Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2006
Potchefstroom
Quoting sources
ISBN 1-86822-399-X
ii
Preface
The following changes were made to the fourth edtion:
According to international trends in the Harvard method of referencing the
following changes have been made:
1. Publication information of books: A colon, with a space, separates the place of
publication and publisher, for example: New York: Wiley.
2. Provide the date at the end of a newspaper report or journal article reference
as day and month, for example 13 Aug.
3. The language of the source is used in the source list and not the language of
the thesis or report. If the publication is available in both Afrikaans and English use
the language of the source. Exceptions can be made if the source is in a foreign
language, in such cases the study leader can decide which language should be
used.
4.. The section Electronic Sources has been largely rewritten. This section
includes references to Internet sources.
iii
CONTENTS
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.
3.1
AUTHOR(S) OR EDITOR(S) ............................................................................................ 11
3.1.1
One author ......................................................................................................... 11
3.1.2
Two authors ....................................................................................................... 11
3.1.3
Three authors or more ....................................................................................... 12
3.1.4
No author indicated (Anon.) .............................................................................. 12
3.1.5
Two authors with same surname........................................................................ 13
3.1.6
Editor(s)............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.7
Institute/society as author .................................................................................. 13
3.2
DATE OF PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 14
3.3
TITLE .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.4
EDITION ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.5
PLACE OF PUBLICATION ............................................................................................... 15
3.6
PUBLISHER .................................................................................................................. 16
3.7
NUMBER OF PAGES OF A MONOGRAPH .......................................................................... 17
3.8
SETS (MORE THAN ONE VOLUME) ................................................................................ 17
3.9
SERIES ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.
5.
PAPER AT A CONFERENCE....................................................................... 19
5.1
5.2
EDITORS...................................................................................................................... 19
A SOCIETY AS AUTHOR ................................................................................................ 19
6.
ENCYCLOPAEDIAS..................................................................................... 20
6.1
6.2
6.3
AN ANONYMOUS ARTICLE............................................................................................ 20
ARTICLE FROM AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA ON CD................................................................. 20
7.
DICTIONARIES ............................................................................................ 21
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
8.
9.
9.1
9.2
10.
11.
SECONDARY SOURCES............................................................................. 24
12.
TRANSLATIONS .......................................................................................... 24
13.
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS................................................................. 25
13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.2
13.3
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.8.1
13.8.2
13.9
13.9.1
13.9.2
13.9.3
14.
REPORTS/LECTURES/PAPERS................................................................. 30
15.
INTERVIEWS ............................................................................................................ 31
LETTERS ................................................................................................................. 31
15.1
15.2
16.
PATENTS ..................................................................................................... 32
17.
NEWSPAPER REPORTS............................................................................. 33
18.
18.1
18.1.1
18.1.2
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
19.
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15
AUTHOR(S) ............................................................................................................. 33
Author known..................................................................................................... 33
Author unknown................................................................................................. 33
DATE OF PUBLICATION (YEAR) ................................................................................ 34
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE ............................................................................................. 34
TITLE OF THE JOURNAL ............................................................................................ 34
VOLUME, NUMBER, PAGES, MONTH .......................................................................... 34
SEASON ................................................................................................................... 35
JOURNAL WITHOUT VOLUME OR NUMBER ................................................................. 35
20.
21.
21.1
21.2
22.
23.
OTHER STYLES........................................................................................... 58
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
24.
vii
1. DOCUMENTATION THEORY
In The Chicago manual of style (University of Chicago, 1993:493) the following
explanation of documentation is given:
Almost every work that is neither fiction nor an account based on personal
experience, relies in part on secondary sources (other publications on the
same or related subjects) or on primary sources (manuscript collections,
archives, contemporary accounts, diaries, books, personal interviews, and so
on). Ethics, as well as the laws of copyright, requires authors to identify
their sources, particularly when quoting directly from them.
This previous quotations reference in a source list will be as follows:
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 1993. The Chicago manual of style.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 921 p.
14th ed.
A warning is given in the MLA style manual (Gibaldi, 1999:151) regarding quoting
sources and plagiarism:
Scholarly authors generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by
carefully giving credit to each source. Whenever you draw on anothers
work, you must specify what you borrowed whether facts, opinions, or
quotations and where you borrowed it from. Using another persons ideas
or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source constitutes
plagiarism.
(See also the section on PLAGIARISM in this booklet.)
This previous quotations reference in a source list will be as follows:
GIBALDI, J. 1999. MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing. 2nd ed.
Large print. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. 343 p.
1.1
Why should you give recognition to sources which you use for an assignment?
What is the purpose or function of references in scientific documents?
1.
References give recognition to the original author from whom the facts are
taken.
2.
The author provides proof of where he got his information - and shows whether
he has consulted the most authoritative sources in the field.
3.
4.
5.
References render proof to the reader about the provenance of the authors
thoughts/ideas.
6.
A source list provides information to the readers so that in turn they can consult
the sources and so verify whether the sources have been correctly
quoted/interpreted.
7.
The source list serves as an additional source list about the topic - if the
reader wishes to consult more sources about the topic. It is therefore clear that
the information in the source list should be complete enough to allow anyone to
find the sources again.
1.2
Which style?
In scientific writings the reader will find a wide variety of bibliographical styles. The
style which is used in this guide, is the so-called Harvard method. This is subscribed
to by the International Standards Organization and the HSRC and is widely accepted
as a good scholarly reference style.
Various journals prefer to have their own house style which has to be followed
by authors - this is usually a more compact style (with small figures in the text)
aimed at saving space.
An important test for any reference style is whether it will enable a reader to find
a source. In other words, has enough information been given so that the reader
could in turn find the source again?
There is not really a right or a wrong style. Find out from the lecturer in your specific
subject(s) which style is preferred. If you have mastered the Harvard style, however,
you will find that you can quickly master other styles as well.
1.3
The Harvard style consists of a short reference in the text which is supplemented by
a full reference in the source list or bibliography. For example:
2
Text:
Source list:
1.4
When you are writing an assignment you will be handling a whole range of sources.
The inexperienced writer of assignments will then come face to face with the
problem of what should be written down. Should one, for example, give a textual
reference for each fact that is used?
You should try to find a balance between the one extreme of writing down literally
everything and the other extreme of no documentation.
A practical guideline could be: Will the person marking the assignment wonder
where I got this information? Should the answer be affirmative, it means that it
should be documented.
A further guideline could be: document what is essential. But what is essential?
