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1. INTRODUCTION
The standard of living of a given country can be directly related to per capita energy
consumption. The per capita energy consumption is a measure of the prosperity of the
nation. Solar energy has the greatest potential of all the resources of renewable energy
and it is the most important supplies of energy especially when the other sources in
the country have depleted [1].
Therefore, the research need to be carried out to increase the efficiency of PV
power generation and to minimize the system cost. In this regard the inverters used to
convert power from DC to AC in solar power generation is having a very important
role to mitigate the problem of non sinusoidal output, high THD, high switching stress
and more number of switches. Multilevel inverters are the most promising in
overcoming the above problems. The advantages of MLI are:
Multilevel converters not only can generate the output voltages with very low
distortions, but also can reduce the dv/dt stresses.
Multilevel converters can draw input current with low distortion.
They can operate at both fundamental switching frequency and high switching
frequency PWM.
MLI topologies are classified into 3 types: Diode clamped inverters, Flying
capacitor inverters and Cascaded inverters [2].
In first two types for high levels, more number of diodes and capacitors are
required respectively so hence, the circuit will be bulky. And these two topologies
suits for single DC source input.
For a solar PV application CHBMLI are best suitable as it requires separate DC
sources for the real power conversion. From [2] [3] [4] and [5] CHBMLI is the best
suitable for solar PV application. The advantages of CHBMLI are:
CHBMLI uses less number of components compare to first two topology of MLI
No need of extra diodes and capacitors.
No voltage unbalancing problem compared to other two topology.
It has modular structure.
The transformers can be eliminated and this helps in enhancing the efficiency and
cost effectiveness.
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Level shifted PWM (LSPWM): Depending on the phase relation between the
individual carriers, there are three variants in LSPWM: Alternative Phase Opposition
Disposition (APOD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) and Phase Disposition
(PD) [8].
The unequal device conduction periods of the LSPWM technique has resulted as
main disadvantage particularly, in photovoltaic power generation. To overcome this
problem many techniques are discussed in literature [8]-[12].
In this paper, a MMCPWM technique is proposed, where in, the conventional sine
wave reference is been replaced by an ellipse wave. The simulation was carried out
for MCPWM and MMCPWM techniques on single phase 5-level CHBMLI. It is
found that, for the same CHBMLI, the overall performance of MMCPWM techniques
is superior compared to conventional MCPWM techniques, in terms of fundamental
output voltage and total harmonic distortions.
(1)
Table I shows the switching sequence of devices and the respective output
voltages.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1 a) 5-Level CHBMLI b) Output Voltage Waveform
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S1, S2
+Vdc
S1,S2,S5, S6
+2Vdc
S4,S2,S8,S6
S3,S4
-Vdc
S3,S4,S7,S8
-2Vdc
(3)
(for PSPWM)
(4)
The different types of MCPWM techniques are presented in [7] - [11]. Comparing
them [7]-[12] for suitability with CHBMLI, the following are considered for the
analysis:
PSPWM: The carriers are phase shifted by 360/(n-1), where n is the output levels in
the MLI. For a 5 level-CHBMLI, the four carriers are phase shifted by 90 each and
compared with reference wave having a frequency of fundamental output voltage.
PDPWM: The (n-1) carriers of equal amplitude and frequency are in phase but
shifted vertically for n-level MLI. For 5-level- CHBMLI, four carriers are vertically
shifted and they will be in phase.
APODPWM: Similar to PDPWM, but the (n-1) carriers are phase displaced from
another by 180 alternatively.
(5)
Where in the (5), amp is the amplitude and f is the frequency of the sine wave.
In the proposed MMCPWM modulation technique, the ellipse wave is compared
with carrier wave. The expressions used to generate the ellipse wave are given by:
X= x(i) + a * cos(t)
(6)
(7)
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Where in the (6) and (7), a is the radius of the ellipse which gives the frequency
term and amp is the amplitude of the ellipse wave.
Fig. 2 shows the comparison between the sine and ellipse wave with same
amplitude and frequency. The shape of the ellipse towards the peaks is wider than
sine, resulting in cutting more carrier waves. This increases the width of switching
pulses in the upper and lower peak of the output voltages, in turn reducing THD and
enhancing the rms of the fundamental output voltage. The improvement of output
voltage is achieved without entering the over modulation range.
