
4) Leukotrienes: produced by mast cells and basophils cause increased
permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens
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