The following few examples give an indication of what can be regarded as essential
documentation:
as soon as information, for example statistics, is used without having tested the
accuracy of it yourself.
Useful hints
1.
Indicate clearly how you have used the material taken from sources. Do you
agree with it, do you reject the material, or do you simply want to indicate that
this source reflects the same view about the material as other sources?
2.
References to more than two or three authors who have written about the same
topic are not necessary at undergraduate level, except if it is essential as part of
your argument. One has to judge carefully whether each of the cited authors
really wrote about the same issue from the same angle, otherwise they cannot
be used as scientific witnesses about the specific issue.
3.
Citations/quotations from translated works are mostly not desirable and should
be limited the minimum, unless it is part of the purpose of the study to compare
different translations of the original work with each other.
4.
If such citations from classical works are given in translation, it is good policy to
give such translations in the language of the assignment.
5.
Do not make a citation or reference simply because it looks good. It should tie
in with the line of argumentation.
1.5
Earlier editions of a work should not be used if a later edition is available, unless
there is a good reason for it. Do check for indications like 2nd ed., 3rd ed. on the
title page.
1.6
Smith, Jones and White, who have also written about Freuds view of
psychoanalysis. These books are then secondary sources.
It is better for a scientific writer to use as few secondary sources as possible. If a
student wants to write about Freuds view of psychoanalysis, he/she should read
Freuds books. It might well be that Smith, Jones or White understood Freud
incorrectly, or that they evaluated his work one-sidedly.
If the student has read the primary sources, that is, Freuds own books, and he/she
has given his/her own version of the facts, then he/she can, if still necessary, consult
some secondary sources with the purpose, for example, of indicating whether their
version of his work is accurate or not. It is ill-advised for a student to represent
Freuds work only by way of secondary sources and then to criticise or judge it. This
is not only completely unscientific, but also unethical.
For undergraduate work the use of secondary sources is still acceptable. At the
postgraduate level, however, it is essential to use primary sources.
1.7
Plagiarism
1.8
Copyright
Copyright implies that an information source must not be copied - for instance it is
forbidden to make photocopies of a published book in order not to buy the book.
This law protects the authors of being robbed of royalties to be paid to them because
of the user bypassing the selling procedures.
When an author writes a book, much time, effort and cost goes into it. He/she is
then entitled to some remuneration when a reader uses the book. A practical
example of this is when a student does not buy a handbook but makes photocopies
of it with the aim of saving money. Although one has sympathy with students who
have to spend large amounts of money in buying handbooks, this copying is illegal.
Two interesting examples of copyright warnings in books:
YOURS TO HAVE AND TO HOLD - BUT NOT TO COPY
The publication you are reading is protected by copyright law. This means that the
publisher could take you to court and claim heavy legal damages if you make
unauthorized photocopies from these pages.
Photocopying copyright material without permission is no different from stealing a
magazine from a newsagent, only it doesn't seem like theft.
This book is copyrighted under the Berne Convention ... No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
The information in a book can be considered as the intellectual property of the
author.
6
2. TEXTUAL REFERENCES
In the text of your report, acknowledge each author from whom you obtained
information. Just a BRIEF reference which refers to a full source list reference.
ONLY the author's SURNAME, date (YEAR) as well as the PAGE (on which the
information appears) should be given in the text.
Example: This view is rejected by Roberts (1972:10) because ...
The reference can also be given at the end of the sentence. Note the punctuation.
Men between 20 and 29 show a strong inclination to suicide (Kreitman, 1977:118).
2.1
Direct citations
Direct citations (that is, the authors own words) should be used functionally. Do not
make too many direct quotes - your assignment should under no circumstances
become a mere stringing together of citations. You should only quote directly if the
original is so well stated that putting it in your own words would be detrimental to the
final effect, or if the original words are needed for purposes of analysis and
discussion of an authors views. Examples of this might be a striking statement by a
politician or a definition. Never quote simply to avoid translation problems.
Punctuation
If the quotation forms part of a comprehensive argument, the punctuation is
part of that argument and is placed outside the bracket or inverted comma.
Visser (1983:12) contends that "there must be a conclusion for all sentences".
They pass the remark that "few such cases exist" (compare De Beer, 1986:3).
2.2
Indirect citations
When you give an authors ideas in your own words, you have to take care that the
spirit and the argumentation of the original are retained. Do not use and twist a
citation to your own purposes. Also, vary the style of citation in your assignment.
This gives a neat and well-finished appearance to the paper:
Comparing the view of Jones (1986:15) with that of Smith (1994:147), it ...
This argument is supported by Cogan (1989:156).
According to King (1995:21) it is ...
Mayer (1990:10) maintains that ...
2.3
Secondary citations
When secondary information is used, this has to be indicated as such in the text. For
example, if Williams uses a statement made originally by Freud, it has to be done as
follows:
(In the source list there will be only the reference to Williams.)
Text:
Source list:
2.4
2.5
When you make use of more than one publication by the same author published in
the same year, you can distinguish it by putting an a, b or c after the date in the text
of your report, for example:
According to Smith (1996a:46), the information on the Internet ...
3. BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS)
The title page is the most important and the most reliable place to find the details
about a book. Follow the information on the title page carefully. Should the
information not be complete, you can usually find what you need on the reverse
side of the title page. DO NOT TRUST THE COVER - the information given there
is often changed for the sake of having a striking cover.
The important date of publication can usually be found on the reverse side of the
title page. Note the copyright sign ( ) and also the date of the different editions.
(See 3.2 for more information.)
The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is also found here. It is normally
not necessary to provide it in the bibliography, but it remains a valuable source of
information about a book, and is used for purchases and orders.
The title page of the above mentioned book: Note the differences in punctuation,
capital letters, title / subtitle, edition, place of publication, publisher, year and pages.
Second edition
Edition
Title and subtitle
A Self-Teaching guide
Jack D. Ferner
Author
Publisher
Places of publication
270 pages
A typical example of a source list reference (for the above mentioned book):
FERNER, J.D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-teaching guide.
2nd ed. New York: Wiley. 270 p.
10
3.1
Author(s) or editor(s)
Definition: The author is the person (or institution) responsible for the
intellectual or artistic contents of the source.
The author(s) can be the person(s) who wrote the book. An author can also be an
institution, for example, the yearbook of the University, of which the University is the
author.
"It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already
formed would 'bite the world' and was made for villainy." (Smith,
1977:70.)
or
An ancient superstition was that when a baby was born with teeth, it
would become a villain (Smith, 1977:70).
