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VOLUME
19
ISSUE
MARCH/APRIL 2016
Indias Massive
Renewable
Goals
Are they attainable?
Solar:
Wind:
Waste:
Geothermal:
Why CSP is
flourishing in
Africa and the
Middle East.
Innovations to
capture even more
wind energy.
Turning trash
into renewable
energy treasure.
How do you
finance exploration
and drilling?
p. 21
p. 26
p. 43
p. 39
T H E P R E M I E R N E W Y O R K S TAT E E N E R G Y C O N F E R E N C E
Meet and Network with the Energy Sectors Most Influential Leaders
April 20, 21 & 22, 2016 at Jacob Javits Convention Center, New York City
Advanced Energy 2016 offers a unique opportunity for researchers, educators, executives, financers and policy makers from every
area of the energy industry to exchange ideas, explore collaborations, and find inspiration in a truly synergistic environment.
In brief, it is the one place to be for any individual or business involved in the growth and evolution of energy in America.
32 Individual sessions covering all facets of advanced energy, technologies and deployments
Richard Kauffman
Chairman of Energy &
Finance, NYS
OPENING KEYNOTE
Gil Quiniones
President & CEO, NYPA
Plenary: The Future of
Transmission
KEYNOTE
KEYNOTE
Director, ARPA - E
Managing Director
Lockheed Martin Energy
For information about Sponsoring, Exhibiting or Registration, call Kathleen Ferrell at 631.216.7114 aertc.org/conference2016
contents
BIOENERGY
The discarded
bits of leeks help
provide power
to a UK farm.
43
features
21
SOLAR
12
26
WIND
31
STORAGE
The Technology
Behind Liquid Air
Energy Storage
Susan Kraemer
Ray Pelosi
Austen Adams
ON THE COVER
Our big question is our
cover story this issue.
How Will India Meets
its Massive Renewable
Energy Goals?
Credit: Shutterstock.
RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD MAGAZINE
MARCH/APRIL 2016
No Boundaries
When it comes to deep-cycle batteries, no one goes
to the extremes of performance like Trojan Battery
Company. Our full line of deep-cycle flooded, AGM
and gel batteries are ideal for all of your energy
storage needs.
Remote
Telecom
Inverter
Backup
Off-Grid Solar
Mini-Grids
C-MAX
TECHNOLOGY
features
departments & columns
39
43
Editors Letter
GEOTHERMAL
NEW
12
Money Problems
Regional News
48 Resources
48 Ad Index
49 Last Word
36 Data Points
European Energy Stakeholders
Rank Important Issues
On RenewableEnergyWorld.com
BIOENERGY
MARCH/APRIL 2016
TH 214-150750
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MARCH/APRIL 2016 5
REGIONAL
news
NORTH AMERICA
Mexicos
Wind Speeds
Below Average,
Vaisala Says
Many regions of Mexico experi-
regulation of geothermal
protect residents.
MARCH/APRIL 2016
EUROPE
UK Government to Review
Tidal Lagoon Energy
The U.K. government on Feb. 10 said it has commissioned an independent review into the feasibility and practicability of tidal lagoon
energy in the U.K.
The Department of Energy & Climate Change said in a statement
that the review will begin in the spring, and that it expects the proposed developers of the Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon project, and other
industry stakeholders to take part in the review.
In a statement, Keith Clarke, chairman of Tidal Lagoon Swansea
Bay Plc, developer of the Swansea Bay project, welcomed the independent review, saying: In parallel to the review, we have been
as the pathfinder for this exciting new industry. This is particularly encouraging as it signals
the strength of our offer for Swansea Bay and our
future program of lagoons.
The Swansea Bay proposal includes an energygenerating lagoon with a 320 MW installed capacity and 14 hours of generation daily.
ElectraTherm Delivers
Second Biomass-fuel
Generator in UK
that Eaton will offer AES Advancion energy storage platform as part of Eatons grid-scale, inte-
Waste-to-heat power generation provider ElectraTherm said in February that it has shipped its Power+
generator 4400 to a chicken farm in the U.K.
Slated for a spring 2016 commissioning, the site
uses a combination of biomass and combined heat
and power (CHP) technology, and is the second
Power+ installation in the country.
