B1 Principles of Fire Detection PDF

Principles of Fire Detection
Content
1 Basics on Fire
3.3.4 Linear Smoke Detectors
16
2 Fire Protection in Buildings
3.3.5 Gas detectors
17
2.1 Elements to be investigated when

starting any fire protection plan
3.3.6 Multisensor Fire Detectors
18
2.2 Protection goals
2.3 Fire Protections concept
2.4 Categories for extent of protection
3 Fire Detectors
10
3.1 Manual fire detectors
10
3.2 Automatic fire detectors
11
3.2.1 Optical Smoke detectors
11
3.2.2 Flame detectors
12
3.3.3 Heat detectors
14
3.3.7 Flush mounted detectors with a virtual

chamber
19
3.4 Special detectors in fire detection
technology
20
3.4.1 Linear heat detector
20
3.4.2 Aspirating Smoke Detectors
21
3.5 Choosing the right fire detector
22
3.5.1 Type of fire
22
3.5.2 Surrounding Environment
24
3.5.3 Ceiling height
27
Planner and Consultants Handbook / Bosch Security Systems
Page 1 of 38

3.6 Fire Detection in Ex Areas
28
5 Line network
35
3.6 1 Zone division of explosion areas
29
6 Fire panel
35
3.6.2 Protection Requirements
30
7 Fire detection system
36
3.6.3 Marking of ex Areas
31
7.1 Configuration
36
3.6.4 Installation of intrinsically safe detectors

in ex areas of zone 1
32
7.2 Power supply
36
7.3 Additional Equipment
37
4 Loop technology/ transmission

technologies
33
8 Permanently manned locations
37
4.1 Individual identification
33
9 Fire extinguishing equipment
38
4.1.1 LSN technology
33
Page 2 of 38

1 Basics on Fire
Every fire requires three elements:

combustible material (e.g. fuel)
an oxidizing agent (e.g. oxygen)
ignition energy/heat (e.g. hot surfaces,
short-circuits, lightening )
A fire naturally occurs when these three

elements are combined in the right mixture.
This reaction results in certain products that
remain as unburned material and ashes at the
location of the fire and in other products that
escape.
The products that escape include gases from
single molecules, e.g. CO2, toxic and corrosive
vapors, and larger molecular structures. These
molecular structures - tiniest, sphere-shaped
soot particles - are thrown upward by the heat
of the fire. Coagulates are formed due to
various chemical and physical mechanisms,
such as thermal diffusion, Brownian motion, air
turbulence, electrical charge etc. In this
context, these are also known as smoke
particles.
media and smoke particles is known as a

smoke aerosol, or simply as smoke. The
smoke particles are 0.01 to 10 m in size.
During combustion, energy is released as a
result of the exothermic chemical reaction.
The energy is present in the form of radiation,
thermal conduction and convection. The
radiation spectrum ranges from infrared to
ultraviolet. During convection, energy is
primarily released into the surrounding air.
This results in increases in temperatures or
overlapping of directed movement, which is
manifested as currents, pressure fluctuations
or sound. Energy transfer as a result of
thermal conduction is secondary, as both the
combustible materials and the air are poor
conductors of heat.
They are dispersed as elements of air and

combustion gases. The sum of the dispersion
Smoke Development in a
fire libratory
Page 3 of 38

Fire Phenomena
Fire has different characteristic. They must be reliably measurable and must have a signal to noise
ratio that is high enough to be evaluated in practice.
The various phenomena can be presented in the following schema:
Fire development and damage caused

When investigating a fire, it can be observed
that fire damage follows an exponential
curve. The first stage of the spread of a fire is
characterized by a minimal increase in
damage per unit of time. The reason for this
is that after the initial, slow oxidation, the
ignition temperature is gradually reached,
resulting in ignition. A subsequent chain
reaction normally causes the fire to spread.
Two time zones can be distinguished in the
fire progression curve shown in the diagram:
Time taken to detect the fire (tM)
Approach time of the fire fighters (tA)
It is almost impossible to influence the

approach time of the fire fighters, as it
depends on the distance and the type of fire
department. The later the approach time
phase begins, the more intensive the damage
will be. Consequently, the aim is to influence
the time taken to detect the fire, i.e. to keep
this time to a minimum. In many cases, this
will reduce the fire damage, consequent
damage, and the extinguishing effort. For this
reason, the early detection of fire has always
been an important aspect of fire protection.
Page 4 of 38
Nowadays, specialized building planners are

no longer solely responsible for designing a
stand-alone solution for fire protection;
rather, this is an integral part of an individual
fire protection concept for the building.
progress towards the end of the 19th

century - in particular in the area of
telecommunications - has resulted in the
development of independent
communications systems.
Although we may initially have been

dependent on a "fire alert person", technical
Fire detection in the 19th century
Automatic fire alarms were initially served by
heat detectors only. However, in order to
evaluate smoke as a characteristic of the
fire, suitable detectors had to be developed.
The following diagram from a patent
specification in 1894 illustrates the first ideas in
this direction: birds were used as "smoke
detectors"
They fell from their perches due to smoke
poisoning and consequently triggered an alarm by
means of their body weight.
A false alarm, e.g. caused by a bird dying of

natural causes was prevented by depending
on two birds (today known as a cross
detection option or cross line option).
To the satisfaction of animal lovers, this type

of fire detection is no longer in use.
Page 5 of 38

2 Fire Protection in Buildings
Today, specialized building planners are no
longer solely responsible for designing a
stand-alone solution for fire protection;
rather, this is an integral part of an individual
fire protection concept for the building.
Preventative fire protection includes

measures for combating the outbreak and
spread of a fire, as well as measures for
securing the rescue routes; in addition to
these things, it establishes requirements for
effective, defensive fire protection.
Defensive fire protection consists of
measures for fighting dangers to life, health
and property that result from fire.
Preventative and defensive measures for fire

protection complement one another and have a
particular dependency relationship with one
another. Effective fire protection can only be
ensured by means of close interaction between
the individual measures. It is the duty of
specialist planners to develop an individual fire
protection concept in the various sections for
every building by means of an interdisciplinary
approach.
Fire prevention and limitation of fire and smoke
in the area where the fire broke out must be an
urgent priority of the structural measures.
Regional building regulations, additional legal
ordinances and technical building specifications
contain a great deal of basic and detailed
information on this matter. The configuration of
fire detection systems is part of preventative fire
protection.
Page 6 of 38