Source list:
SMITH, L.
97 p.
1977.
London: Batsford.
In the text, only the authors surname is given and not the initial(s). Note the
difference in the source list where the author's surname and the initial(s) are given.
or
All procedures must be explained to the patient (Gardner & Shelton,
1967:74).
Source list:
Note the difference between the two examples in the TEXT: the &-sign is used
in the brackets but in the full sentence the word and is used.
11
Text:
Source list:
Text:
Source list:
12
Source list:
3.1.6 Editor(s)
The abbreviation ed. (for editor) or red. (Afrikaans for redakteur) is used for editor,
depending on the language of the source, and is preceded by a comma.
ed./eds. - editor(s); red./reds. - redakteur(s); Hrsg - Herausgeber.
Source list:
When the publisher and author (UCT) are one and the same, the
publisher is usually omitted.
An author can also be an institution, for example, the yearbook of the University, of
which the University is the author.
13
3.2
Date of publication
This is the date of the edition as it appears in the publication, usually on the
reverse side of the title page. Only the most recent date must be furnished.
When more than one date is given, it is usually an indication of a new edition. It
is compulsory to state it in the reference. However it is not necessary to mention a
reprint. An exception: if it is deemed necessary , a reprint of an old source can
be indicated as follows: 1985 [1903].
If you can't find a date in the book, a serious effort must be made to trace it. Ask a
librarian to assist you. If you still cannot determine a date, an approximate date
may be given:
1892 or 93
1892?
s.a.
3.3
Title
The complete title is furnished as it appears on the title page of the publication.
Only the first letter of the first word or names of persons, places or institutions and
German nouns start with capital letters. Titles of books are not underlined.
A sub-title is separated by a colon:
MORRIS, C. 1988. Psychology: an introduction. New York: Wiley. 299 p.
3.4
Edition
The first edition is not mentioned; nor the subsequent reprints or impressions.
Statements about editions can be abbreviated as follows (note punctuation):
2nd ed.
3rd ed.
4th ed.
(English)
JOHNSON, R.C. & MEDINNUS, G.R. 1974. Child psychology: behavior and
development. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.
14
3.5
Place of publication
Give the place of publication in the language of the source. Only mention the place (city)
NOT only the country or the state. If no place can be traced, s.l. (sine loco) may be used.
Montana............................................Mont./MT
Nebraska ..........................................Nebr./NE
Nevada .............................................Nev./NV
New Hampshire ................................N.H./NH
New Jersey .......................................N.J./NJ
New Mexico ......................................N.Mex./NM
New York ..........................................N.Y./NY
North Carolina...................................N.C./NC
North Dakota.....................................N.D./ND
Ohio ..................................................Oh./OH
Oklahoma .........................................Okla./OK
Oregon..............................................Oreg./OR
Pennsylvania ....................................Pa./PA
Rhode Island.....................................R.I./RI
South Carolina ..................................S.C./SC
South Dakota ....................................S.D./SD
Tennessee ........................................Tenn./TN
Texas ................................................Tex./TX
Utah ..................................................Ut./UT
Vermont ............................................Vt./VT
Virginia..............................................Va./VA
Washington.......................................Wash./WA
West Virginia.....................................W.Va./WV
Wisconsin .........................................Wis./WI
Wyoming...........................................Wyo./WY
15
3.6
Publisher
A colon, with a space, separates the place of publication and publisher, for
example: New York: Wiley.
If the author and publisher are one and the same person or institution, the
name of the publisher is omitted (see the section: An institution as author).
If no publisher is mentioned, the abbreviation s.n. (sine nomine) may be used.
Initials are usually omitted, for example, J.L. Van Schaik becomes Van
Schaik. Initials are sometimes included when it is necessary to distinguish,
for example:
London: J.A. Allen
London: W.H. Allen
Words which are unnecessary for identification purposes may be omitted, for
example and Co., and Sons.
Institution/department as publisher:
Water Research Commission;
Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs; Government Printer; Nordic
Council of Ministers; University of South Africa.
16
3.7
The reference gives fuller information and creates a better impression if the total
number of pages are indicated. It must then be done consistently for every
book in the source list. Insert a space between the numbers and the p.
Source list:
3.8
If a source consists of more than one volume, the number of volumes should be
mentioned.
Text:
Source list:
3.9
Series
If the publication is part of a series, this will probably appear on the title page or on
the reverse side of the title page. A series is important if it gives an indication of the
authoritativeness of the source (for example, a publication in a series such as the
Scientific contributions of a university will have a different meaning and authority
from, for example, the Asterix-series).
Publishers series can usually be ignored, for example McGraw-Hill series in
psychology. When it is necessary for identification or authority purposes, the
series title and number can be placed between round brackets at the end of the
reference.
NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. 1992. Product life cycle assessments.
Copenhagen. 288 p. (NORD series, 1992:9.)
MEI, J. & LIAO, H., eds. 2003. Asset pricing. Singapore: World Scientific. 255 p.
(Frontiers of real estate pricing, vol. 1.)
17
Source list:
The abbreviations ed. (eds.) are used for an editor or compiler, depending
on the language of the source.
18
5. PAPER AT A CONFERENCE
Refer to a specific contribution at a conference or symposium (called a paper read
at ...) by using the author's surname, initials, and title of his presentation. Then
make use of an "In reference" to account for the book as a whole.
When reference is made to the book as a whole and it is possible, make use of the
name of the editor. When an editor is not mentioned, record it under the name of
the organisation that arranged the conference/symposium, or the name of the
conference. Follow the title page of the book as far as possible.
5.1
Editors
Text:
Source list:
In = italics OR underlined; p. 113-140 = the first and last page of the chapter.
Compare also the section on: Author(s) and editor(s).
5.2
A society as author
Text:
Source list:
In = italics, or written by hand, underlined; p. = first and last page of the chapter.
19
6. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS
6.1
A signed article
Text:
Source list:
6.2
An anonymous article
First ascertain whether the author is not mentioned at the start or end of the article.
If there is no indication of an author, it can be quoted as follows: ( ANON. =
Anonymous, author unknown)
Text:
Source list:
6.3
Note that the author(s) are usually indicated at the end of an article in the
encyclopaedia.
Text:
Source list:
STAM, D.H. & STAM, D.C. 1994. Libraries of the Middle Ages.
(In Microsoft Encarta 95.) [CD].
20
7. DICTIONARIES
When a dictionary is consulted purely to clarify unintelligible words or to translate
words, it does not have to be included in the source list. If, however, definitions or
explanations of words are quoted, the dictionary must be indicated. This also
applies where contradictory explanations of terms are involved.