According to ElectraTherm, its generator uses
organic rankine cycle (ORC) and proprietary technologies to generate power from low-temperature
MARCH/APRIL 2016
REGIONAL
news
Altitec, Obelisk
Form Wind
Turbine Services
Joint Venture
ASIA-PACIFIC
closer to where its needed can provide more reliable and efficient
technicians to international
standards.
tives in Japan.
repair.
MARCH/APRIL 2016
Environment
New nuclear plants are necessary to lessen the worlds dependence on fossil fuels,
to meet the needs of both developed and expanding economies, and to slow the
amount of CO2 emitted into our environment. NuScale Power has developed a
clean, reliable, carbon-free Small Modular Reactor technology. It has the smallest
environmental footprint of the technologies available today generating electricity.
It will play a significant role in meeting future demand in the U.S. and other nations
as part of a diverse energy portfolio. Environment: The Element of Nu.
NuScale Power
@NuScale_Power
@NuScale_UK
2016 NuScale Power, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
nuscalepower.com
REGIONAL
news
According to Sunverge, it
LATIN AMERICA
Enel to Use
Bifacial Solar
Modules for
Project in Chile
Enel Green Power (EGP) plans to
vatory in Chile.
According to EGP, the proj-
Acciona. It is expect-
ed to be connected
mid-2017 at which
largest solar PV in
F5 fixedstructures,
the foundations
execution andthe
said that the project will cover about 280 hectares [691 acres] and
According to STI Norland, part of the energy for the facility will
be sold into the Central Interconnected System, and part will be
10
MARCH/APRIL 2016
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MARCH/APRIL 2016
MARCH/APRIL 2016
13
First and foremost, India needs to develop a secure and stable grid infrastructure, which in turn will create a reliable
environment for large-scale renewable energy deployment.
The immediate challenge is grid congestion and the grids
inability to off-take power from either rooftop or utilityscale solar power plants. This is expected to be an ongoing
Vikram Dileepan
challenge as more renewable energy is generated and the
Co-founder and
demand for power increases. Secondly, we need favorable
CEO, SolarTown
tax incentives for both individuals and corporates; extendEnergy Solutions
ing accelerated depreciation benefits would be a good start,
as well as an opportunity for individuals to claim income
tax benefits by investing in solar power. Third, and equally important, is the availability of low-cost debt funding for solar power plants,
which will accelerate the countrys efforts to reach its rooftop targets while
also making it cost competitive.
India has great potential to reach its renewable energy goals. The
key is to have a policy environment that supports a free power market that can compete on a national level. As the costs of renewable energy drop
and become highly attractive vs conventional energy, Indian IPPs should consider de-risking their investments by working with developers and OEMs at
the pre-development stage and move away from turnkey projects. This will
allow all stakeholders to perform at the highest levels of transparency and raise
the quality of projects in the future. Quality of credit could also be addressed
if there are equity investments from overseas markets where cost of capital
is lower than Indian capitals markets. Prime Minister Modi has made great
strides and the industry can support him by innovating on business models and
breaking through the ceiling of turnkey, FIT-based renewables marketplace.
14
MARCH/APRIL 2016
LEARN
SHOWCASE
your companys products
and services to the
Asian power generation
industry
EXPERIENCE
first-hand the latest
technology for the
Asian power generation
industry
8,000+ attendees
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and discover new solutions
Stay ahead of the competition,
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85% of exhibitors
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of establishing contacts for future sales and
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Official Publications
In order to realize the intended purpose of this massive RE capacity addition, the following factors needs to be addressed:
1. Where is the grid infrastructure? Equal attention must be paid to
strengthening of the transmission corridor and flexibility in transfer of power
from RE rich states to neighboring states /national grid.
2. Where do we have spinning reserve? It is high time that smart grid,
scheduling & forecasting of RE power as well demand forecast by the respective DISCOMs is implemented to ensure balance and a blend of conventional & RE power into the grid. Even at the present level of RE penetration RE
rich states like Tamilnadu, Rajasthan has been going through a forced curtailment of RE power during peak seasons. If that continues, it would start
churning out NPAs and in the process may turn out to a be non-preferred sector by investors & financial institutions in the long run. Therefor the creation
of adequate spinning reserve, R&D on storage technologies with a perspective on the massive RE capacity addition envisaged to address the inherent
16
MARCH/APRIL 2016
fluctuation/characteristics of RE Power.
