SVC and STATCOM Application in Electric Arc

Furnace Efficiency Improvement

Mahsa Ghapandar Kashani
Dept. of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
North Carolina State University
mghapan@ncsu.edu

Subhashish Bhattacharya
Dept. of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
North Carolina State University
sbhatta4@ncsu.edu

Saman Babaei
Dept. of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
North Carolina State University
sbabaei@ncsu.edu

Abstract Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) are high power

industrial loads which cause power quality problems at all
voltage levels due to their unbalanced and nonlinear
characteristics. The rapid, stochastic large swings in real and
reactive power required by the arc furnace causes voltage drops,
rapid voltage variation and distortion across the ac supply
network. These voltage drops and fluctuations not only have
negative impact on the power system quality and other loads, but
also have an effect on the arc furnace operation, power output
and efficiency. Hence, some sort of reactive compensation is
required to limit the voltage disturbances injected by arc furnace
into the electric power system. In this paper, an accurate electric
arc furnace model, whose parameters have been set according to
a 80 MVA actual arc furnace, is studied. A Static VAR
Compensator (SVC) is simulated in PSCad and Real Time
Digital Simulation (RTDS)/RSCAD platform for the purpose of
comparison of voltage regulation at EAF bus. It is shown that the
SVC mitigates the reactive power fluctuations in addition to
providing the fundamental reactive power, and regulates the
Point of Common Coupling (PCC) bus voltage precisely during
the arc furnace operation. To verify the PSCad simulation results
and make a comparison, a real time simulation study based on
Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS)/RSCAD platform has been
performed in this case. On the other hand, a 80 MVA static
synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is simulated in PSCad. It
is illustrated that the SVC is inherently limited in its ability to
respond rapidly to the fluctuating arc furnace load. It is found
that the transient performance of the EAF voltage in case which
equipped with the STATCOM is better than the case equipped
with SVC. It is also demonstrated that although the voltage
regulation by the SVC compensates a portion of the reactive
power fluctuation, it is completely unable to supply any portion
of the fluctuating real power drawn by the arc furnace, while the
STATCOM can supply those components of active and reactive
power fluctuation. The STATCOM will not normally have a
source of real power connected to its DC terminals. It is therefore
unable to supply sustained real power or real power fluctuations.
With suitable choice of DC capacitor, however, it is capable of
supplying in large part the fluctuating real power requirement of
the furnace.
KeywordsElectric Arc Furnace (EAF), Static
Compensator (SVC), SATACOM, voltage regulation
reactive power compensation

VAR
and

I.

INTRODUCTION

The electric arc furnace presents a complex and large load in a

power grid, which has unbalanced, non-linear, and timevarying characteristics with a strongly fluctuating consumption
of reactive and real power. [1]. Since the electric arc furnace
does not have any built-in compensation for controlling voltage
variations like an electrical motor or drive system, which
consumes more current when voltage decreases in order to
maintain the same torque, the power input to the furnace is
very sensitive to voltage variations [2]. The inductive VARs
drawn by the furnace has a major impact on the feeding voltage
and creates a voltage drop at the primary side of the arc furnace
transformer during its operation. This reduces the active power
to the arc furnace and also to the other loads connected to the
same feeding bus bar. Thus, efficient operation of an electric
arc furnace requires the voltage to be kept high and stable. This
paper specifically studies the effect of SVC and STATCOM
voltage regulation on the EAF operation, voltage regulation
and efficiency improvement, and on the other hand studies the
limitation of the SVC ability in compensating the active/real
and reactive power fluctuation. In this work, an accurate model
which takes into account the stochastic and chaotic
characteristics of an electric arc furnace is used. All the
parameters of this model have been set according to an
80MVA actual EAF. An actual SVC system model and a 80
MVA STATCOM are simulated separately in PSCad as
compensators of reactive power required for the EAF. The rest
of this paper is organized as follow: section II, presents the
EAF model and its PSCad operation results. Section III,
describes the AC system
supplying the EAF. The
characteristic of the SVC which is used for maintaining the
EAF voltage in the acceptable operating range has been
presented in section IV. STATCOM characteristics is
presented in section V. PSCad simulation results of EAF
operation with and without SVC and STATCOM under
different conditions are presented in section VI., Section VII is
illustrating the RTDS results. Finally section VIII draws the
conclusion of this study.
II.

ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE MODEL

Since the arc melting process is a stochastic process, making an

exact model for an electric arc furnace is a difficult process.

1.5

0.8

0.6

0.4
EAF 3-phase voltage (pu)

EAF voltage (pu)

0.5

-0.5

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-1
-0.6

-1.5
-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0
EAF Current (pu)

0.5

1.5

-0.8
0.175

0.18

0.185

0.19

0.195

0.2

0.205

Time(sec)

Fig.1.

Electric arc furnace voltage versus current

Fig.2.

Electric arc furnace 3-phase voltages without addition of

Gaussian noise to the model

0.8

EAF Voltage (pu)

EAF current (pu)

0.6

1.5
1
Voltage(pu)/Current(pu)

EAF 3-phase voltage (pu)

0.4

0.2

-0.2

0.5
0
-0.5

-0.4

-1

-0.6

-1.5
-2

-0.8
8.36

8.365

8.37

8.375

8.38

8.385

8.39

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

Fig.3.

Electric arc furnace 3-phase voltages with addition of Gaussian

noise to the model

1.5

Fig.4.

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

Electric arc furnace voltage and current versus time without

addition of Gaussian noise to the model

EAF Voltage (pu)

EAF Current (pu)

Table 1.EAF model parameters

Voltage/Current (pu)

0.15
Time (sec)

Time (se c)

0.5

PhaseA

-0.5

-1

-1.5
1.05

1.06

1.07

1.08

1.09

1.1

1.11

1.12

1.13

Time(sec)

Fig.5.

2
3500
2
12.5

PhaseC

2
3500
2
12.5

2
3500
2
12.5

Electric arc furnace voltage and current with addition of

Gaussian noise to the model

In this regard, numerous models have been presented to

describe the arc furnace [3]-[13]. Each of the referenced
models produces results that are valuable under selected study
conditions. In this work, an accurate model which has been
presented in [14] is used. This model is designed as a custom
component for use with the PSCad modeling software. The
model is single-phase, which can be used in any configuration
so that unbalanced situations can be easily simulated. The
method used in this model is the Modified Euler Method, also
known as Heuns Method. The equations presented for the
electric arc are as follows: [14]
.

n
k1
k2
k3

PhaseB

. .

(1)

(2)

where: k1,k2 ,k3 ,m, n are model constants, r is arc radius in

centimeters, i is current through the arc in Amperes, and v is
voltage across the arc in Volts.
The inputs to the model are these five basic values used in the
equations (k1,k2 ,k3 ,m, n). The outputs from the model are the
arc voltage and current. The value of each input is assigned
such that the desired output can be obtained [14]. The model
parameters have been set in such a way that EAF generates the
80 MVA arc power that perfectly matches with real EAF used

in this study. The model parameters used in this study are

presented in Table.1. There is an additional capability of
adding Gaussian noise to the model. The noise is added as a
variation to the arc radius [14]. Fig.1-Fig.5, illustrate the
operation of this EAF model with and without adding Gaussian
noise.
III.

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The single line diagram of the system is shown in Fig.6. In

this model all the values and parameters have been selected
according to an actual plant which has a 100-ton furnace with a
nominal rating of 80 MVA. This plant is supplied with a 138
kV transmission line. A step-down transformer (138/15.24 kV)
feeding the furnace transformer at approximately 15 kV. For
many years a conventional SVC was used for power factor
correction and voltage regulation of this plant. The 80 MVA
compensator is connected to the 15 kV furnace bus with a
shunt coupling transformer. There is a fixed 60 MVA AC
capacitor bank in conjunction with this compensator [1].

Fig.6.

Single Line Diagram of the System

KI
S

Fig.7.

I.