7.1
Text:
Source list:
7.2
In the case of a large, comprehensive dictionary (usually several volumes), the title
can be used instead of the name of the editor because there is usually more than
one editor. For convenience, abbreviations can also be used in the text.
Text:
Source list:
7.3
Dictionary on CD
Source list:
21
7.4
Text:
Source list:
7.5
Text:
Source list:
8. THE BIBLE
When it is considered essential for the Bible to be included in the source list (for
example when various translations are compared) it may be done as follows. Use
the wording as it appears on the title page.
Text:
The words in Psalm 23:6 ... goodness and mercy shall follow me
(Bible, 1989) are translated in the New international version (Bible,
1995) with: ... goodness and love will follow me.
Source list:
22
9. STUDY GUIDES
How to quote from a study guide issued in a university or technikon course.
9.1
Author indicated
Text:
Source list:
9.2
Text:
Source list:
Source list:
The following abbreviations may be used: M.A. or MA, LL.M. or LLM, D.B.A.
or DBA, M.Sc. or MSc, D.Phil. or DPhil. According to the 2002 edition of the
Afrikaanse woordelys en spelrels full-stops are optional in abbreviations
referring to degrees.
23
Source list:
12. TRANSLATIONS
Text:
Source list:
24
Note that it is very important to furnish the number (RP ...) of the Government
publication because that facilitates retrieval.
Source list:
25
13.2 Departments
Text:
Source list:
SOUTH AFRICA.
Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs.
1995. Annual report. Pretoria: Government Printer. 64 p.
When annual reports are used for a number of successive years, they can be dealt
with as one item in the source list.
SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Agricultural Technical Services. 1974 - 1977.
Annual Reports. Pretoria: Government Printer. 1 July 1974 - 30 June 1975 (RP
43/1976); 1 July 1975 - 30 June 1976 (RP 48/1977); 1 July 1976 - 30 June 1977
(RP 42/1978).
13.3.1 Acts
Text:
Source list:
26
13.3.2 Constitution
Text:
Source list:
The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is useful in this case because it is
an indication of the specific edition of the constitution.
Source list:
Source list:
27
Source list:
Source list:
Source list:
28
Source list:
13.9 Semi-government
National commissions
Institutions,
Councils,
Source list:
Source list:
29
The aim of the commission is to cover all aspects ... (NCHE, 1995).
Source list:
More examples:
HSRC (Human Sciences Research Council). 1994. Annual report. Pretoria.
67 p.
CSS (Central Statistics Service). 1996. Population statistics. Pretoria. 88 p.
14. REPORTS/LECTURES/PAPERS
Text:
Source list:
This form is only used when the report/lecture/paper has not been published.
When such a report/lecture/paper is included in a collected work, the
instructions in point 5 are followed: A paper at a conference.
30
15. INTERVIEWS,
LETTERS,
ORIGINAL SOURCES
OTHER
Author
Year
Title or nature of material
Place of origin
Notes on physical nature, scope (where applicable) or where the material is
available.
15.1 Interviews
Text:
Source list:
15.2 Letters
Text:
Source list:
31
16. PATENTS
Furnish the following details for patents:
AUTHOR(S). Date. Title. Patent: Issuing country (compare the list of
abbreviations): patent number. Total number of pages.
Source list:
HWANG, M., STARK, L.E., HEINEN, G. & RIMPILLO, L. 1998. Optical curing
process for integrated circuit package assembly. Patent: US 5,846,476. 9 p.
HU Hungary
AU Australia
IL Israel
BE Belgium
IN India
BR Brazil
JP Japan
CA Canada
LT Lithuania
CH Switzerland
LV Latvia
NL Netherlands
CS Czechoslovakia
NO Norway
CZ Czech Republic
PL Poland
RO Romania
DE Germany
RU Russia
DK Denmark
SE Sweden
SK Slovakia
ES Spain
FI Finland
FR France
WO
World
Organization
GB United Kingdom
ZA South Africa
32
Intellectual
Property
Source list:
An indication of the page and the day on which the newspaper was published,
is sufficient.
18.1 Author(s)
18.1.1 Author known
Source list:
RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug
education, 40(3):52-64, May.
"Today the doctor still prescribes medicine, but the mortar and
pestle of the pharmacist gathers dust." (Anon., 1978:3.)
33
Source list:
Volume in Arabic figures, the number of the edition in round brackets; the
pages of the article preceded by a colon; the date (month).
WALKER, J.A.S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States history
textbooks. Journal of American history, 54(10):7-11, 12 Oct.
Abbreviations for months:
Jan. - Januarie/January
Feb. - Februarie/February
Mrt. - Maart
Mar. - March
Apr. - April
Mei
May
Jun. - Junie/June
Jul. - Julie/July
Aug. - Augustus/August
Sep. - September
Okt. - Oktober
Oct. - October
Nov. - November
Des. - Desember
Dec. - December
18.6 Season
In the case where a season is involved, it can be indicated as follows (in the
language of the journal and not abbreviated):
KEN, L. 1996. Functional analysis and intervention for breath holding. Journal
of applied behavior analysis, 28(3):339-340, Summer.
Seasons: Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn.
Source list:
A colon, not a comma, is placed after the title of the journal and this indicates that
the page numbers follow.
35
Try to integrate references to this type of information into the framework of the
recommended Harvard style. This applies specifically to the use of an author
(person or institution) because it simplifies referencing in the text.
One of the functions of a source list is to furnish the reader with the full
bibliographical detail of the sources used by the researcher. It is therefore
essential to present sufficient accurate information to trace the sources.
That is the reason why both the SOURCE and the ADDRESS is essential.
The language of the source is used when indicating the date when the
information was accessed along with the name of the database or address of
the source.
19.1 Electronic
bibliographical
abstracts of journal articles
databases:
Databases of this kind REFER to sources like journal articles or other material.
Some databases contain summaries (abstracts) of journal articles, research
reports, theses etc. These summaries may contain useful reviews. In most cases
it is acceptable to use this type of information in scientific documents, on condition
that the false impression that the original source had been consulted, is not
created. It remains secondary information, however, and if possible, the original
source must be obtained. Students must get permission from their lecturer,
supervisor or promoter to use this type of information.
AUTHOR. Year. Title. Other relevant information (for example the title and
other detail of a journal). Abstract/reference in: sufficient information to find
it in the database.
