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Quantum Mechanics:
Books
Lecture Materials at
Moodle
I1+I2
Reduce
Intensity
S1
Particles
Hit the
Screen ?
S2
I2
Light as particles
Certain amount of momentum and energy hit the screen at
this point
Momentum: = =
Energy: = = (2)
Is identical for each particle as long as wavelength is
fixed.
Since = , E=pc
From relativity, E 2 = c 2 p2 + m2 4
Shock: Light consists of particles. In order to see them, your light source
has to be extremely weak.
The problem
S1
S2
Photoelectric effect
In metals Some electrons are communal.
Light
W, work function: energy required for the electron
to be removed from the metal
W
High Intensity low
frequency light
Millions of photons
K= -W
Compton's Scattering
When light of wavelength bounces o a static electron, it is found that its
wavelength gets altered
+
Wave-particle duality
If light consists of particles called photons Particles may have wave
associated with them.
de Broglie postulated that with every electron of momentum p there is an
associated wave with wavelength : = 2/
This is unexpected ?
S1
Electron
S2
If 10 % of electrons are
missed
I1+I2
S1
Electron
S2
I2
1. An electron acts like it went through one particular slit if we see it doing that
2. The electron acts like it did not have a specic path (through a specic slit) when it
is not seen.
PYL100 Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum Mechanics
Probability P (x)
Role of Probability in QM
PROBABILITY
one person aged 14,
one person aged 15,
three people aged 16,
two people aged 22,
two people aged 24.
five people aged 25.
N(l4) = 1,
N(15) = 1,
N(16) = 3,
N(22) = 2,
N(24) = 2,
N(25) = 5,
=>
PROBABILITY
one person aged 14,
one person aged 15,
three people aged 16,
two people aged 22,
two people aged 24.
five people aged 25.
N(l4) = 1,
N(15) = 1,
N(16) = 3,
N(22) = 2,
N(24) = 2,
N(25) = 5,
PROBABILITY
one person aged 14,
one person aged 15,
three people aged 16,
two people aged 22,
two people aged 24.
five people aged 25.
N(l4) = 1,
N(15) = 1,
N(16) = 3,
N(22) = 2,
N(24) = 2,
N(25) = 5,
PROBABILITY
one person aged 14,
one person aged 15,
three people aged 16,
two people aged 22,
two people aged 24.
five people aged 25.
N(l4) = 1,
N(15) = 1,
N(16) = 3,
N(22) = 2,
N(24) = 2,
N(25) = 5,
PROBABILITY
one person aged 14,
one person aged 15,
three people aged 16,
two people aged 22,
two people aged 24.
five people aged 25.
N(l4) = 1,
N(15) = 1,
N(16) = 3,
N(22) = 2,
N(24) = 2,
N(25) = 5,
PROBABILITY
They have the same median (5), the same average, the same most probable
value, and the same number of elements (10).
We need a numerical measure of the amount of "'spread" in a distribution,
with respect to the average
Find out how far each
individual deviates from the
average
and compute the average :
PYL100 Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum Mechanics
PROBABILITY
Usually,
PYL100 Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum Mechanics