2.1 Elements to be investigated when starting any fire protection plan
Type of construction of the building or

physical structure
Manner of use of the building or

physical structure
Fire loads
Danger to persons and property
Limitation of building smoke and fire
Discovery of fire and alarm signaling
Availability of assistance services (e.g.

building operator assistance, fire
department, and rescue services).
2.2 Protection goals

Protection goals are defined in the regional
building regulations as follows: physical
structures must be created in such a manner
that fire outbreak and the spreading of fire
and smoke can be prevented and that, in the
event of a fire, persons and animals can be

rescued and effective fire fighting operations
be performed. These protection goals must
be sorted in terms of their importance e.g.:
Protection of persons
Protection of facilities and objects with

particular significance
Protection of important works of art or

memorial objects
Protection of the environment
2.3 Fire Protections concept

The fire protection concept must ensure that,
by weighing up the planned preventative and
defensive fire protection components,
the calculated fire risk (danger analysis) is
covered to the extent that the required
protection goal can be achieved in an
economical manner. This involves the
responsible parties, the building operator and

the specialist planners for the building
infrastructure, because different divisions are
responsible for planning, installing and
maintaining the necessary fire protection
component.
Page 7 of 38

Fire detection systems should be used in industry and businesses, as well as in the following
cases:
a. In some countries building regulations are required to regulate the installation of fire
detection systems e.g.:
Meeting areas
Accommodation facilities
Schools
High-rise buildings
Hospitals
Medium-sized/large garages
b. For other buildings that are treated as physical structures of a particular type and usage
according to the regional building regulations (or where they supplement national norms), no
generally applicable regulations in terms of fire detection systems are required e.g.:
Universities
Institutes, laboratories
Correctional facilities
Airport buildings
For these buildings, a fire detection system can, in individual cases, be required in terms of a
building regulation permission or approval process.
c. For buildings representing or containing irreplaceable cultural or material value, fire detection
systems can be provided if the facility manager considers this to be absolutely necessary on
the basis of the fire protection concept e.g.:
Historical buildings
Museums
Computer centers
For existing buildings, an improved fire protection can be

required on the basis of a fire protection plan, for example in the
event of a change of usage or greater usage demands.
Page 8 of 38

2.4 Categories for extent of protection
Category 1: Full protection
The highest category of protection by an

automatic fire detection system can only be
reached, if all areas in a building in which a
fire could break out are monitored.
Category 2: Partial Protection
In the event of partial protection, only some

sections of the building are protected
(normally the most vulnerable areas).
The limits of a fire detection system should be
identical to the fire sector limits; every fire
sector in a partial protection environment
should be monitored as in a full protection
environment. Where a partial protection fire
detection system is used, the sections of the
building to be monitored should be precisely
determined.
Category 3: Protection of escape and

rescue routes
Fire detection systems that, in exceptional

circumstances, monitor only escape and
rescue routes should enable alarm signaling
in time for persons to be able to use the
escape and rescue routes before they are
blocked by fire or smoke. A system of this
nature cannot be expected to protect
persons located in the area where the fire
breaks out; it is only intended to secure an
escape option for persons not directly
involved with the fire. Protection of escape
and rescue routes can also make it
necessary for detectors to be installed in
neighboring rooms.
Category 4: Equipment protection
Equipment protection can protect special

functions, equipment or high-risk areas. The
area in which equipment is protected can be
in a fully or partially protected area e.g. a
machine could be monitored with detectors
inside its housing. Equipment protection can
provide good protection against fires within
the monitored area, but affords little or no
protection against fires breaking out outside
of this area.
Page 9 of 38

3 Fire Detectors
3.1 Manual fire detectors
(Previous name: manual call points, secondary detectors) See also document EN 54-11 for
further details.
The detector housing is made of cast metal or
plastic and has a pushbutton for manual
alarm triggering. The pushbutton is protected
by a glass pane that can easily be broken
and replaced. The detector's internal
equipment is only partially normalized, i.e. it is
possible to deploy additional contacts e.g. for
feedback. The manual fire detector's housing
must be red. According to EN 54-11, the
word Fire may also appear next to the

symbol of a burning house.
Manual fire detectors must protrude by 15
mm from their mounting location (flush
installation into wall cabinets or fire
extinguisher cabinets not permitted). This
allows manual fire detectors to be easily
identified
from
the
side
as
well.
Usage:
The detectors are to be installed at visible and
easily accessible locations, on escape and
rescue routes, in stairwells, passages, on
emergency exit doors and in rooms at risk of
fire, in which fires can be detected and
reported by the personnel present. They are to
be installed in such a manner that the
pushbutton is located at a height of 1.40 m

0.2 m. The manual fire detector must be
illuminated by sufficient daylight or an
alternative light source: if security lighting is
available, this must also illuminate the manual
fire detector.
In commercial areas or systems at risk from fire, the distance between the manual fire detectors
may not exceed 100 m. In areas that are particularly at risk, or depending on the intended
purpose and composition of a building, the distances should not exceed 40 m. The detectors
must be arranged in terms of their numbers and installation location in such a way that a person
is never more than a maximum of 30 m away from the nearest manual fire detector.
Page 10 of 38

3.2 Automatic fire detectors
Each room within the secured area,
excluding rooms with low risk of fire (e.g.
toilets, bathrooms) or those with no chance
of a fire spreading, must contain at least one
automatic fire detector. The number and
arrangement of automatic fire detectors
depends on the type of detector used, the
geometry of the room (floor area, height,
ceiling and roof shape etc.), the type of

usage, and the environmental conditions in
the rooms. They must be selected in such a
way that fires can be reliably identified in the
outbreak phase. In addition, automatic fire
detectors must be installed in such a way
that false alarms can be avoided.
3.2.1 Optical Smoke detectors
Function
The detector operates according to the
scattered light principle (Tyndall principle).
The detector contains a labyrinth chamber
with a light source and a photo cell
arranged such that no light can reach the
photo cell in standby mode.
If smoke enters the labyrinth chamber,
some of the light rays are interrupted by the
smoke particles and hit the photo cell.
This generates voltage at the photo cell,
which is used to evaluate an alarm.
Application
In the event of a fire breaking out, the
detector shall identify the fire before flames
are formed (e.g. smoldering fires) or
dangerous increases in temperature occur.
It must not be used in rooms where smoke
occurs as a result of operational activities
(e.g. welding, diesel engine exhaust fumes
etc.). Depending on the requirements, the
detectors must be protected against theft or
inadvertent triggering.
Page 11 of 38