Text:
Source list:
36
Text:
Dit blyk dat die nuutste navorsing ... (Theron & Papendorp, 1996).
Source list:
37
19.2 Electronic
articles
full
text
databases:
journal
If the article is in HTML-format it differs from the print version because the page
numbers are not indicated and can therefore not be quoted in the text or the source
list. You will need to add the date you accessed the document as well as the source
from which it was retrieved.
EBSCOHost Web is a database provider. Do not quote the provider as the source
from which you retrieved the article, but the database itself, eg. Academic Search
Premier.
BONN, D. 1991. New Zealand: who's for cricket? Lancet, 333(8754):1402, 6 Aug.
Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul. 2000.
DE WIT, H.E.D. & NTULI, R.M. 1995. Die onderrig van funksies in kommunikatiewe
aanpak: metodologiese probleme. South African journal of African languages,
15(3):108, 6 Aug. Beskikbaar: MLA. Datum van gebruik: 5 Okt. 2005.
When the article is in PDF-format the page numbers are available and must
be quoted in the text and the source list. The article does not differ from the
print version, therefore you need not indicate the date of access. Quote full
text articles in PDF-format from a Web database, eg. ScienceDirect or
SAePublications, as follows:
38
VAN REENEN, R. 1998. J.M. Coetzee in die ban van Karoo-Afrikaans. Beeld:
8, 21 Apr. Beskikbaar: SA Media.
39
Source list
DE KLERK, B.J. 2005. Liturgiek nie meer die stiefkind van die
teologie nie. Kerkblad, 108(3179), Sep.
http://www.gksa.org.za/kerkblad.htm Datum van gebruik: 12 Okt.
2005.
40
Source list:
41
Example 2
Text:
Source list:
Example 3
Text:
Source list:
Example 4
Text:
Source list:
The author of the document is not identified therefore the title is used.
42
43
Text:
Source list:
Source list:
44
Newsgroup:
Text:
Source list:
Maltin (1995) states that the special effects in the film Jurassic Park
are the best in the history of the film industry.
Source list:
Compare also:
Dictionary on CD
SINATRA, F. 2003. The best of Frank Sinatra. Directed by Alex Stordahl. New
York: Legacy. [CD].
WISE, R., producer. 2002. The sound of music. Produced by Argyle Enterprises
Inc. and released by Twentieth Century-Fox Corporation. Beverley Hills, Calif.:
Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment. [DVD].
An important question which arises is: What sources should I include in the
bibliography? Only the works to which I referred in the text, or other sources
which I consulted but did not refer to in the text?
A serious warning should be sounded against the trend among students to try to
impress a lecturer with a very extended bibliography. In most cases it is quite
easy for the lecturer to discover that the student is using tricks, and this will
reflect negatively on the student.
The rule is that your bibliography should consist of the materials that you
used, PLUS other sources which really contributed to your insight. In
undergraduate work a source list which consists only of the materials that
you used and referred to in the text, is adequate.
If for some good reason you want to include more than these two categories (if,
for example, it is part of your aim to establish a full bibliography about the
topic) then you have to motivate this clearly, and call it a bibliography.
To ensure swift and easy reference from the text to the source list, all sources
must be included in one integrated alphabetical list.
If more than one publication of an author is used, his publications are
arranged chronologically: from old to new.
Type the surnames and initials of the authors in CAPITAL LETTERS. This
makes them more noticeable and eases the search between text and source
list.
47
48
Use capital letters for the author's surname and initials to make it more visible.
For the reader it improves easy movement between the text and the source list.
Leave at least one line open between references - this also improves
readability.
Do not justify the source list - it often stretches the text awkwardly.
Note the spaces in the following examples - leave two spaces between
"elements" such as between the author, year, title, etc.
Book
JONES,*S.J.,*SMITH,*L.*&*GREEN,*D.**1998.**Psychology:*an
*introduction.**2nd*ed.**London:*Wiley.**209*p.
Journal
49
50
51
FERIS, M. 2005. Humans have a hand in disasters. City press: 27, 23 Oct.
http://152.111.251/argief/berigte/citypress/2005/10/23/C127/01.html Date of
access: 21 Nov. 2005.
FERNER, J.D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-teaching guide. 2nd
ed. New York: Wiley. 270 p.
FERREIRA, B. 2005. Arbeidstekort in New Orleans. Beeld: 21, 10 Okt.
http://152.111.251/argief/berigte/bee;d/2005/10/10/BM/21/01.html Datum van
gebruik: 24 Okt. 2005.
FREUD, S. 1999. Interpretation of dreams. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. http://www.psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm Date of access: 6 Sep.
2005.
GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy unit and the
nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.
GAUTENG (South Africa). 1996. Constitution of a Valuation Appeal Board. (In
Gauteng Province ordinances. Land and townships. Local authorities rating.
Doornfontein: Lex Patria. (Premiers notice, P.N. 9.)
GIBALDI, J. 1999. MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing. 2nd ed.
Large print. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. 343 p.
GLATT, M.M. 1980. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol and alcoholism.
British book news:133-137, Mar.
HENDERSON, R. 1978. The purple membrane of halobacteria. (In Stanier,
R.Y., Rogers, H.J. & Ward, J.B., eds. Relations between structure and function in
the prokaryotic cell: Twenty-eighth symposium of the Society for General
Microbiology held at the University of Southampton, April 1978. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. p.225-230.)
HITLER, A. 1961. Mein Kampff. Translated from the German by John Ayles.
London: McGraw-Hill. 171 p.
HSRC (Human Sciences Research Council). 1994. Annual report. Pretoria.
67 p.
JOHNSON, R.C. & MEDINNUS, G.R. 1974. Child psychology: behavior and
development. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.
JONES, S. 1989. Handbook for parents. New York: Wiley. 213 p.
JONES, S. 1990. Adolescence. New York: Wiley. 305 p.
52
53
MATSENA, D. 2002. Jobs scam ads: newspapers to act. Pretoria news: 3, 10 Sep.
Available: SA Media.
MASSIMO, J.L. 1970. Psychology and the gymnast. (In George, G., ed. The
magic of gymnasts. Santa Monica, Calif.: Sundby Publications. p.31-33.)
MEI, J. & LIAO, H., eds. 2003. Asset pricing. Singapore: World Scientific.
255 p. (Frontiers of real estate pricing, vol. 1.)
MEYER, B.S., ANDERSON, D.P., BOHNING, R.H. & FRATANNA, D.G. 1973.
Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van Nostrand. 565 p.
