INTOXICATION OF INSECTICIDES,

PLANT AND ANIMAL POISONING

Ngatidjan

Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine UGM

Lecturer for Faculty of Medicine UMY

ACUTE INTOXICATIONS
Drugs
OAD, insulin,
acetyl salicylic acid,
digoxin, theophyline, etc.

Food

House-holds
pesticides (insecticides,
herbicides, rodenticides, etc.),
strong acid or base (NaOH,
H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, etc.)

mushroom,
Plant - animals
cyanide containing food,
snake bites,
canned / bottled food,
insect bites sting,
bacterial contaminated food :
etc.
- Clostridium perfingen,
- Salmonella, etc.
Others
- shigella,
Solvents (toluene, alcohol,
cause diarrhea
aldehyde, etc.)

Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

INSECTICIDES,
PLANT AND ANIMAL POISONING

Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

PESTICIDES
Insecticides (zat obat pembasmi hama-serangga)
Herbicides (zat obat pembasmi tanaman pengganggu)

Fungicides (zat obat pembasmi hama-jamur)

Rodenticides (zat obat pembasmi hama-tikus)
Larvacides (zat obat pembasmi hama-larva)
Etc.
Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

INSECTICIDES
Organophosphate (diazinon, dichlorvos, malathion, parathion,
and azinphosmethyl)

Carbamate (aldicarb, carbaryl carbofuran, and propoxur)

Organochlorine

(aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and lindane)

Alkaloida (nicotine, and pyrethroids : allethrin, cypermethrin,

deltamethrin, resmethrin, and phenothrin)
Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

ORGANOPHOSPHATE

LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat

orally perdermally

TEP (tetraetylpyrophosphate),

1,1

2,4

Mevinphos

6,1

4,7

Azinphosmethyl

13

220

Parathion

13

21

Chlorphenvinphos

15

31

Dichlorvos

80

107

Diazinon

108

200

Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

ORGANOPHOSPHATE

LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat

orally perdermally

Dimethoate,

215

260

Trichlorvon

630

> 2.000

Chlorothion

880

> 1.500

Malathion

1375

> 4.000

Ronnel

1250

> 5.000

Abate

8.000

4.000

Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

CARBAMATES

LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat

orally
perdermally

Propoxur

83

> 2.400

Carbaryl

850

> 4.000

Mobam

150

> 2.000

Temik

0,8

3,0

Zectran

37

> 1.500

Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

ORGANOPHOSPHATES and CARBAMATES

Organophosphates and Carbamates
Inhibits cholinesterase
Acetylcholine accumulation (in synaptic clefts)
Sympathetic nerve, autonomic ganglia, motor end plate, etc.

Cholinergic receptor stimulation (r-M and r-N)

Symptoms of acute intoxication
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INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

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Sign & symptom of acute intoxication

Exocrine glands r-M (increase salivation, lacrimation, perspiration)
Eyes r-M (miosis, blurred vision)
GI tract r-M (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramp)
Respiratory tract r-M (bronchial, hypersecretion, brochoconstriction),
Bladder r-M (urinary frequency),
Cardiovasc system r-M (bradycardia, hypotension),
Cardiovasc system r-N (tachycardia, transient hypertension),
Skeletal muscle r-N (muscle fasciculation, twitching, weakness, etc),
CNS r-M and r-N (dizziness, lethargy, fatigue, headache, confusion, coma, etc).
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Symptoms of acute intoxication

30 60 minutes (after the insecticide enter into the body)
Maximal symptoms (2 8 hours after the insecticide enter into the body)

Headache, chest discomfort, tremor palpepra and tongue, blurred vision

Nausea, hypersecretion saliva and lacrima,

Vomiting, sweaty, fasciculation,

Diarrhea, miosis, dyspnea, convulsion, cardiac arrest.
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INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

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Therapy
Mild intoxication
Atropine 1 2 mg intravenous
Pralidoxim 2 mg intravenous

Emesis, gastric lavage and forced diuretics are not

effective
Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

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Therapy (in moderate to severe case)

Airway facilitation from mucous material,
Atropine injection intravenous 2 mg
repeat every 15 minutes until reverse of the symptoms,
pallor of the face become redness,
hypersalivation dry mouth,
bradycardia slight tachycardia (critical),
sweaty dry skin,

Cholinesterase reactivator oximes (pralidoxim etc.)

Ngatidjan

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

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ORGANOCHLORINE

LD-50 (mg/ kg) in rat

orally perdermally

- DDT (Diphendiphenyltrichlorethana)

217

2510

- Aldrien

25

98

- Dieldrin

18

18

- Heptachlor

100

195

- Chlordane

335

840

- Lindan

80

1.000

- Methoxychlor

5.000

7.000

Ngatidjan

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Organochlorine
active transport
(Na+ and K+ axon)

sensory and motor nerve

paraesthesia of tongue, lips and face
excitable, irritable, dizziness, disturbances on balancing
tremor, convulsion
tissue oxygenation
death
Ngatidjan

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Therapy of acute organochlorine acute intoxication