3.2.2 Flame detectors
Function
The detector reacts to electromagnetic
waves such as infrared or ultraviolet rays
from flames and converts them into electric
signals.
Flickering flames are also used for
detection in the case of infrared flame
detectors.
The increased danger of false alarms by

means of foreign rays can be reduced by
cross zoning/cross detection. In this case,
the detectors should be set up with different
visual angles on the same monitoring
range.
UV Flames detector
Function
Ultraviolet flame detectors are designed
to react to wavelengths below 0,4 m.
This way they are capable of detecting
every kind of fire, no matter how much
smoke it produces. However, there are
also other strong UV sources that might
cause false alarm, e.g. artificial light or
sunlight:
The UV radiation from sunlight can
extend to as low as 0,29 m. As UV
radiation from sunlight is absorbed by the

earth below that level, UV flame
detectors need to be able to react to
shorter wavelengths in order to be
reliable not only indoors but also
outdoors.
The best placement for UV flame
detectors is reasonably close to the
potential ignition source and with
protection from other ultraviolet sources.
IR Flame Detector
Function
Infrared flame detectors work within the
infrared spectral band which means within
wavelengths of about 4,4 4,5 m,
wavelengths where also the combustions
of CO2 takes place. They screen out the
unwanted wavelengths and focus the
incoming energy on a cell that it sensitive
to infrared energy.
Infrared flame detectors are used to
detect open flames indoors and outdoors.
They are particularly suitable for

smokeless liquid and gas fires and fires
that contain carbon materials with heavy
smoke.
Nevertheless also IR flame detectors can
trigger false alarms. A method to reduce
the risk of false alarms is cross-zoning
which means to set up two or more IR
flame detectors with their monitoring
zones overlapping.
Page 12 of 38

Application
Flame detector, responsive to UV radiation,
are suitable for fire detection without
significant
smoke
development.
If, however, an initial smoldering fire is
expected,
IR
flame
detectors
are
preferable, because smoke can be
penetrated
by
infrared
radiation.
The detector is designed for use in high

rooms (26 m or higher if necessary).
Typical applications are:
large industrial warehouses

airplane hangars
chemical plant
oil refineries
machine rooms
ferries and cargo ships
power plants
timber storage
underground tunnels
For work-related smoke development only

IR flame detectors are supposed to be
used.
The increased risk of false alarms from
external radiation can be limited by twogroup or two-detector dependency which
means that the detectors are arranged with
different angles to the same monitoring
area.
Page 13 of 38

3.3.3 Heat detectors
Heat detectors react to increases in temperature.
Class 1 or A1:
Use in rooms up to a height of 7.5 m
Class 2 or A2, B, C, D, E, F + G:
Class 3:
EN54 - Regulation
The new classes as well as the typical
application temperature and reaction
temperatures can be found in EN 54-5
03/2001.
Heat detectors according to EN 545:2001-03 with the class index R are
particularly suitable for use in unheated
buildings, in which the ambient
temperature can vary significantly, but

where rapid temperature increases are
of short duration only.
Heat detectors with the class index S
are particularly suitable for applications
in which higher temperature increase
speeds are present over longer periods
of time e.g. in boiler rooms or kitchens.
Application
Heat detectors are particularly suitable in
areas where a rapid increase in temperature
or a high temperature is expected in the
case of a fire.
They must not be used in locations in which
natural or operational sources of heat can
result in the ambient temperature reaching
values of a level that causes the undesired

triggering of the detector. Direct incident
sunlight should therefore be avoided when
installing
these
detectors
and
any
operational equipment emitting heat, hot air
or hot steam should be taken into
consideration.
Detectors using the maximum principle (=maximum temperature detectors)

Function
Maximum detectors respond if the
characteristic measured exceeds a
particular value for a sufficiently long
period of time (definition according to EN
54 TI).
These detectors trigger an alarm when a

particular temperature is reached (mostly
72C) Heat-sensitive sensors are usually
bi-metal or NTC/PTC resistors that change
their characteristics significantly as the
temperature increases.
Page 14 of 38
Detectors using the rate-of-rise principle

Function
Rate-of-rise detectors respond if the
change rate of the characteristic
measured exceeds a particular value for a
sufficiently long period of time (definition
according to EN 54 TI).
These
detectors
respond
to
a
predetermined increase in temperature
per unit of time (steepness of the
temperature curve). Common response
values are 5/min. or 10/min., for
example.
Rate-of-rise detectors can be set up as
point-type or linear. In the former case, bimetal or NTC/PTC resistors are used as
sensors as for maximum detectors; with
linear detectors, the expansion of a section

of gas located in a tube system is used for
alarm actuation.
Detectors of this type often also include
another maximum contact that responds
at 72C for example, thus also causing an
alarm to be triggered eventually in the
event of a fire that develops slowly.
In some countries (please note if this
applies to your country) pure rate-of-rise
detectors
without
the
maximum
component are not permitted, as it is
possible that a fire that develops
extremely slowly may not be detected with
these detectors.
Detector using
the maximum
principle
Detector using
the rate-of-rise
principle
Page 15 of 38

3.3.4 Linear Smoke Detectors
Function
The transmitter emits an infrared light beam
that is invisible and focused through a lens.
The light beam is reflected by 180 by a
prism reflector that is mounted on the
opposite side.
If the infrared beam is obscured by smoke

and the signal received drops below the
selected threshold value for 10s, the
detector triggers a fire alarm and the alarm
relay closes.
The linear smoke detector provides a
flexible monitoring distance of 5 100m.
Functional
principle of
the linear
smoke
detector
Application
The linear smoke detector is able to early
detect every kind of fire that generates
visible smoke. Since it reacts on absorption
and scattering, it can be used for light and
dark, even small and large aerosols.
Preferred areas for the Linear Smoke
detectors are areas with limited access.
Especially in historical buildings, buildings
with high ceiling e.g. churches, museums,
shopping
centers,
factory
halls,
warehouses, power plants or in ex areas

this type of detection means is used
because it provides early detection of
smoke-forming flames.
There is no cabling needed between the
emitter/receiver and the reflector because it
only has to be connected on the detectors
side. Due to this fact, it is also a very costefficient solution.
Page 16 of 38