MIERMONT, J. 1995. A dictionary of family therapy. Translated by Chris
Turner. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 492 p.
MORRIS, C. 1988. Psychology: an introduction. New York: Wiley. 299 p.
MURRAY, A. s.a. The prayer life.
http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/praylife/indexpray.htm Date of access: 21
Nov. 2005.
NCHE (National Commission on Higher Education, South Africa). 1995. The
South African Commission on Higher Education home page.
http://www.star.hsrc.ac.za/nche.html Date of access: 16 Nov. 1996.
NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. 1992. Product life cycle assessments.
Copenhagen. 288 p. (NORD series, 1992:9.)
NORTH-WEST (South-Africa). 1995. The determination of jurisdiction areas of
transitional authorities : Pampierstad Local Council. North-West provincial
gazette extraordinary, 5086:58-59, 1 Mar.
NUNES, J.M.B. & FOWELL, S.P. 1996. Hypermedia as an experiential learning
tool: a theoretical model. Information research, 2(1).
http://www.shef.ac.uk/~is/lecturer/ircont.html Date of access: 14 Oct. 1998.
OED (Oxford English Dictionary). 1978. "Adorn". Vol. 1. Oxford: At the
Clarendon Press.
OED (Oxford English Dictionary). 1987. "Literator". [CD].
OPEN TEXT CORPORATION. 1997. Hints for better results.
http://www.index.opentext.net/main/tips.html Date of access: 2 Dec. 1998.
54
PUTNAM, H.W. 1979. The place of facts in a world of values. (In Huff, D. &
Prewett, O., eds. The nature of the physical universe: 1976 Nobel Conference
organised by Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota. New York: Wiley.
p.113-140.)
RABOW, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and
drug education, 40(3):52-64, May.
READERS DIGEST ASSOCIATION SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD. 1994.
Readers Digest Afrikaans-Engelse woordeboek; English/Afrikaans dictionary.
Cape Town. 1344 p.
ROBERTSON, J., ROSS, A.M. & BURGOYNE, L.A. 2002. DNA in forensic
science: theory, technique and applications. New York: Routledge. Available:
NetLibrary.
ROSE, L. 1977. Crime and punishment. London: Batsford. 97 p.
SA see SOUTH AFRICA.
SINATRA, F. 2003. The best of Frank Sinatra. Directed by Alex Stordahl. New
York: Legacy. [CD].
SMITH, H. 1996a. Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelberg. 215 p.
SMITH, H. 1996b. Evaluation of information on the Internet. Journal for
computer science, 2(4):14-18, Apr.
SMITH, L. 1977. Crime and punishment. London: Batsford. 97 p.
SOUTH AFRICA. 1977. Duty of the court to pass judgment on the suspension
or revocation of a driver's license. (Proclamation no. R. 327, 1977.) Government
gazette, 5804:149, Nov. 18. (Regulation gazette no. 2561.)
SOUTH AFRICA. 1982. Atomic Energy Act 92 of 1982. Available: Butterworths
LexisNexis.
SOUTH AFRICA. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.
http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/index.htm Date of access: 24 Oct.
2005.
SOUTH AFRICA. 1983. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, no. 110 of
1983. Pretoria: Government Printer.
SOUTH AFRICA. Commission of Inquiry into Certain Organisations. 1974.
Fourth interim report. Pretoria: Government Printer. 641 p. (RP 33/1974.)
55
SOUTH AFRICA. Commission of Inquiry into the Riots in Soweto and elsewhere
on 16 June 1976 to 28 February 1977. 1979. Report. Pretoria: Government
Printer. 2 vols. (RP 106/1979.)
SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Agricultural Technical Services. 1974 - 1977.
Annual reports. Pretoria: Government Printer. 1 July 1974 - 30 June 1975 (RP
43/1976); 1 July 1975 - 30 June 1976 (RP 48/1977); 1 July 1976 - 30 June 1977
(RP 42/1978).
SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Agricultural Technical Services. 1976. Annual
Report of the Secretary for the period 1 July 1974 to 30 June 1975. Pretoria:
Government Printer. 230 p. (RP 43/1976.)
SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology. 1996.
South Africas Green Paper on Science and Technology: preparing for the 21st
century. Pretoria. 108 p.
SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Education. Directorate: Inclusive Education.
2005. Conceptual and educational guidelines for the implementation of inclusive
education: full-service schools. 42 p.
http://www.education.gov.za/content/documents/788.pdf Date of access: 26 Oct.
2005.
SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs. 1995. Annual
report. Pretoria: Government Printer. 64 p.
SOUTH AFRICA. House of Representatives. 1986. Debates. Cape Town:
Government Printer.
SOUTH AFRICAN LAW REFORM COMMISSION. 2005. Administration of
estates. 151 p. (Discussion paper, 110. Project, 134.)
http://www.doj.gov.za/salrc/dpapers/dp_110.pdf Date of access: 26 Oct. 2005.
SOUTH AFRICAN RESERVE BANK. Department of Bank Supervision. 1994.
Annual report. Pretoria. 82 p.
STAM, D.H. & STAM, D.C. 1994. Libraries of the Middle Ages. (In Microsoft
Encarta 95.) [CD].
SWANEPOEL, C.B. (cbs@info.rau.ac.za) 30 Jul. 1996. Discussion of library
statistics. E-mail to: Van der Walt, E.J. (fpbejvdw@puknet.puk.ac.za).
TERBLANCHE, H.J. 1963. Anglisismes. Die Vaderland : 7, 13 Aug.
56
THERON, J.J. & PAPENDORP, D.H. 1996. Siektes van peroksisome: n oorsig.
Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 86(6):685-690, Jun. Opsomming in
MEDLINE.
TOTIUS. 1915. Trekkerswee. Met tekeninge van J.H. Pierneef. Kaapstad:
Tafelberg. Beskikbaar: Project Gutenberg. Datum van gebruik: 18 Nov. 2005.
UCT (University of Cape Town). 1970. Where does university education lead
to? A practical manual for counseling teachers. Cape Town. 293 p.
UNISA (University of South Africa). 1997. Study guide History 3. Pretoria. 15 p.
(S97/83.)
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 1993. The Chicago manual of style. 14th ed.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 921 p.
VAN DER MERWE, J.J. 1979. Verbal communication with author. Zeerust.
(Cassette recording in possession of author.)
VAN DER WALT, B.J. 2004. Is vigs die oordeel van God oor ons
ongehoorsaamheid? n Prinsipile besinning. Woord en daad, 44(388):6-8,
Winter. Beskikbaar: SAePublications.