(a)
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(b)
Figure 3 Comparison of Sine and Ellipse wave for 5- level CHBMLI a) for PDPWM
technique b) for PSPWM technique
(a)
(b)
Figure 4 PDPWM Switching pulses for 5-level CHBMLI with a) Sine wave as
reference b) Ellipse wave as reference
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the PWM techniques were simulated with Sine as reference wave having a frequency
of 50Hz. Carrier frequency was set for 1350Hz, keeping Mf = 27. PSPWM gives
better performance compared to PDPWM and APODPWM technique. The analysis
for %THD is noted by varying the modulation indices from 0.6 to 1.
Values
DC Voltage, Vdc
115V
50Hz
Carrier frequency
1350Hz
100 and 5mH
RL-Load
Filter inductance
50mH
Filter capacitance
40F
The proposed MMCPWM technique was verified by replacing the reference sine
wave to ellipse wave. In all the cases, the proposed MMCPWM result in enhanced
output voltage as it produces more switching pulse width at both the peak of output
voltage. Even the total harmonic distortion has reduced comparatively. The output
voltages were compared without load and with RL-load for PDPWM technique for
both sine and ellipse as reference on a single window as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. It
shows that the MMCPWM technique produces more peak output voltage compare to
MCPWM technique. Henceforth the RMS output voltage is comparatively more in
proposed technique.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 6 a) No-Load output Voltage of 5-level- CHBMLI with MCPWM and
MMCPWM in a single scope b) Comparison of output voltages for a single cycle
showing the more output width of the MMCPWM
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(a)
(b)
Figure 8 CHBMLI No-Load Output Voltage waveform with Ellipse reference for
a) PDPWM technique b) PSPWM technique
Figure 9 Output Voltage and Current for PDPWM CHBMLI with Ellipse reference
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(a)
(b)
Figure 14 a) FFT List for Ellipse wave and b) FFT List for Sine wave for PSPWM
with ma = 0.8
The simulated fundamental RMS output voltage and % THD for different
modulation indices has been tabulated in Table III. The proposed MMCPWM
technique have improved performance in all the types of PWM techniques compare to
MCPWM technique. For PSPWM of MCPWM technique at ma = 1, %THD is low. In
MMCPWM technique the %THD is not increasing much with reduction in
modulation indices, which shows the superior performance of the proposed technique.
MMCPWM APOD technique have much reduced harmonics compare to MCPWM
APOD. The fundamental RMS output voltage is enhanced in all types of MMCPWM
technique. Fig.15-18 shows the graph plot for fundamental output voltage against
modulation indices in PS and PDPWM technique, where, it shows the excellent
performance of the proposed MMCPWM technique.
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FIVE
LEVEL
SINE WAVE
(MCPWM)
Output
%
Voltage
THD
147.4
13.08
102.8
14.68
56.81
17.5
13.18
12.01
144.8
8.55
101.4
11.36
56.85
15.04
20.74
18.87
146.6
15.43
102.2
17.02
56.52
19.53
13.15
14.6
Ma
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
PD
PWM
PS
PWM
APOD
PWM
ELLIPSE WAVE
(MMCPWM)
Output
%
Voltage
THD
163.3
10.65
114.2
11.39
64.21
11.65
16.32
5.66
163.2
10.39
113.8
9.93
64.03
9.87
23.95
11.76
163.4
11.01
114.3
11.15
63.97
11.16
15.72
5.64
200
20
150
15
100
%THD
Sine
Ellipse
50
Sine 5level
10
Ellipse 5
level
0
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
Ma
Ma
20
200
15
150
100
%THD
Sine
50
Ellipse
Ellipse 5
level
Ma
Ma
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Sine 5level
10
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4. CONCLUSION
This paper investigates the performance analysis of three MCPWM and MMCPWM
techniques namely PSPWM, APODPWM and PDPWM for single phase 5-level
CHBMLI. The performance evaluation is carried out in terms of RMS output voltage
and %THD. Control strategy was first verified for its functioning on
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. It is found that for the same circuit parameters, the
overall performance of MMCPWM is superior to that MCPWM technique as it is
producing more fundamental RMS output voltage and hence increasing the DC bus
utilization and reducing %THD. Further, a suitable technique may be developed to
improve the performance with respect to %THD by eliminating third harmonic
component. Hence the proposed MMCPWM technique is a most promising technique
to improve the performance of a CHBMLI for a PV Power generation in renewable
energy source.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
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[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
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