3.3.5 Gas detectors
In addition to smoke and heat, gases caused by chemical reactions are also produced in a fire. These
gases can be used as a characteristic for early detection of a fire, as they generally occur during the
early stages.
Function
The gas detector detects and promptly
indicates gas in the surrounding air long
before
an
explosive
or
hazardous
concentration can build up. It operates on the
well-established semiconductor principle.
When gas comes into contact with the
detector element, then its electrical
resistance changes according to the
concentration of the gas. This change is
electronically evaluated and activates a
warning signal when required.
Despite their false alarm logic, and under

certain circumstances, gas detectors may
activate an error alarm. High humidity and
steam as well as alcohol-based cleaning
materials may set them off. The gas detector
should therefore be placed in a location
where these conditions are eliminated.
Application
The mounting point is different for each kind
of gas detector depending on whether it
detects natural gas, butane or carbon
monoxide.
Natural gas detectors should be installed
especially in those rooms where leaks may
occur, e.g. above boilers or gas meters.
Camping gas and carbon monoxide gas

detectors should also be installed where
leaks may occur.
Because camping gas (propane/butane)

is heavier than air, the gas detector must
therefore be installed near the floor.
Because carbon monoxide is heavier

than air, the gas detector must be
therefore installed below face value.
Because natural gas (methane) is lighter

than air, the gas detector must be
installed on the ceiling.
Unsuitable locations for gas detectors are

places near to ventilation ducting or strong
draughts or in rooms where there is a lot of
steam, dust or smoke under normal
conditions or solvents are used.
Page 17 of 38

3.3.6 Multisensor Fire Detectors
Smoke, heat and gas are produced by almost every fire. Multisensor detectors are able to
detect at least two of them. There is a variety of combinations offered.
Function
Application
This
method
uses
state-of-the-art
processing methods to evaluate the signals
from the gas sensor and scattered light
sensor or thermal sensor.
Multisensor detectors with CO sensors can

be used in all locations where false alarms
need to be kept to a minimum in order to
avoid expensive fire service callouts.
Security against false alarms is thus

increased significantly and detection time is
reduced in comparison with the fire
detectors generally available on the market
today.
Multisensor detectors with gas sensors are

fast and particularly capable of preventing
false alarms, thus preventing high damage
costs and reliably protecting affected
persons in the case of an event.
Use of all three characteristics (heat,
temperature, gas) in multisensor detectors
guarantees reliable and fast fire detection with
a high degree of security against false alarms.
Page 18 of 38

3.3.7 Flush mounted detectors with a virtual chamber
Function
The flush mounted detector with a virtual
chamber is based on a new concept that
functions without an optical labyrinth
(measuring chamber).
The measuring point for the smoke density is
situated outside the housing, just below the
ceiling.
Measurement outside of the device is only

possible with the innovative new technology.
Two independent sections under

surveillance, sophisticated optics and
electrical filters ensure reliable
operation.
This is supported by signal

processing that has been perfected
over many years in professional fire
detectors.
Application
With the measuring point situated outside the
housing, the detector can be integrated into
the ceiling construction and does not protrude
from the ceiling. Consequently, the aesthetics
of the room are not affected.
The aesthetic design of the flush mounted fire
detectors has proven itself even under
extremely specific industrial conditions.
Unobtrusively flat and with a tough upper
surface, flush mounted fire detectors are
unaffected by dust, fibers, and foreign
objects. The smooth surface makes it further

suitable for use in critical areas. The detector
constantly checks for contamination and
immediately signals a fault if the function is
impaired. Its smooth surfaces are easy to
keep clean.
Resistance to interference can be
significantly optimized, particularly in critical
environments (due to dust for example), by
also using CO gas sensors in fire detectors.
Page 19 of 38

3.4 Special detectors in fire detection technology
3.4.1 Linear heat detector

Function
There are different types of linear heat detectors:
Based on the change in resistance of

an electrical conductor caused by a
rise in temperature.
By means of a sensor cable, a
temperature increase, depending on
the heated cable length, is detected. A
change in temperature leads to a
change in resistance between the
connected loops within the sensor
cable.
When the temperature rises, the
resistance falls. The control unit
detects this change and triggers the
alarm if the defined response
temperature is exceeded. Both short
sensor lengths and longer sections
with small temperature increases are
detected.
Based on the physical law stating that

the volume of a gas changes when a
change in temperature occurs in a
closed copper sensor tube.
An
electronic
pressure
sensor
measures the absolute pressure in a
sensor tube. A test motor with a pump
generates a specified pressure excess
in the sensor tube at regular intervals.
If the sensor's measurement value
does not match the target value, e.g.
due to a leak or damage to the tube, a
fault indication occurs.
Application
The linear heat detector is suitable for use
in extreme areas where conventional fire
detectors are not suitable. In particular,
these
are
areas
with
aggressive
environmental conditions and extreme
temperature changes, such as:
underground garages
parking building
paint shops
warehouses for flammable liquids
roads
and rail tunnels
Page 20 of 38

3.4.2 Aspirating Smoke Detectors
Function
Because of the way they work aspirating
smoke detectors are also known as air
sampling smoke detector.
It consists of a pipe network and a detection
system.
These air samples get passed on to the

detection chamber where depending on the
response sensitivity of the used Detector
Module, an alarm is triggered when the
appropriate smoke density is reached.
The detector constantly takes air samples

in the monitored areas. In most cases
aspirating smoke detectors require a fan
unit to draw in a representative sample of
air from the protected area through its
network of pipes.
Principle of the
aspirating smoke
detector
1 suctions units
2 Pipe network
3 Fan/suction
mechanism
4 Detection chamber
Application
Air Sampling Smoke detectors are very
sensitive and can detect smoke before it is
even visible.
The air samples are captured and filtered,
removing any contaminants or dust to avoid
false alarms.
Aspirating smoke detection is the best

choice for areas that:
are air-conditioned
represent clean rooms with little dust
are highly sensitive, such as data
centers or computer suites
have limited accessibility or a complex
structure, such as high bay automated
storage facilities
Page 21 of 38