Single Line Diagram of the SVC

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR ANALYSIS

The SVC is a mature and reliable technology, which has been

used predominantly in arc furnace and transmission
applications [15]. The huge amount of the reactive power
drawn by furnace leads to significant voltage drop at the
furnace transformer. The worst condition occurs when the
furnace electrodes are shorted. The purpose of the static VAR
compensator (SVC) is to supply capacitive VARs to offset the
inductive VARs drawn by the furnace system and, therefore, to
minimize the voltage drop on the system. The maximum useful
MVAR size of the SVC would generally be the maximum
VARs drawn by the furnace system [2]. In this work a 80
MVA closed-loop control system SVC with two Thyristor
Controlled Reactors (TCRs), and three Thyristor Switched
Capacitors (TSCs) is used. The simplified block diagram of the
SVC control structure is depicted in Fig.8. In this block
diagram the actual voltage signal (Vactual ) is the magnitude of
the 15.24kV bus voltage. This signal must be accurate,
insensitive to system harmonics and system frequency
deviations. The reference voltage (Vreference) is generated by
a ramp-function generator in the PSCad where the set points
are raised and lowered in steps. The slope of the steady-state
voltage/current characteristic is adjustable between 0.1% and
5% based on 80 MVAR. The voltage control regulates the
system voltage quickly and accurately. The PI-regulator output
signal represents the required SVC reactive power to correct
the voltage error signal V [16].

Fig.8.

II.

Simplified PI Controller Block Diagram

STATCOM ANALYSIS

The conventional SVC based compensator has inherently

some limitation, which restricts its ability to respond rapidly to
the fluctuating arc furnace load, so that the compensator is
completely unable to supply any portion of the fluctuating real
power drawn by the furnace. Real power fluctuation produces
phase angle variations at the bus voltage that do in fact
contribute to flicker. By appropriately controlling the
STATCOM voltage source, any desired current can be forced
to flow through the tie reactance. The voltage-source inverter
based STATCOM is appropriately designed with highbandwidth control capability, then it can be used to force threephase currents of arbitrary wave shape through the tieinductance into the power line. This unique capability makes
the STATCOM an ideal candidate for arc furnace
compensation. Connected to the ac supply bus for an arc
furnace, the STATCOM can thus be made to supply those
components of the arc furnace load comprising non-sinusoidal,
unbalanced, randomly fluctuating currents, in addition to the
fundamental reactive power. The STATCOM will normally not
have a source of real power connected to its DC terminals. It is
therefore unable to supply sustained real power or real power
fluctuations. With suitable choice of DC capacitor, however, it
is capable of supplying in large part the fluctuating real power
requirement of the furnace [1]. In this paper, a 80MVA
STATCOM is simulated as a compensator for the EAF system.

1.01

EAF active power (MW)

80

0.99

Capacitor Bank & SVC on

Actual Voltage (pu)

0.98

Cap1,2,3 on

0.97

75
Capacitor Bank on

70
Capacitor Bank
& SVC off

65

Capacitor Bank & SVC on

60
55

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Time (Sec)
EAF reactive power (MVAR)

0.96

Cap1,2 on

0.95

Cap1 on

Capacitor
Bank &
SVC off

0.94

0.93

0.92
0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

75
70

Capacitor Bank on

65

Capacitor Bank & SVC on

60

Capacitor Bank
& SVC off

55
50

0.2

Time (Sec)

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Time (Sec)

Fig.9.
Actual bus voltage in five different cases: 1-Capacitor bank and
SVC off 2- 20MVA capacitor 1 on. 3- Capacitor 1, 2 on.4- capacitors 1,
2, and 3 on.5-Capacitor bank and SVC on

Fig.10.

90

EAF active and reactive power in three different cases:

1- capacitor bank and SVC off. 2- Capacitor bank on.
3- Capacitor bank and SVC on.

80
60

SVC is off

80
Pac

Total active power of the System (Mw)

Total Ractive power of the System (Mvar)

60
Psystem-Qsystem

SVC is on

40

70

20
0
-20
-40
0.3

50

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.3

Time (Sec)

40

Capacitor Bank &

SVC off

30

40

SVC is off

Qac

Capacitor Bank on

Capacitor Bank & SVC on

10

0
-20

-40
0.3

-10
0.2

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

Time (Sec)

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2
Time (Sec)

1.4

1.6

1.8

Fig.11.
Total active power of the AC-system is increased by the SVC.
Total reactive power of the AC-system is compensated by the SVC.

Fig.12.