3. Are supportive policies in place? Implementation of RPO, friendly policy
for transfer of RE power between states too are also the need of the hour for
sustained growth.
Equal attention must be given to rooftop systems in the domestic and commercial sector because self sufficiency by this sector would greatly reduce
the grid congestion and would offer the much needed flexibility in the march
towards higher RE penetration into the grid and to reach the targeted capacity addition. We need to keep in our mind that this sector contributes around
30-35 percent of Indias power demand and must have a greater role to play
in making Indias ambitious RE Target a reality.
www.ecolibriumsolar.com 740-249-1877
For more information, enter 8 at REW.hotims.com
to procure this power and also recover revenue from the end consumer.
Although the grid is quite strong, surely storage needs to play a significant
role in providing with a competitive LCOE to the DISCOMS.
In addition, other aspects of power evacuation and strengthening of the
southern grid with the rest of the India grid is the call of the moment. At the
end of the day, this gigantic goal can be achieved, but will require innovative
thinking and integration of technology to provide renewable power as prime
power at a competitive LCOE.
MARCH/APRIL 2016
To reach its goals, India needs some important things in place. First, there
needs to be policy certainty and stability that the investment community can
count on to make long-term investment plans. Even the government needs
to meet deadlines and drastically improve its competence when it comes to
execution, which will also boost investor confidence. The government must
fix the finances of utilities and improve their credit ratings, which will help
bring down borrowing costs and reduce risk. With solar auctions, cheapest
is not always the best. Auctions need to be structured to avoid extremely low,
unrealistic bids, which could lead to failed projects and, in turn, can have a
chilling effect on investments. Renewable Purchase obligations need to be
strictly enforced with penalties to get states moving. Lastly and most importantly, consumers need to be educated on the benefits of solar and renewable
energy sources in order for rooftop solar to take off.
India currently has some of the most polluted cities in the world, even
though it is still a relatively small economy with one of the lowest power consumptions per capita. Air pollution will only get worse without renewables.
Nowhere is it more urgent and renewables so important for the future of an
economy than in India.
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SOLAR
MARCH/APRIL 2016
21
solar
MARCH/APRIL 2016
solar
International Funding
International banking agencies, like the World Bank, OPIC, and
the Ex-Im, have prioritized powering Africa with renewables.
There is a lot of interest in funding into Africa, said Smith.
The key for them is finding good well-structured projects; weve
got a good relationship with both the IFC and OPIC.
Gigawatt Global COO Weldon Turner agreed, saying that as
long as a developer can put together a good financeable project,
there is more money chasing projects in African countries, than
projects seeking funding.
The largest energy importer in the MENA region is Morocco; dependent on imported fossil fuels. It plans 42 percent
solar by 2020.
Morocco just unveiled the first 160 MW of the planned 2-GW
Noor CSP complex at Ouarzazate that will be completed by 2020
at nearly 600 MW.
ACWA Power has begun Noor II and III. A new RFP in January
requests another 400 MW, combining PV and CSP with storage.
Morocco put together $3 billion to finance the 2-GW NoorOuarzazate complex with the World Bank, the Climate Investment Funds Clean Technology Fund, the African Development
Bank, and European financing institutions. Once complete,
MARCH/APRIL 2016
23
solar
240
220
CSP 250 MW
8h storage 2600 DNI
200
180
CCGT - Combined
Cycle Gas Turbine
160
140
120
PV utility
20 MW 2200 GHI
100
60
80
24
40
20
0
2010
2020
Wind on-shore
3000 full load hours
2025
2030
Source: Dii
WWW.POWER-GENINDIA.COM
ALL POWER:
NEW DELHI
INDIA
CLEANER
LEANER
GREENER
SHOWCASE
YOUR COMPANYS PRODUCTS AND SERVICES TO
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5,500
Attendees
Event Organizers:
200
Leading Exhibitors
20
Conference Sessions
75
Industry-leading
Speakers
WIND
Todd Griffith
shows a 50-meter
blade crosssection that could
be the basis for
50-MW offshore
wind installations.