3.5 Choosing the right fire detector
When it comes to choose the appropriate
fire detector several aspects need to be
taken into consideration.
3.5.1 Type of fire

Depending on the smoke, heat and
radiation development certain detectors
have relatively high response sensitivity.
Smoke detector
Linear smoke detector
No smoke development
Aspirating Smoke Detector
(ASD)
Smoke development
Flame development
Flame detector
Heat development
Heat detector
Linear heat detector
Radiation development
Infrared detector
Ultraviolet detector
Page 22 of 38

EN 54 - 9 Test Fire
These mandatory test fires are methods
to prove the sensitivity of fire detectors
to certain fire phenomena. Without these
tests, the approval of fire detectors is not
achieved. Many times these testing
methods are also used to check the
response behavior of existing fire
detection systems.
Type of fire
Development
of heat
air flow
Aerosol
spectrum
Visible
portion
Smoke
generation
TF-1
Open wood
strong
Strong
Predominantly
invisible
Dark
Yes
TF-2
Smoldering
wood
none
Weak
Predominantly
visible
Light
Yes
TF-3
Smoldering
cotton
none
Weak
Predominantly
invisible
Light
Yes
TF-4
O pen
plastics fire
Strong
strong
Partially
visible
Very
dark
Yes
TF-5
Liquid fire
(heptane)
Strong
strong
Predominantly
invisible
Very
dark
Yes
TF-6
Liquid fire
(ethanol)
strong
strong
none
none
Yes
To be able to reliably detect all expected developing fires, it may be necessary to combine
different detector types.
Page 23 of 38

3.5.2 Surrounding Environment
External influences occur in almost every
environment. Statistics have proved that
almost 90% of all triggered alarms are false
alarms. Some of the most common reasons
that need to be taken into consideration
when choosing a fire detector are:
Temperature
cigarette or cigar smoke
vapor and heat produced

cooking or in the shower
smoke produced
soldering
fog generated by fog generators used

for show events
exhaust gases from motor vehicles or

emergency power units
dust generation during grinding or filling

work
heat accumulated in case of insufficient

ventilation
by
welding
during
and
Fire detectors should only be installed in the

temperature range specified by the
manufacturer. An indicative temperature
interval is between -25C and +60C.
Below 0C: icing up of the detector has to
be avoided.
High temperature: installed heat detectors
must have a minimum response temperature
from at least +10C higher than the
maximum possible surrounding temperature.
Air movement
Smoke detectors are sensitive to air

movements. In the event of fire, the
produced aerosol concentration is reduced
by air circulation and therefore, an ensured
protection cannot be guaranteed anymore.
Special Smoke detectors that can be
installed in ventilation ducts or Aspirating
Smoke detector are highly sensitive and
should be used in areas with a lot of air
movement.
Page 24 of 38
Fire detectors are electrical devices that

can be damaged by water or by the impact
of solid objects. The IEC529 defines
Protection categories that should be taken
into consideration when choosing a fire
detector.
Water sources and foreign objects
IP Protection Categories according to IEC 529

Abbreviations for the internationally agreed protection categories: The protection categories are
given in the form of an abbreviation, which consists of 2 constant letters IP (IP = Ingress
Protection) and 2 identity numbers.
Example: IP 5 4
Water Protection Category
Contact and foreign object category
a) Contact and Foreign Object Protection Categories
First
Identity
number
Protection Category
No special protection
Protection against the entry of solid foreign objects, having a diameter larger than
50 mm (large foreign object)1
No protection against intended access, i.e. with the hand
12 mm (medium sized foreign object)1
Protection for fingers and similar objects.
2.5 mm (small foreign object)1)2)
Protection for tools, wires or similar objects which are thicker than 2.5 mm.
Protection against the entry of solid foreign objects, having a diameter larger than 1
mm (grain-type foreign object)1)2)
Protection for tools, wires or similar objects which are thicker than 1 mm.
Protection against the entry of solid foreign objects, having a diameter larger than 1
mm (grain-type foreign object)1)2)
Protection for tools, wires or similar objects which are thicker than 1 mm.
Protection against harmful dust deposits. The entry of dust is not totally prevented
but the entry of dust is not allowed in such quantities that the operation of equipment
will be impaired (dust protection)3
Complete contact protection
Page 25 of 38

1) With operating equipment, having a protection category of 1-4, entry of evenly or unevenly
formed foreign objects which is larger than the corresponding diameter value is prevented.
2) For protection categories 3 and 4, the use of this table is dependent upon the decision of the
appropriate committee for operating material with drainage holes or cooling vents.
3) For protection category 5, the use of this table is dependent upon the decision of the
appropriate committee for operating materials with drainage holes.
b)
Water Protection Categories

Second
Identity
number
Protection Category
No special protection
Protection against vertically falling drip water. No harmful effects are allowed
(drip water)
Protection against vertically falling drip water.
3
4
When the enclosure is tipped up to an angle of 15 from its normal position,

there should be no harmful effects (drip water fallingat an angle).
Protection against drip water that falls at an angle of up to 60 from the vertical.
No harmful effects are allowed (atomized water)
Protection against drip water that falls at an angle of up to 60 from the vertical.
No harmful effects are allowed (atomized water)
Protection against water from a hose which is directed on the enclosure from all
directions.
No harmful effects are allowed (hose directed water)
Protection against strong seas or strong water jets.