VAN REENEN, R. 1998. J.M.Coetzee in die ban van Karoo-Afrikaans. Die
Beeld: 8, 21 Apr. Beskikbaar: SA Media.
VENTER, H. 1996a. Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelberg. 61 p.
VENTER, H. 1996b. Evaluating information on the Internet. Journal for
computer science, 2(4):14-18, Apr.
VILJOEN, A.J. 1980. Literature training as a component of the lecturing task.
(Address delivered on 12 May 1980 as part of the course in Tertiary Education for
new lecturers at the PU for CHE.) Potchefstroom. 5 p. (Unpublished.)
VILJOEN, C.S. 1953. Letter to the Town Clerk of Potchefstroom, 1 June.
Pretoria. (Original copy in records of the Town Council of Potchefstroom.)
WALKER, J.S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States history
textbooks. Journal of American history, 54(10):7-11, 12 Oct.
WILBER, K. 24 Feb. 2005. Dramatherapy, spiral dynamics. Newsgroup:
alt.psychology.dramatherapy Date of access: 24 Oct. 2005.
WISE, R., producer. 2002. The sound of music. Produced by Argyle Enterprises
Inc. and released by Twentieth Century-Fox Corporation. Beverley Hills, Calif.:
Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment. [DVD].
57
23.1 APA
style
Association)
(American
Psychological
Doublespace all lines and indent the first line five spaces.
Use only the initials of the authors' first (and middle) names.
If no author is given, start with the title and then the date.
Magazine articles: include the month (and day) as shown under
Newspapers.
Websites: if the date the page was created (or updated) is not given, use
4the date you looked at it.
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for
purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the
manual.
BOOK
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star Trek chronology: The history of the
future. New York: Pocket Books.
58
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore
modern society using the world of Star Trek. Los Angeles Times, p. A3.
ERIC DOCUMENT
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the
Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
No. ED 364 932)
59
NOTES
Doublespace all lines.
Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces.
If no author is given, start with the title.
Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July.
If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically,
treat the encyclopedia article as if it were a book article.
Websites: include the title of the web page, the name of the entire
web site, the organization that posted it (this may be the same as
the name of the website). Also include the full date the page was
created or last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date
you looked at it.
Internet Magazine Articles: Include the company that provides the
database service and its home webpage; the full date of the article
(day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it; as well
as the library or other organization (and its location) that provided
you with access to the service.
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here.
See the printed version of the manual for details.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed
version of the manual.
BOOK
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History
of the Future. New York: Pocket Books, 1993.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star Trek:
The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991):53-65.
60
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.
Ed. Patricia Bayer, et al. Danbury, CT: Grolier Incorporated, 1995.
ERIC DOCUMENT
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami, FL: Speech
Communication Association; Springfield, VA: ERIC Document
Reproduction Service, 1993. ED364932.
61
NOTES
Items are listed numerically in the order they are cited in the text
If you are using a typewriter and cannot use italics, then use
underlining.
Authors: use initials of first and second names with no spaces.
Include up to six authors. If there are more than six, include the first
three, followed by et al. If no author is given, start with the title.
Books: include the edition statement (ex: 3rd ed. or Rev ed.)
between the title and place if it is not the first edition.
Place: use abbreviations of states, not postal codes.
Journals: abbreviate titles as shown in Index Medicus. If the
journal does not paginate continuously through the volume, include
the month (and day).
Websites: include the name of the webpage, the name of the
entire website, the full date of the page (if available), and the date
you looked at it.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed
version of the manual. A similar styleguide is the Uniform
Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.
BOOK
1. Okuda M, Okuda D. Star Trek Chronology: the History of the
Future. New York: Pocket Books; 1993.
62
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
4. Sturgeon T. Science fiction. In: Lorimer LT, editorial director;
Cummings C, ed-in-chief; Leish KW, managing ed. The Encyclopedia
Americana. Vol 24. International ed. Danbury, Conn: Grolier
Incorporated; 1995:390-392.
ERIC DOCUMENT
6. Fuss-Reineck M. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts Between Brothers. Miami, Fla: Annual Meeting
of the Speech Communication Association; 1993. ERIC Document
Reproduction Service ED364932.
WEBSITE
7. Lynch T. DSN Trials and tribble-ations review. Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club Web site. 1996. Available at:
http://www.bradley.edu /campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.htm. Accessed
October 8, 1997.
63
23.4 CHEMISTRY
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.
References to BOOKS
South African journal of
chemistry
CHEMISTRY (continued)
64
References to JOURNALS
South African journal of
chemistry
65
23.5 PHYSICS
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.
American journal of physics. Information for contributors.
"Footnotes. Footnotes should be typed in double space and grouped together in sequence at
the end of the manuscript. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the
article, regardless of whether they are explanatory or literature references, except when they
are appended to the author's name. In these exceptional cases, Latin letters are used.
Explanatory footnotes may not themselves be footnoted. The abstract cannot contain footnote
references."
Astrophysical journal. Official manual: Chicago manual of style.
Text references: References should be cited in text by giving the last name of the author and
the date of publication, e.g., (Hale 1929). There is no comma before the date. For papers by
two authors, the last names are joined by an ampersand, e.g., (Press & Rybicki 1992). Papers
by three authors should list all three authors (Camilo, Nice, & Taylor 1996) at the first citation;
all subsequent citations should list the first author followed by et al., e.g., (Camilo et al. 1996).
Papers by more than three authors should be cited by giving the last name of the first author
followed by et al. and the date.
References are given in parentheses unless the author's name is part of the sentence, e.g.,
"the -model (Smoot et al. 1992)" but "according to Smoot et al. (1992)." If a parenthetical
citation cites two or more papers, they should be separated by a semicolon: (Vittorio & Turner
1987; Peebles 1993). If two or more papers by the same author(s) are cited together, the
author(s) should be listed once, with the dates of the papers separated by a comma: (Peebles
1982, 1993). Papers by the same author(s) published in the same year should be distinguished
by appending a, b, c, etc., to the date: e.g., Paczyski (1995a, 1995b). Parentheses around the
date are omitted for references appearing in a table or in a note to a table.
