03 SEP674 RET670 Differential Protection

Substation Automation Products
Transformer protection RET670

Restricted earth fault protection
1MRG019260
Chapter 04
Contents
ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 2
Application
Operating characteristics
Logical Diagram
In and output signals
Settings
Monitored data
Application restricted earth fault protection
Faults resulting in large fault currents may

cause severe damages to windings and the
core
Could also result in high gas pressure

damaging the tank
The restricted earth fault protection is fast

and sensitive and can detect faults in the
winding:
ABB Group
Chapter 04
in impedance earthed systems
close to the star point in solid earthed systems
The restricted earth fault protection is often

used as main protection for all winding faults
involving earth

Application
Low impedance type
Can be used to protect directly or low impedance

earthed windings
Zero sequence differential protection
An additional directional comparison feature is

included
No need for magnitude or phase angle correction
Internally summation if multi breaker arrangement
Fundamental frequency components
OLTC does not influence the function
Insensitive to inrush and overexcitation
Only danger is eventual CT saturation
ABB Group
Chapter 04
2nd harmonic restraint included
Chapter 04

Application
1.
1B
3A
Transformer
A.
Solidly earthed winding with or without OLTC
B.
Earthed though Z-0 earthing transformer
2.
Autotransformer with or without OLTC
3.
Reactor
A.
ABB Group
1A
Solidly earthed

Application
Single circuit breaker or
Multiple circuit breaker applications
ABB Group
summation inside the function
Number of instances
Customized: 0 - 3
Pre-configured (A10, A30, B30, A40, B40, A25):
Included: A10: 1; x30/y40: 2; A25: 0
Optional: y40: 1
Chapter 04
Chapter 04
Calculated or measured residual

current on terminal side, 3I0 (Ires)
The differential current, Idiff, is the

vector sum:
125
3I0_Wx is the summation of

CT1 and CT2 for winding x
3I0_W2 is used in
autotransformer applications
Stabilizing current, Ibias
ABB Group
where
The highest current among all

current inputs
Chapter 04
Two fixed slopes defines as:
1st: 70% ; 2nd: 100%
End of slope 1: 125% of IBase
Setting: Minimum operation, Idmin
125
ABB Group
In percent of IBase: 4.0 - 100.0
IBase
Rated current of the winding or CT

rating
For autotransformers the highest

winding rated current i.e. low
voltage side
Restricted earth fault protection, Ibias
The bias current stabilizes the protection
Higher currents harder conditions higher probability that

Idiff > Idmin due to: CT saturation
Ibias is defined as the maximum current of:

curr(a) = MAX [I3PW1CT1] / CTFactorPri1
curr(b) = MAX [I3PW1CT2] / CTFactorPri2
curr(c) = MAX [I3PW2CT1] / CTFactorSec1
curr(d) = MAX [I3PW2CT2] / CTFactorSec2
curr(x) = MAX [I3PW1CT1 + I3PW1CT2]
curr(y) = MAX [I3PW2CT1 + I3PW2CT2]
curr(z) = IN
where the CTFactor = Irated_CT / Irated_W
default setting: 1.0 (1.0-10.0)
ABB Group
Chapter 04
Restricted earth fault protection, Ibias
Example:
CT1
1000 A
The CTFactor :
gives a possibility to adjust the sensitivity
does not influence curr(x-z)
Single breaker application
CT2
1000 A
Chapter 04
Normally the CT ratio matches the winding and the

CTFactor = 1.0
Multiple breaker application
Could be necessary to modify CTFactor
500 A
curr(a) = MAX [I3PW1CT1] / CTFactorPri1
IBase = Irated_W and
Irated_CT > or >> Irated_W
curr(a and/or b) might stabilize to much due to transfer

currents (fault or load currents)
Example: CTFactor = 1000/500 = 2.0
curr(b) = MAX [I3PW1CT2] / CTFactorPri2

curr(x) = MAX [I3PW1CT1 + I3PW1CT2]
ABB Group
Chapter 04
Directional criterion
IN , 3I0, IDiff
The restricted earth fault protection may be

very sensitive
ABB Group
No room for any false unbalance currents
External faults may cause
CT saturation false residual currents

false tripping
The stabilizing characteristics helps to

stabilize to some extent
Objective:
Positively distinguish between internal and

external earth faults
Enhancing the security for heavy external

faults
Same direction in the neutral for both external and internal faults
External fault
ABB Group
Current in the neutral serves as directional reference
The currents are 180o out of phase (IED reference direction: towards the object)
Chapter 04
Internal fault
The residual currents are approximately in phase
Not measuring the same primary current, IN and 3I0
Setting:
ABB Group
Relay operate angle (ROA) 60 90o
Chapter 04
Chapter 04
The directional check is executed if:
within the operate area of the REFcharacteristic
3I0 (terminal side) is at least 3% of IBase
The trip is issued if:
If the check is not executed (small currents)

then:
ABB Group
both 3I0 an IN are within the operating region
the check is not a condition for trip
Chapter 04
Second harmonic blocking
Current [pu]
Shunt reactor switching