Entry of water into the enclosure in harmful amounts is not allowed (overflow)
Protection against water when the enclosure is dipped in water under given
pressure and time conditions.
Entry of water onto the enclosure in harmful amounts is not allowed
(submersion)
The enclosure is suitable for constant submersion in water under given
1)
conditions which are determined by the manufacturer.(submersion).
1) This protection category normally means that the operating equipment is airtight. Under
certain operating conditions, however, water can enter providing it produces no harmful
effects.
Page 26 of 38

3.5.3 Ceiling height
Fire detectors can only detect a fire, if
the fire phenomenon (smoke, heat,
radiation) actually reaches the detector.
As most fire detectors are mounted on
the ceiling, the room height is a very
significant premise of which detector to
choose.
High ceilings increase the time for
smoke, heat or radiation to reach the
detector. Additionally, the higher the
room, the more diluted with cool and
clean air the smoke and the heat will be.
Typical limits for point-type detectors are:
Smoke detectors: max 12.0m
Heat detector: max 7,5m
Flame detector: max. 45m
Planning Recommendation concerning

Automatic Fire detectors can be found in
B2 Project Planning Notes and Tips
Page 27 of 38

3.6 Fire Detection in Ex Areas
Ex areas are areas where there is a danger of
explosion. The abbreviation "ex" means danger
of explosion.
Due to the many possible causes of an
explosion, these dangers are often not
recognized during a superficial inspection, as is
the case with dust explosions, for example.
An understanding of the potential danger in the

case of flammable liquids, such as solvents and
fuels, or flammable gases is assumed. There
are numerous recurring incidents in this area,
such as deflagration, or dangerous methane
gas explosions in the mining industry
(firedamp).
Designation of ex area
detectors / ex area
components
Approved fire detectors and
system components have
this symbol.
Definition of terms
Oxidation:
Chemical process without the formation of flames, e.g. rusting on iron by reaction with
oxygen
Combustion: Procedure involving the formation of flames, to which oxygen is regularly added; low
speed of flame propagation
Deflagration: Transition from combustion to explosion; flammable material in a flammable mixture;
speed of flame spreading is higher than in the case of combustion
Explosion:
Chemical process with strong development of gas and heat; sufficient volume of
oxygen in mixture; speed of flame spreading up to approx. 100 m/s (360 kph);
compression wave up to 10 bar
Detonation:
Increase in explosion, where the ignition conditions are still changing due to compression
of the mixture that is capable of explosion (e.g. during an explosion); speed of flame
spreading up to 3000 m/s (approx. 10,000 kph); indefinable compression wave
Page 28 of 38

3.6 1 Zone division of explosion areas
Explosion protection is
country-specific manner.
regulated in a
Responsibility for explosion protection in an ex

system lies with the operator. The operator
defines existing ex areas and determines
protection measures; where necessary,

monitoring
authorities
(e.g.
industrial
inspectors) assist in approval and acceptance.
The most advanced set of regulations exists
for explosion protection in the operation of
electrical systems.
Zone Division
To classify the potential for danger and the
corresponding protection measures in ex
systems, ex areas are divided into zones
according to the likelihood of occurrence of
an atmosphere conducive to an explosion.
The type of zone division is currently a
purely national matter.
The following definitions apply to gases,
vapors and mists, which are limited to the
following types:
Zone 2: Areas in which it is likely that a

dangerous atmosphere conducive
to an explosion will occur only
infrequently, and then only for a
short period of time
to an explosion will occasionally
occur
to an explosion will occur
regularly or over a long period
of time
Example of zone
classification
in
gas ex areas
Page 29 of 38

Flammable dusts when suspended in air can
explode.
The boundaries and extent of these three
dimensional zones should be decided by a
competent person. There must be a site plan
drawn up of the factory with the zones marked
on.
The zone definitions are:
Zone 22: A place, in which an explosive

atmosphere, in the form of a cloud of
combustible dust in air, is not likely
to occur in normal operation but, if it
does occur, will persist for a short
period only.
atmosphere in the form of a cloud of
combustible dust in air is likely to
occur, occasionally, in normal
operation.
atmosphere in the form of a cloud of
combustible dust in air is present
continuously, or for long periods
or frequently.
3.6.2 Protection Requirements

The operator is responsible for determining the
zones; where necessary this may require
approval from a monitoring authority, e.g. an
industrial inspector.
In cases of doubt, a zone with higher
requirements should always be assumed.
In ex areas of zone 0, only operating

equipment permitted for this zone may be
used.
In zone 1, only type-approved ex operating
equipment may be used, with a few
exceptions. The type approval must be given
by an accredited approval center (e.g. PTB,
BASEFA, CESI etc.).
In zone 2, operating equipment may be used
that will not lead to an atmosphere conducive
to an explosion under normal operating
conditions.
Zone
Gases,
Vapors,
Mists
0
1
2
20
Dusts
21
22
Duration of the occurrence

of an explosive
atmosphere
Continuously, for a long
period, frequently
Occasionally
Rarely and for a short period
Continuously, for a long
period, frequently
Occasionally
Rarely and for a short period
Equipment
category
1G
2G
3G
1D
2D
3D
Page 30 of 38

3.6.3 Marking of ex Areas
Typical European ATEX/CENELEC Marking
Methods of protection
d=
e=
p=
i =
flameproof enclosure
increased safety
pressurized enclosure
intrinsic safety
o=
q=
m=
n=
oil immersed apparatus

sand-filled apparatus
encapsulation
electrical apparatus
For more information please refer to the EN 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas
Atmosphere
Page 31 of 38

3.6.4 Installation of intrinsically safe detectors in ex areas of zone 1
The precondition for intrinsically safe
operation of a system in ex areas of zone 1
is a coordinated interconnectivity of
associated and inherently safe operating
equipment.
Associated operating equipment, in this
case the input/output module and the ex
barrier are installed outside of the ex area.
manner; in any event, this line must be

clearly recognized as being intrinsically safe.
Intrinsically safe ex fire detectors are
connected to these intrinsically safe power
circuits. To ensure intrinsic safety, limit
values indicated on the input/output module,
the ex barrier and on the intrinsically safe ex
fire detector must not be exceeded.
The line in the ex area consists of a light

blue cable or a cable labeled in another
Page 32 of 38

4 Loop technology/ transmission technologies
4.1 Individual identification
LSN (Local Security Network) technology and other technologies allow triggered fire detectors to
be individually identified in a detector zone.
4.1.1 LSN technology