Active and Reactive power fluctuation seen by the AC-system

due to EAF operation

80

1.01

EAF Active Power (MW)

Capacitor Bank & STATCOM on

0.99

0.98

75

Capacitor Bank on

70

65

Capacitor Bank & STATCOM on

Capacitor Bank
& STATCOM off

60

0.97

Cap 1,2,3 on

55
0.2

0.96

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

Time (Sec)
80

0.95
EAF Reactive Power (MVAR)

Actual Voltage (pu)

SVC is on

20

20

Cap 1,2 on
0.94

Cap 1 on
0.93

Capacitor Bank
& STATCOM off
0.92

0.91

0.5

1.5

75
70
65
60

Capacitor Bank on
Capacitor Bank & STATCOM on

50
45
40
0.2

2.5

Capacitor Bank
& STATCOM off

55

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time (Sec)

Fig.13.

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

Fig.14.
EAF active and reactive power in three different cases:
1- capacitor bank and STATCOM off. 2- Capacitor bank on.
3- Capacitor bank and the STATCOM on.
60

100

P ac

40

80

Total active power of the System (Mw)

Total Ractive power of the System (Mvar)

60

STATCOM is on

STATCOM is off

20
0
-20
-40
3.5

4.5

5.5

Time (sec)

Capacitor Bank on
40
Capacitor Bank
& STATCOM off

60

Capacitor Bank & STATCOM on

40

STATCOM is off

STATCOM is on

20

20

Q ac

P syste m -Q syste m

Time (Sec)

Actual bus voltage in five different cases: 1-Capacitor bank and

STATCOM off 2- 20MVA capacitor 1 on. 3- Capacitor 1, 2 on.
4-capacitors 1,2, and 3 on.5-Capacitor bank and STATCOM on

0
-20

-40
-60
3.5

-20
0.2

4.5

5.5

Time (sec)

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2
Time (Sec)

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

Fig.15.
Total active power of the AC-system is increased by the
STATCOM. Total reactive power of the AC- system is compensated by
the STATCOM.

Fig.16.

Active and Reactive power fluctuation seen by the AC-system

due to EAF operation

III.

SVC AND STATCOM SIMULATION RESULTS

As previously mentioned, the EAF causes voltage drops and

fluctuation across the AC supply network. This issue is
illustrated in Fig.9. When all the capacitor banks and SVC are
isolated from the circuit the RMS value of the bus voltage
measured from point B (Fig.6) is 0.91pu, which is considerably
low. This voltage drop reduces the active power to the arc
furnace as well as the other loads connected to the same
feeding bus. By inserting the 60 MVA capacitor bank, this
voltage drop can be improved and the RMS value of the bus
voltage reaches to 0.95pu. However, with only capacitor
compensation, the system voltage is still far below the nominal
point. Having installed the SVC and setting the reference
voltage at 1pu, the bus voltage reaches to nominal system
voltage. These cases have also been studied with the
STATCOM, and the results are shown in Fig.13. The change in
active and reactive power consumption of the EAF
corresponding to these voltage changes is shown in Fig.10 and
Fig.14 for the SVC and STATCOM respectively. As it is
illustrated, this voltage regulation by the SVC and STATCOM
causes the EAF bus voltage to be 1.0 pu. The higher voltage
level at the furnace bus gives higher active/real power to the
furnace, which enables benefits such as shorter melting time,
reduced energy losses, reduced electrode consumption and
lower plant losses [17]. Reactive power support functionality
of the SVC and STATCOM decrease the utility reactive power
injection dramatically. Fig.11 and Fig.15 show the trend of
total active and reactive power provided by the AC-system at
point A (Point A is shown in Fig.6). As it is demonstrated
when the SVC or STATCOM is on, the reactive power
exchange between EAF and the utility is decreased.
It is important to notice that fluctuations of the EAF reactive
power decrease after installing the SVC. This compensation of
EAF reactive power fluctuations has been illustrated in Fig.12.
Although the voltage regulation by the SVC compensate
considerable portion of the reactive power fluctuations, it is
completely unable to supply any portion of the fluctuating real
power drawn by the arc furnace. This fact is also shown in
Fig.12. By connecting the STATCOM to the ac supply bus, it
can supply those components of the arc furnace load
comprising non-sinusoidal, unbalanced, randomly fluctuating
currents, in addition to the fundamental reactive power. As it is
illustrated in Fig.16, the significant portion of the fluctuating
real and reactive power is compensated by the STATCOM.
With suitable choice of DC capacitor, the STATCOM is
capable of supplying in large part the fluctuating real power
requirement of the furnace. This is something that is
fundamentally not possible with an SVC.
IV.