Reference List: All sources cited in the text and tables must appear in the reference list at
the end of the paper, and all entries in the reference list must be cited in the text. Reference
entries should be ordered alphabetically, starting with the last name of the first author, followed
by the first author's initial(s), and so on for each additional author. For papers with more than
eight authors, the last name and initials of the first author only should be listed, followed by a
comma and et al. Multiple entries for one author or one group of authors should be ordered
chronologically, and multiple entries for the same year (including references with three authors
that may be cited in the text as "et al.") should be distinguished by appending sequential
lowercase letters to the year: e.g., Smith, E., Rowe, T., & Jones, A. B. 1999a; Smith, A. B.,
Thomas, J. R., & Peebles, P. J. E. 1999b; Smith et al. 1999c.
References to papers in preparation, preprints, or other sources generally not available to
readers should be avoided if possible.
Reference entries should take the following forms. In all cases, there should be a space
between initials of the first name, a comma and ampersand (&) before the last author, no "p."
for page number, no final period, and no comma before parenthetical place of publication.
66
PHYSICS (continued)
References to BOOKS
American journal of
physics
Astrophysical journal
References to JOURNALS
American journal of
physics
Astrophysical journal
67
PHYSICS (continued)
American journal of
physics
Astrophysical journal
American journal of
physics
Astrophysical journal
68
23.6 ENGINEERING
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.
Extract of Information for authors from the journal Heat transfer engineering
References are cited in the text in numerical sequence according to the order of appearance.
The text citations are indicated by full-sized numbers enclosed in brackets. The references are
listed in numerical order in a separate section at the end of the paper.
References to BOOKS
IEEE journal of solidstate circuits
Heat transfer
engineering
Fuel (Elsevier)
References to JOURNALS
IEEE journal of solid-state
circuits
Fuel (Elsevier)
69
Engineering (continued)
References to THESES/DISSERTATIONS
Fuel (Elsevier)
Fuel (Elsevier)
Fuel (Elsevier)
70
Books
One author
Journal articles
Volumes, numbers or months are only given where such information is essential
to find the page, in other words, where they are numbered separately.
71
23.7.1.1
Legislation
The basic form is the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996. The
first time where reference is made to an act, the full reference is given in the text or
in a footnote. After that an abbreviated form can be used, such as the "1996
Constitution", if it is indicated in the footnote that the shortened form will henceforth
be used. If there are references in the text to only one specific act, the later
references after the first full reference to the specific act are to "the Act" or to an
abbreviated form, for example the "Matrimonial Property Act", if it is indicated in the
footnote that the shortened form will henceforth be used. If reference should be
made to a whole series of different acts, a list of the acts should be supplied in the
bibliography.
Register of cases
Mostert v Scholtz 1926 CPD 215
(Footnote: Mostert v Scholtz 1926 CPD 215 217.)
S v Pepenene 1974 1 SA 216 (O)
(Footnote: S v Pepenene 1974 1 SA 216 (O)
218B-219A.)
72
24. INDEX
Copyright sign ................................ 10
Councils ......................................... 29
A
Abstracts........................................ 37
Acts................................................ 26
AMA style....................................... 62
American Medical Association ....... 62
American Psychological Association
................................................... 58
And others (Et al.) .......................... 12
Anon. ............................................. 12
Anon. (encyclopaedias) ................. 20
APA style ....................................... 58
Author(s)
books ............................................... 11
journals ............................................ 34
none indicated.................................. 12
one ................................................... 11
three or more.................................... 12
two ................................................... 11
two with same surname ................... 13
Author(s) Institute/Society as ......... 13
Author(s) or editor(s) of books ....... 11
D
Databases.................... 37, 38, 39, 40
Date of publication (books) ............ 14
Departments (Governmental) ........ 26
Dictionaries .................................... 21
Dictionary on CD-ROM .................. 21
Dictionary with an editor................. 22
Direct citations ................................. 7
Discussion groups.................... 44, 45
Dissertations and theses................ 23
E
EBSCOHost................................... 38
Edition (books) ........................... 4, 14
Editor
dictionaries.......................................22
Editor (collection) ........................... 18
Editor(s) - books ........................... 13
Editors
conference papers ............................19
Electronic sources.......................... 36
Encyclopaedia on CD-ROM ........... 20
Encyclopaedias.............................. 20
anonymous article ............................20
signed article ....................................20
Engineering.................................... 69
Et al................................................ 12
B
Bible............................................... 22
Bibliographical databases .............. 37
Books (monographs)..................... 10
C
CD-ROM
databases.......................................... 37
dictionaries ...................................... 21
encyclopaedias................................. 20
Chapter in a collected work............ 18
Chemistry (bibliographic style) ....... 64
Citations........................................... 7
Collected works.............................. 18
Commissions ................................. 29
Commissions of Inquiry.................. 25
Computerised sources ................... 36
Conference papers ........................ 19
Constitution.................................... 27
Copyright ......................................... 6
F
Full text databases............. 38, 39, 40
G
Gazette, Government..................... 27
Gazette, Provincial......................... 28
Geoscience, Council for................. 29
Government gazette ...................... 27
Government publications ............... 25
Green papers................................. 28
73
H
Harvard style.................................... 2
I
In reference.................................... 18
Indirect citations ............................... 8
Institute/organisation/society as
author ......................................... 13
Internet........................................... 40
Interviews....................................... 31
ISBN .............................................. 10
J
Journal articles............................... 34
Journals
authors ............................................. 34
date of publication ........................... 34
pages................................................ 35
season .............................................. 36
title of article.................................... 34
titles ................................................. 35
volume, number ............................... 35
without volume or number............... 36
Journals, Electronic 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
P
Pages
books................................................17
journals ............................................35
Papers, Read at course ................. 30
Patents........................................... 32
Physics (bibliographic style)........... 66
Place of publication (books) ........... 15
Plagiarism ........................................ 5
Primary sources ............................... 4
Provincial gazette........................... 28
Provincial ordinances..................... 27
Psychology (bibliographic style) ..... 58
Publication, Date of........................ 14
Publication, Place of ...................... 15
Publisher (books) ........................... 16
Punctuation................................ 7, 49
Purpose of references/source lists... 1
L
Languages (bibliographic style....... 60
Law sciences ................................. 71
Laws .............................................. 26
Lectures ......................................... 30
Letters............................................ 31
M
Medical sciences (bibliographic style)
................................................... 62
MLA style ....................................... 60
Modern Languages Association..... 60
Month of journal ............................. 35
O
One author..................................... 11
2
journals ............................................35
Translations ................................... 24
Two authors ................................... 11
Two authors, same surname.......... 13
Typing hints ................................... 49
V
Volume/number of journal.............. 35
Volume/number, Journal without.... 36
W
White papers.................................. 28
World Wide Web ............................ 40
Y
Year of publication ......................... 14