LSN technology is a bidirectional, digital
data transmission process according to the
master/slave principle, whereby the master
is represented by a central unit and the
slaves by detectors, couplers and control
elements. The networking processing
converter is subsequently referred to as the
master, and the slaves - as LSN elements.
The LSN reduces previous multi-type
connections of fire peripherals to a uniform,
two-wire installation. Both stub and loop
arrangements with simple stub branches are
topographically possible.
There is also the option for branches

extending from another branch (t-tapping).
The power supply for the detector is
generally provided via the same two wires
as the overlapping digital data transmission,
insofar as a predetermined maximum
current has not been exceeded. The voltage
on the individual LSN elements is different,
due to the voltage drop on the line. Where
LSN elements require more power than
provided by the master, or a defined
constant value, this auxiliary supply is fed to
the LSN elements via a second pair of wires.
Access procedure
The master fully automatically assigns
communication addresses to the maximum
of 256 LSN elements at initialization, during
commissioning. After initialization, access to
the LSN elements is optional. Detection and
control are performed in the same data
transmission procedure. Data sent from the
master to the LSN elements is transmitted
by means of pulse length coded modulation
of the supply voltage. Data sent from the
LSN elements to the master is transmitted
by means of pulse length coded modulation
of the current received.
query does not have any effect on the LSN

element.
Changes to the LSN element can be made
by transmitting specific commands to the
LSN element.
In this way, a different meaning can be
assigned to the byte queried, e.g. the
digitized analog value of a measurement
voltage, or parameters can be transmitted to
the LSN element.
The standard case of a data telegram is the

so-called query, which consists of the
address of the LSN element only and is
answered by a single byte describing the
status of the LSN element. As a rule, the
Page 33 of 38

Data backup
Every byte is checked by means of an even
or odd parity bit. In addition, the following
security measures are implemented: where
the master determines a deviation from the
null code when querying an LSN element,
this LSN element is then queried twice
more outside the normal sequence. The
message is evaluated as being valid only
when it has been confirmed on three
occasions.
If a command for permanent modification or

for control is transmitted to an LSN
element, this command is first stored in an
instruction register in the LSN element. This
instruction register can be read by the
master, and its validity verified in this
manner. The stored command is only
executed, if an execute command is sent to
the LSN element within a certain
subsequent period of time. If the execute
command only arrives at the LSN element
after the agreed period of time, the
command remains unexecuted.
Security against malfunction

An important feature of a bus for reporting
danger is its behavior during a malfunction.
In a loop arrangement the LSN elements
are addressed and supplied in alternating
time intervals, and without interruption to
either end of the loop. In this manner, all
sections of the loop are involved in
transmission and are monitored. Where a
short circuit or an interruption occurs at any
point in the loop, it is possible to continue
operating all LSN elements without a
negative
effect.
This
occurs
after
localization of the interruption location by
opening the switches in both neighboring
LSN elements, thereby isolating the faulty
loop section. In this way, the loop structure
is turned into two stubs. The switches are
components of every LSN element and of
the master.
In a stub arrangement the LSN elements
available from a fault location onward are
switched off by the previous LSN element.
However, this means that the LSN elements
from the fault location onward are no longer
in operation. Defects and any resultant faulty
LSN elements can be isolated in an

analogous manner. It is clear that a loop
offers a considerable advantage when
compared to a stub, and that a line
malfunction has no influence on the LSN
elements in a loop. It is of great significance
for the security technology that the various
fault processing methods in fire detector and
intrusion technology take place only in
programs in the master or the higher level
control panel, and are not a feature of the
transmission
technology.
Protection
elements for securing electromagnetic
compatibility (EMV) are a part of every LSN
element and the master. Only semiconductor
components are used as protection
elements. Emissions and the resultant
influence on other wireless and wire-based
services are therefore kept to a minimum, in
that the voltage hub used for data
transmission consists of only 5% of the
supply voltage and that shielded cables are
prescribed.
Page 34 of 38

5 Line network
Fire detection systems must be operated in
their own line network.
In areas in which fire detection systems

are only equipped with manual fire
detectors (non-automatic fire detectors),
the lines up to the manual fire detectors
must conform to the requirements of E 30
circuit integrity.
For fire detection systems including

associated transmission facilities, the line
network system with circuit integrity is not
required in the rooms that are monitored
by automatic detectors.
The regulations of local building and fire

protection authorities must be observed.
These networks are generally indicated in

"red.
Lines must be installed and secured such that
they are sufficiently mechanically protected
and that they meet requirements for room
usage. The manufacturer's specifications for
installation must be strictly observed for
cables with circuit integrity. Where there is a
requirement for using fire detector cables with
E 30 circuit integrity, the following regulations
must be observed:
The different cable diameters must be

considered in the planning stage in
conjunction with the use of individual detector
bases.
6 Fire panel
The fire panel has the following functions:
Picking up messages from the connected detectors, signaling these visually and audibly, and
displaying the danger zone.
Registering the messages, if necessary, e.g. with a printer.
Forwarding the messages, e.g. to the fire department.
Controlling additional equipment.
Monitoring the fire detection system, and displaying faults.
Configuration and setup

The configuration and operation of the fire
panel is regulated by national regulations.
A transmission unit must be installed as
close as possible to the fire panel.
In order to provide the fire department with
a direct route to the fire panel, the route
must be marked with labels containing

direction arrows. Special objects must be
provided with optical information.
All fire detectors must be permanently
labeled with the detector zone and a
consecutive number within the group, e.g.
1/5 (detector zone 1, detector 5).
Page 35 of 38

7 Fire detection system
7.1 Configuration
Today, fire detection systems consist of:
Fire detectors (automatic and nonautomatic)
Fire panel line network with power

supply and a control unit for one or more
units in the same network.
Fire detection systems can be switched via a

transmission system for danger messages.
Additional alarm signaling types can include

automatic dial-up and transmission devices
with specific terminal(s) for external alarm
signaling, and visual and audible alarm
signaling media, or a loudspeaker system for
internal alarm signaling.
In some countries, automatic and nonautomatic fire detectors (manual fire
detectors) must not be operated in one
detector zone.
7.2 Power supply

Two independent power sources are required for
the power supply.
One power source must be a general

supply network, e.g. 230V alternating
current network or a similar network.
The other must be a rechargeable battery.
Connection to the alternating current network

must be performed by means of a separate
automatic circuit breaker. The automatic circuit
breaker must then be marked in "red".
In the event of a power failure, the battery
automatically assumes power supply to the
systems without interruption. The failure of any

power source must be displayed both audibly
and visually. The fire detection system must
not be used to supply power to other systems.
Devices used for forwarding fire detection
system messages and faults may also be
supplied without reverse capacitance.
National
regulations
apply
to
the
measurement of back-up times in the event
of a power supply failure and to the
measurement of the power supply unit. The
capacity of a rechargeable battery is
calculated by the product supplier.
Page 36 of 38