1. Facilitation of respiration
-

remove mucous from respiratory tract

oxygen

2. Antidote (nonspecific)
-

phenobarbital 100 200 mg (15 mg/kgBW) intramuscularly

diazepam 5 10 mg (0,3 mg/kgBW) intravenously

3. Gastric lavage
4. Laxant MgSO4
5. Adsorbent
Ngatidjan

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Organochlorine
and environment
Ngatidjan

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Organochlorine
difficult to be eliminated

spontaneous decomposition

(t1/2 335 days)

(t1/2 6 months)

deposition
in adipose tissue
pollutes of food chain

BIOMAGNIFICATION
Ngatidjan

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bird
(10 ppm)

river fish

sea fish

(2 ppm)

(0,5 ppm)

river, lake and sea plant

(0,01 ppm)

plan water
(0,00001 ppm)
Ngatidjan

river, lake and sea plant

(0,1 ppm)

plankton
(0,05 ppm)

sea water
(0,000001 ppm)
INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

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Organochlorine
insecticides
now is prohibited
Ngatidjan

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Pyrethroids pyrethrum
Allethrin
Resmethrin
Phenothrin
Deltamethrin
Cypermethrin
Cyhalothrin
Ngatidjan

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Neonicotinoids
Imidacloprid
Acetamiprid

Thiacloprid
Nitenpyram
l-Nicotine
Ngatidjan

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TOXIN
(PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN)

Ngatidjan

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TOXIN PLANT ORIGIN

Cyanide Casava, etc.
Muscarine Amanita muscaria

Phalotidine Amanita phaloides

Antimuscarinics Datura Sp

Etc
Ngatidjan

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Emetics

Family Amaryllidaceae in open space yard

Elicits vomitus

Mild vomitus severe vomitus

Last until 24 hours

Therapy : symptomatic (phenothiazine)

May stimulates CTZ

Ngatidjan

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Diarrhea
Traditionally for cathartics
Anthraquinone derivatives
Plant consists of saponins
Phytolacta americana, horse chestnut fruit, Hedera helix
leaf, seed of Pachyrhizus erosus, etc.
Unabsorbed, may cause gastroenteritis

Cause gastroenteritis (Ricinus communis)

May cause chest pain, hypersalivation, emesis,

colic abdomen

Ngatidjan

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Antimuscarinics
Datura stramonium (kecubung)
Brogmansia spp. (angel trumpets)
Consists of belladonna alkaloids
Seed and dry leaf may cause delirium
Effect : dry mouth, dysphonia, dysphagia, tachycardia, dryskin, pyraxia, blurred vision, mydriasis, delirium.
Ngatidjan

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Amanita muscaria

Papaver somniferum
30

Animal Venoms
Snake
Insects

Bee
Scorpion
Spider
31

RACUN IKAN, KATAK DSB.

Toksin (small molecule)

Sumber

Mekanisme aksi
+

Tetrodotoxin

Puffer fish, octopus, salamander

Na channel blockers

Saxitoxin

Shellfish contaminated with

Na channel blockers

dinoflagellates
Ciguatoxin

Large tropical fish contaminated

Actin on Na channels

with dinoflagellates
Cardiac glycosides

Toad skin

ATP-ase inhibitor

Batrachotoxin

Frog skin

Na channel activator

Domoic toxin

Shellfish muscle

CNS toxin

Palytoxin

Sea anemone

Ionophores

Ngatidjan

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BISA ULAR.
Toksin
(protein and polypeptides)

Sumber

Mekanisme aksi

-bungarotoxin

Elapid snake,(kraits)

Nicotinic recetor blockers

-bubgarotoxin

Elapid snake (kraits)

Presynaptic cholinergic nerve

-canotoxin

Coneshells

-canotoxin

Coneshells

Skeletal muscle Na+ channel blocker

-canotoxin

Coneshells

N-type Ca

Cardiotoxin

Elapid snakes

Direct acting cardiotoxin

phospholipases

Many snakes

Cell membrane destruction

Ngatidjan

2+

INSECTICIDES ETC - 2016

antagonist

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Racun (bisa) Ular

Terdiri atas (campuran) :
protein terutama enzim (> 25 macam)

peptida atau polipeptida

substansi (zat) anorganis Na, Ca, K, Mg (sedikit
Zn, Fe, Co, Mn, Ni
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Racun (bisa) Ular

Enzim yang ada : proteolitik
arginine like hydrolase
thrombine like enzyme
hyaluronidase
fosfolipase
asetilkolinesterase

fosfodiesterase
dsb.
Ngatidjan

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Racun (bisa) Ular

Kegunaan zat-zat itu bagi ular (dalam bisa) :
immobilisasi mangsa
membunuh mangsa
mencerna (pendahuluan) mangsa

bersifat neurotoksik
bersifat digestive
hemotoksik.
Ngatidjan

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Therapy of snake bite

it is an emergency case, local and systemic

facilitate respiratory tract

coagulopathy : give antivenin
hypotension : give intravenous electrolyte
give antidote (specific antivenin)
decontamination : clean and wash wound using soap, immobilization of
bitten area i.e. limb, do not apply tourniquet, suck bitten wound before 15 minutes,
do not do excision of wound.
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Ngatidjan

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