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Section 6
Implementing EIGRP
Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) is a Cisco-proprietary routing protocol. EIGRP is a classless routing
protocol, meaning that it sends the subnet mask of its interfaces in routing updates, which use
a complex metric based on bandwidth and delay.
EIRGP is an advanced distance vector protocol with some link-state features. As such, EIGRP
is classified as a balanced hybrid protocol.
EIGRP Features
• Protocol-independent modules: EIGRP supports IP, IPv6, Internetwork Packet
Exchange (IPX), and AppleTalk.
• Reliable Transport Protocol: RTP controls sending, tracking, and acknowledging
updates and EIGRP messages.
• Neighbor discovery/recovery: EIGRP discovers neighboring devices using periodic
Hello messages.
• Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL): EIGRP uses DUAL to calculate and maintain
loop-free paths and provide fast convergence.
• Partial updates: EIGRP sends partial triggered updates instead of periodic updates.
EIGRP Terminology
• Neighbor table: Lists all adjacent routers. Includes the neighbor’s address and the inter-
face through which it can be reached. EIGRP routers keep a neighbor table for each
routed Layer 3 protocol (IP, IPX, AppleTalk).
• Topology table: Contains all learned routes to a destination. The topology table holds all
successor and feasible successor routes in its table.
• Routing table: Holds the best routes (the successor routes) to each destination.
• Feasible distance (FD): The sum of the AD plus the cost between the local router and the
next-hop router.
• show ip eigrp neighbors: Displays EIGRP adjacencies and directly connected neighbors.
• show ip route eigrp: Displays all EIGRP routes in the routing table.
• show ip eigrp topology: Displays the EIGRP topology table, including successors and
feasible successors.
• debug eigrp neighbors: Displays neighbors discovered by EIGRP and the contents of
Hello packets.
Router A
10.1.2x
Router C
20 20
804 Implementing EIGRP
Because the path through Router B has a lower cost than the path through Router C, Router A
will route all traffic to network 10.1.2.x through Router B.
To configure Router A to perform unequal-cost load balancing, you need to use the variance
multiplier command on Router A. The multiplier is a variance value between 1 and 128, with
the default set to 1.
To determine the variance, divide the metric of the cost between Router C by the cost of
Router B. In this case, it would be 40/20, which equals 2. So the variance to perform unequal-
cost load balancing to network 10.1.2.x is 2. The following configuration sets the variance on
Router A to 2:
router eigrp 100
RouterA(config)#r
variance 2
RouterA(config-router)#v
EIGRP Authentication
EIGRP supports MD5 route authentication. The following steps enable authentication on a
Cisco router:
Step 1 Enter the interface you want to configure authentication on.
Step 2 Enable MD5 authentication using the ip authentication mode eigrp process-id
md5 interface command.
Step 3 Create an authentication key using the ip authentication key-chain eigrp process-
id key-chain command. The key-chain parameter is the name of the key you want to
create.
Step 4 Exit interface configuration mode.
Step 5 Identify the key chain you configured in Step 3 using the key chain name-of-key-
chain command.
Step 6 Create a key number: key number.
Step 7 Identify the key string using the key-string text command.
The following example configures MD5 authentication with cisco as the key:
interface serial 0/0
RouterA(config)#i
ip authentication mode eigrp 100 md5
RouterA(config-if)#i
ip authentication key-chain eigrp 100 cisco
RouterA(config-if)#i
!
RouterA(config-if)#!
key chain cisco
RouterA(config)#k
key 1
RouterA(config-keychain-key)#k
key-string firstkey
RouterA(config-keychain-key)#k
Troubleshooting EIGRP
Figure 6-2 shows a basic flow chart with the steps to take to approach EIGRP troubleshooting.
Troubleshooting EIGRP 805
EIGRP Main
Are
neighboring routers EIGRP will not form neighbors over secondary networks:
attached via the same N therefore, the neighboring routers should be on the same
primary network? primary network.
Is EIGRP
enabled for
Are the neighbors appropriate networks
attached via Frame N on both the local and N
Relay Netwokr? neighboring router?
1
Your frame-relay
Y broadcast queue may
need to be tuned.
Refer to OSPF and
Ensure tha the frame-relay map EIGRP Neighbor Loss,
command has been configured with RIP and IGRP Update
the broadcast keyword. This allows Loss after Upgrading to
EIGRP multicast packet delivery Cisco IOS 11.2 or later.
across the Frame Relay Network.
Troubleshooting EIGRP 807
Are there
any inbound access Temporarily
control lists (ACLs) remove the ACLs.
Y Y
configured on the neighboring Does this
interface for either help?
route?3
The inbound ACL
is not permitting
the EIGRP hellos
N from the neighbor
N to be processed.
Modify the ACL to
permit EIGRP
packets from the
Are you
neighbor.
manually changing
the EIGRP hello interval Y
or hold timers?
It is recommended
that the hold timer
N value be at least
three times the
value of the hello
interval.
Your problem is
not a common
problem. Check
the physical
cabling. If a LAN
switch separates
the neighboring
routers, verify the
switch settings.
Are you
Are Your problem is not a
missing all EIGRP
Y routes in the EIGRP Y common problem. Check
routes from the routing 6
topology table? physical cabling.
table?5
N
N (continue with next chart)
Is the
Y local router
Are you missing forming EIGRP
external routes from the neighbors with the N EIGRP Neighbor Check
routing table? routers that should
be advertising
routes?
Y
Y
Does
local router
have an inbound Remove
distribute list; or neighb- the distribute list.
Y Does this solve the N
oring router, an
outbound problem?
distribute
list?
Is auto- Y
summarization N
enabled? N
The distribute list is
denying the routes.
You must disable auto- Modify the list as
Y summarization for necessary.
discontinuous networks to
exchange information. Refer
to Enhanced Interior
Gateway Protocol.
Troubleshooting EIGRP 809
Does the
local router have Remove The distribute list is
an inbound distribute list, or the distribute list. denying the routes.
Y Y
does the neighboring router Does this solve the Modify the list as
have an outbound problem? necessary.
distribute
list?
N