Anatomy

and Physiology

Pharnyx
Tubular,
bromuscular space
extending from the
skull base to upper
esophagus
Func=on
Swallowing
Immune response
Resonance chamber

 Nasopharnyx
Oropharnyx
Hypopharnyx

Nasopharnyx
Posterior apaerature
-SoF palate
Pharngeal isthmus
SoF palate
contrac=on:menutu
p jalan.
(palatopharngeal
spinchter)
Pharngeal tonsil:
membesar
hyerthorphy
adenoid

Nasophanyx
Pharngygotymoanic tube: menghubughan
phanyx denga middle ear.
Salpingipharngeal muscle

Oropharnyx
Batas inferior of
soF palate- upper
epglo=s.
Palatoglossal arch
Pala=ne tonsil
1/3 posterior lidah:
lingual tonsil

Hypopharnyx
Laryngopharnyx:
batasnya dari
superior larnyx-
esophagus level c7

Muscle
Constrictor muscle
Longituidnal muscle

Constrictor Muscle

Longitudinal Muscle

Vessels of pharnyx
Ascending phrangeal
artery
Facial artery: the
ascending and tonsillar
branches
Branches of maxilaary
artery and linguinal
artery
Origins from external
caro=d artery

Veins and lympha=c

Vessels of phranyx
Lower part of phranyx supplied by inferior
thyroid artery, origin from thyrocervical trunk
of subclavian artery
Veins: drains into prethygroid plexus in
infratemporal fossa and inferiorly into the
facial and internal jugalar veins
Lympha=c: Retropharngeal , parathracheal
and infrahyoid nodes

Nerves
Vagus nerveL: Pharngeal
branch of the vagus nerve
X all muscle except
stylopharyngeus that
innervated
glossopharngeal nerve IX
Sensory:Nasopharnyx
(maxilarry nerve V2),
Oropharnyx IX(gag reex),
laryngopharnyx X

Tonsils

Physiology of phanyx
Swallowing
Oral phase: food is broken down and moistened to
form a bolus, moved to oropharnyx. Pressing the food
agains hard palate with the toounge
Pharyngeal phase: bolus comes contact with receptor
in the thorat, elici=ng an involutary swallowing reex.
Aerent impules travel through glossopharngeal and
vagus nerve. So involuntary swallowing reex is
triggered.
Velum close of the nasophanyx.
Larnyx is also sealed of by eleva=on of the epilgo=s.

Physiology of phanyx
Esophangeal: food swallowing by peristal=c
wave. Within 7-10 second

Larnyx
Func=on
Respira=on
Phona=on
Eort closure
Swallowing

larnyx
Three large unpaired
car=lages(cricoid,
thyroid and epiglo]s)
Smaller car=lage
(arytenoid, corniculate
and cuneiform
Fibroelas=c membrane
and numerous intrinsic
muscle
Innerva=on motory and
sensory of nerve x

Ligaments of Larnyx
Extrinsic ligament(thyrohyoid
membrane,hypoepiglo=c membrane and
cricotracheal ligament
Intrinsic ligament (Fibro-elas=c membrane,
cricothyroid ligmanent, quadrogranular
membrane)

Cavity of larnyx
Ves=bule:larngeal inlet
and ves=bular folds
Middle larngeal :
ves=balr folds and vocal
folds
Infraglo=s: vocal folds
and inferior the opening
of the larynx

Cavity of Larnyx
Ventricles: mucus gland. Menuju saccule
untuk lubrikasi vocal folds

Intrinsic Muscle

Adjust the vocal ligament

Open and close the roma glo]dis
Control the inner dimesnion of the ves=bule
closing larngeal inlet

Cricothyroid muscle
Forward and
downward rota=on
of the thyroid
car=lage or
cricothyroid joint

 Posterior crico artyneoid

muscle, primary abductor of
the vocal folds. The primary
openers of the rima glo]da
Lateraltcrico arytenoid
muscles: adduc=on vocal
folds
Transverve arytenoid muscle
adduc=on of arytenoid
car=lage
Obelique arytenoid muscles:
spincther of laryngeal inlet
Thyro-arytenoid: spinchter of
ves=bule and of laryngeal inlet
Vocalis muscle: laryngeal inlet

Intrinsic muscle
Tightening of the vocal cords: posterior
cricoarytenoid muscle
closing the glo]s:lateral crico
arytedoid ,transverve and obelique
intrarytenoid muscle,thyroarytenoid muscle
opening glo]s: cricothyroid muscle,
thyroarytenoid muscle, vocalis muscle

Vessels
Superior laryngeal
artery
Inferior laryngeal
artery

Veins
Superior larngeal
vein,drain into
jugular vein
Inferio larngeal
vein, leF
brachiocephalic
vein

Nerve
Superior larngeal nerve
Inferor laryngeal nerve:
sensory laringeal avity
down to the level of the
vocal folds
Reccurent larengal
nerve:Sensory below the
vocal cords, motor: all the
intrinsic muslce expect for
cricothyroid.

Physiology larnyx
Protec=ve mechanism:Reex closure of the
vocal cords in response phrangeal swallowing.
Contrac=on of suprahyoid and infrayoid
muscle elevates larnyngeal skeleton 2-3cm.
While tongue bulges and press epilgo=s
downward, direct the food bolus pas and
behind the larnyx io esophangeal inlet.

Physiology larnyx
Cough reex: protect the lower airway. Glo]s
closes =ghtly, allowing a rise intrathoraic
pressure. Rapidly to allow forceful explusion
of the aspirated material.

Reference
Grays anatomy anatomy for students thrid
edi=on
Basic otolaryngology: a step by step learning
guide: Thieme