Fig.22 shows how the voltage controller regulates the system

voltage quickly and accurately such that the actual voltage of
the bus follows the reference voltage precisely when the
reference changes from 0.98 to1.02 pu.
The change in active power consumption of the EAF when the
SVC is Off and On is shown in Fig.23. As it is illustrated, this
voltage regulation by the SVC causes the EAF bus voltage to
be 1.0 pu. The higher voltage level at the furnace bus gives
higher active/real power to the furnace, which enables benefits
such as shorter melting time, reduced energy losses, reduced
electrode consumption and lower plant losses [17].
Earca vs Iarc

-1

-2
-1

-0.5

Fig.17.

Electric arc furnace voltage versus current

Earca

0.5

Earcb

Earcc

0.5

-0.5

-1
0.19152

0.20057

Fig.18.

0.20961

0.21866

0.22771

0.23675

0.2458

Electric arc furnace voltage versus time

IL2EAFC

IL2EAFA

IL2EAFB

-1

REAL TIME DIGITAL SIMULATION (RTDS) RESULTS

To verify the PSCAD simulation results and make a

comparison, a real time simulation study based on Real Time
Digital Simulation (RTDS)/RSCAD platform has been
performed. Fig.17-Fig.19, illustrate the operation of this EAF
model without adding Gaussian noise.

-2
0.20393

0.21375

Fig.19.

0.22356

0.23338

0.2432

0.25302

Electric arc furnace current versus time

0.2628

TCR1a

TCR1b

TCR1c

TSC1a

TSC1b

TSC1c

TSC2a

TSC2b

TSC2c

TSC3a

TSC3b

TSC3c

2
1

0
0

-1
-2

-2

2
-4
TCR2a

TCR2b

TCR2c

0.003

0.002

-1

0.001

-2

0.004

-0.001

0.002

-0.002

-0.003
2.53815

2.54244

2.54672

2.55101

2.5553

2.55959

2.563

-0.002
-0.004
2.68565

Fig.20.

TCR1 & TCR2 Current. TCR1 is on and TCR2 is off

Vact Vref

2.69027

Fig.21.

2.6949

2.69953

2.70415

2.70878

2.71341

TSC1, TSC2, TSC3 Current. TSC1,2 on and TSC3 off

Parc

80

1.04
75

1.02
70

1
65

0.98
SVC is off

60

SVC is on

0.96
55

0.94
50

0.6

0.8

Fig.22.

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.2

Actual and reference bus voltage

V.

CONCLUSION

Electric Arc Furnaces are high power industrial loads which

causes power quality problems at all voltage levels due to their
unbalanced and nonlinear characteristics. The rapid, stochastic
large swings in real and reactive power required by the arc
furnaces causes voltage drops, rapid voltage variation and
distortion across the AC supply network. This voltage drop
significantly decreases the EAF efficiency. This paper
specifically studied the voltage regulation issues of the ACsystem connected to the EAF, and on the other hand studies the
limitation of its ability in compensating the active and reactive
power fluctuation. In this paper, an accurate electric arc
furnace model, whose parameters have been set according to
an 80 MVA actual arc furnace, was studied. A SVC was
simulated in PSCad and Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS)
for the purpose of voltage regulation of the EAF bus. It was
shown that the SVC controller regulates the PCC bus voltage
precisely during the arc furnace operation, and this voltage
regulation improves the productivity and efficiency of the
electric arc furnace, while it is completely incapable to
compensate real power fluctuation which contributes to flicker.
Also by modeling a 80 MVA STATCOM in the PSCad, it was
shown that the STATCOM can also supply fluctuation
components of the active and reactive power. The STATCOM
will normally not have a source of real power connected to its
DC terminals. It is therefore unable to supply sustained real
power or real power fluctuations.

Fig.23.

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

EAF active power in two different cases: 1- SVC is off. 2- SVC is

on

With suitable choice of DC capacitor, however, it is capable of

supplying in large part the fluctuating real power requirement
of the furnace [1]. This capability makes the STATCOM an
ideal candidate for the voltage regulation at EAF bus.
VI.

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