150 Mvar 220 kV 50 Hz
IN 3I0
Cycles
ABB Group
Prevent unwanted operation on reactor energizing due to
terminal side CT saturation cased by
high DC component
The calculation adaptive (input: 3I0, IN, IBias and timing)
No setting: 2nd harmonic ratio: fixed to 60%
Chapter 04
Simplified logical diagram

3I0
3I0 < 3% of IBase

3I0 > 3% of Ibase
IN
Directional
check
IN > 50% of Idmin

ABB Group
&
TRIP
&
START
In- and output signals

Analog input signals

(SMAI group signal output)
Binary input signal
ABB Group
Neutral point current

Residual current - W1 - CT1
- W1 - CT2
- W2 - CT1
- W2 - CT2
Block input
Chapter 04
In- and output signals

Trip
Start
Directionality: High Internal fault
Second harmonic blocking
Residual current W1+W2 (3I0)
Neutral current (IN)
Bias current
Differential current
Angle from zero sequence feature
Second harmonic ratio
ABB Group
Chapter 04
Binary output signals
Analog output signals

HMI and Disturbance
recorder
Chapter 04
Restricted earth fault protection settings

Overview
Operation On/Off
Base values
Pick up level
Factors influencing bias
ABB Group
Chapter 04
Monitored data
ABB Group
Tests/Functions status/Differential
Protection/LowImpREF(PDIF,87N)
TRIP
START
DIROK Internal fault
BLK2H Block due to 2nd harmonic
IRES Magnitude of residual current

(3I0, A)
IN Magnitude of neutral current (A)
IBIAS Magnitude of bias current (A)
IDIFF Magnitude of differential current

(A)
ANGLE Direction angle from zero

sequence feature (deg)
I2RATIO Second harmonic ratio
Chapter 04
ABB
SA-TGroup
Training

03 SEP674 RET670 Differential Protection

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Substation Automation Products

Transformer protection RET670

In and output signals

Application restricted earth fault protection

Faults resulting in large fault currents may

Could also result in high gas pressure

The restricted earth fault protection is fast

in impedance earthed systems

close to the star point in solid earthed systems

The restricted earth fault protection is often

Restricted earth fault protection

Low impedance type

Can be used to protect directly or low impedance

Zero sequence differential protection

An additional directional comparison feature is

No need for magnitude or phase angle correction

Internally summation if multi breaker arrangement

Fundamental frequency components

OLTC does not influence the function

Insensitive to inrush and overexcitation

Only danger is eventual CT saturation

2nd harmonic restraint included

Restricted earth fault protection

Solidly earthed winding with or without OLTC

Earthed though Z-0 earthing transformer

Autotransformer with or without OLTC

Restricted earth fault protection

Single circuit breaker or

Multiple circuit breaker applications

summation inside the function

Pre-configured (A10, A30, B30, A40, B40, A25):

Included: A10: 1; x30/y40: 2; A25: 0

Calculated or measured residual

The differential current, Idiff, is the

3I0_Wx is the summation of

Stabilizing current, Ibias

The highest current among all

Two fixed slopes defines as:

1st: 70% ; 2nd: 100%

End of slope 1: 125% of IBase

Setting: Minimum operation, Idmin

In percent of IBase: 4.0 - 100.0

Rated current of the winding or CT

For autotransformers the highest

The bias current stabilizes the protection

Higher currents harder conditions higher probability that

Ibias is defined as the maximum current of:

gives a possibility to adjust the sensitivity

does not influence curr(x-z)

Single breaker application

Normally the CT ratio matches the winding and the

Multiple breaker application

Could be necessary to modify CTFactor

curr(a) = MAX [I3PW1CT1] / CTFactorPri1

IBase = Irated_W and

Irated_CT > or >> Irated_W

curr(a and/or b) might stabilize to much due to transfer

Example: CTFactor = 1000/500 = 2.0

curr(b) = MAX [I3PW1CT2] / CTFactorPri2

The restricted earth fault protection may be

No room for any false unbalance currents

External faults may cause

CT saturation false residual currents