7.3 Additional Equipment
The fire panel can perform not only alarm
signaling but can also automatically initiate
internal first measures without delay:
Additional activation of automatic door

control for fire barriers
Opening of smoke and heat extraction

systems
Deactivation of air-conditioning systems,

gas pipes and electrical systems
Activation of the house alarm
Additional equipment must not be connected

to the fire detection system power supply.
The operation of the fire detection system
must not be influenced by the installation of
additional equipment. Similarly, operation of
the additional equipment, e.g. automatic door
control, must not be influenced by a fault in
the fire detection system.
8 Permanently manned locations

As a rule, two locations are authorized for
receiving danger messages and fault reports
in fire detection systems:
For danger messages e.g. the fire

department
For fault reports - e.g. Monitoring

Stations
As a rule, fire departments do not receive fault

reports.
Danger messages must be forwarded at least
as a collective indicator via a primary line to a
permanently manned location, if the display
and task facilities are located in rooms that
are not permanently manned by trained
personnel.
The primary line must be monitored by the
authorized location. Where only local alarms
are planned for a security system, the
signaling devices for danger messages must
be actuated via primary lines."
Fault reports must be forwarded at least as a

collective indicator to an authorized location, if
the display and task facilities are located in
rooms that are not permanently manned by
trained personnel.
Where messages and faults are not constantly
received by a trained person at the display and
task facility, it is essential that danger messages
are forwarded via a primary line to an authorized
location that is permanently manned by
someone with the relevant training.
In the case of systems with a back-up time of
4 hours, malfunction messages, e.g. failure of
a power source, must be forwarded via
primary lines to a permanently manned,
authorized location.
30 hours, fault reports, e.g. failure of a power
source, must be forwarded via primary lines or
a similar device that automatically checks the
transmission path, to a permanently manned,
authorized location.
Page 37 of 38

A location is also considered to be
permanently manned, if organizational
measures are implemented that ensure
maintenance can begin within 24 hours.
72 hours, fault reports, e.g. failure of a power
source, must be forwarded via the primary line
to the operator, or to somebody authorized by
the operator via a primary line or an automatic
dial-up and transmission device or a similar
device that automatically checks the

transmission path. Where this is not
economically feasible, the fault reports must
be forwarded to the operator, or to somebody
authorized by the operator, e.g. by means of
an automatic dialup and announcement unit,
or displayed in such a manner that the fault
report can be detected by a trained person,
e.g. during a control check. The fault must be
detected
within
30
hours.
9 Fire extinguishing equipment

In the case of fire, the use of gas
extinguishing equipment minimizes material
damage caused by smoke, the effects of fire,
or extinguishing materials. Even in technical
facilities, gaseous extinguishing materials
reach the fire source immediately and leave
no residue during the extinguishing process,
so that operational processes can be quickly
resumed. This ensures:
The protection of material objects
The safe prevention of fire spreading
The minimization of material damage

caused by smoke, the effects of fire,
and extinguishing materials
That processes
resumed
can
be
quickly
The use of gas fire extinguishing systems is

extremely versatile, e.g. in electronic data
processing centers, electrical switching and
distribution rooms, spray-painting plants and
drying areas etc. Depending on the protection
goal, there is an option for targeted equipment
protection, or protection of the entire room.
Fixed, automatic fire extinguishing systems
(CO2 deluge extinguishing systems etc.) may
only be triggered via fire panels in cross
zoning or cross detection. This should reduce
the monitoring zones for automatic fire
detectors by approximately 50%.
Note:
As a rule, a special interface is available for
actuating the extinguishing system. More
detailed explanations can be found in the
country-specific regulations.
Page 38 of 38

B1 Principles of Fire Detection PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

B1 Principles of Fire Detection PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Principles of Fire Detection

3.3.4 Linear Smoke Detectors

2 Fire Protection in Buildings

3.3.5 Gas detectors

2.1 Elements to be investigated when

3.3.6 Multisensor Fire Detectors

2.2 Protection goals

2.3 Fire Protections concept

2.4 Categories for extent of protection

3.1 Manual fire detectors

3.2 Automatic fire detectors

3.2.1 Optical Smoke detectors

3.2.2 Flame detectors

3.3.3 Heat detectors

3.3.7 Flush mounted detectors with a virtual

3.4.1 Linear heat detector

3.4.2 Aspirating Smoke Detectors

3.5 Choosing the right fire detector

3.5.1 Type of fire

3.5.2 Surrounding Environment

3.5.3 Ceiling height

Planner and Consultants Handbook / Bosch Security Systems

Principles of Fire Detection

3.6 1 Zone division of explosion areas

3.6.2 Protection Requirements

7 Fire detection system

3.6.3 Marking of ex Areas

3.6.4 Installation of intrinsically safe detectors

7.2 Power supply

7.3 Additional Equipment

4 Loop technology/ transmission

8 Permanently manned locations

4.1 Individual identification

9 Fire extinguishing equipment

4.1.1 LSN technology

Planner and Consultants Handbook / Bosch Security Systems

Principles of Fire Detection

Every fire requires three elements:

A fire naturally occurs when these three

media and smoke particles is known as a

They are dispersed as elements of air and

Planner and Consultants Handbook / Bosch Security Systems

Principles of Fire Detection

Fire development and damage caused

Time taken to detect the fire (tM)

Approach time of the fire fighters (tA)

It is almost impossible to influence the

Planner and Consultants Handbook / Bosch Security Systems

Principles of Fire Detection

Nowadays, specialized building planners are

progress towards the end of the 19th

Although we may initially have been

A false alarm, e.g. caused by a bird dying of

To the satisfaction of animal lovers, this type

Planner and Consultants Handbook / Bosch Security Systems

Principles of Fire Detection

Preventative fire protection includes

Preventative and defensive measures for fire

Planner and Consultants Handbook / Bosch Security Systems

Principles of Fire Detection

Type of construction of the building or

Manner of use of the building or