Credit: Randy
Montoya/Sandia.
26
MARCH/APRIL 2016
MARCH/APRIL 2016
27
Wind
MARCH/APRIL 2016
The GE digital wind farm uses embedded turbine sensors that gather and
analyze data in real time on factors such as temperature, misalignments
or vibrations. Credit: GE.
START LEARNING!
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Wind
20 turbine configurations at
every wind farm pad for peak
power generation. Embedded
turbine sensors gather and
analyze data in real time on
factors such as temperature,
misalignments or vibrations
and relays it to advanced networks that make adjustments
to improve efficiency.
Its not just the turbine
thats getting smarter. NREL
is concentrating on what Daniel Laird, director of NRELs
National Wind Technology Center, calls high-fidelity simulation at the wind plant
level. This uses intelligent
plant-wide controls to operate
the plant as a whole system,
instead of on a turbine-by-turbine basis. If you can yaw a
turbine perhaps a degree or
two off of its default setting,
you could possibly steer the
wake, or turbulence, between
turbines in the next row within the plant rather than directly at another turbine, he said.
Your wind power generation
might decrease slightly for that
particular turbine, but you
may increase production of a
subsequent row in the plant.
NREL hopes to test the theory
on a commercial wind farm.
To better understand how
the wind is blowing for a
plant, DOE is trying to couple regional forecasting and
localized wind resource models. You would make the box
30
MARCH/APRIL 2016
bigger around the wind plant to really capture some of the interactions between the atmospheric boundary layer and the flow
through the wind plant, said Laird.
E N E RG Y S TO R AG E
MARCH/APRIL 2016
31
Development, at Highview
Power. Like all energy storage systems, the LAES system comprises three primary
processes: a charging system;
an energy store; and power
recovery. However, unlike
many other storage systems,
these can be scaled independently to optimize the system
for different applications.
Barnett said that the
technology turns air liquid
through refrigeration (down
to -196C) and storing the very
cold liquid in insulated vessels. When power is required,
liquid air is drawn from the
tanks and pumped to high
pressure, he said. Stored
heat from the air liquefier is
applied to the liquid air via
heat exchangers and an intermediate heat transfer fluid.
This produces a high-pressure gas that is then used to
drive the turbine and create
electricity. With 700 liters of
ambient air being reduced to
just one liter of liquid air, the
storage capacity this offers is
significant, representing GWh
of energy potential.
The technology is also able
to use waste heat and cold
from its own and other processes to enhance its efficiency. Matthew continued: During the discharge stage, very
cold air is exhausted and captured by a high-grade cold
store that can be used at a
32
MARCH/APRIL 2016
Storage vessels in
the demonstration
project are
nearly 12 and a
half meters tall,
three meters in
diameter, 13 mm
thick and have an
empty weight of
16,230 kg. Credit:
Highview Power.
E n E r g y S to r ag E
successfully connecting to
the UK grid and complying
with the necessary regulations and inspections.
Now showcasing the 5-MW
pre-commercial demonstration plant at Viridors land-
Proof of Concept
34
MARCH/APRIL 2016
E n E r g y S to r ag E
E U B CE 20 1 6
SOUTHEAST
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EUROPEAN ENERGY
STAKEHOLDERS
RANK THE ISSUES
<5 Years
Energy Storage
Offshore Wind
Solar PV
Onshore Wind
36
10
11
12
13
14
Smart Cities
15
16
17
Solar CSP
18
19
MARCH/APRIL 2016
5-20 Years
Energy Storage
Offshore Wind
Smart Cities
10
Solar PV
11
12
13
14
Onshore Wind
15
16
Solar CSP
17
18
19
http://www.powergeneurope.com/content/pge/en/index/power-gen-confidence-index.whitepaperpdf.render.pdf
DATA
Confidence
Index
DATA CREDIT:
CREDIT: POWER-GEN
POWER-G
GEN Europe
Europe C
onfid
dence In
nde x
RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD MAGAZINE
MARCH/APRIL 2016
37
CREATING POWER
Host Utility:
Supporting Association:
G E OT H E R M A L
geothermal development as a result of the high associated risk. Some companies may have access to public equity, and private equity investors could contribute capital with
a promise of a high return. The public sector, on the other
hand, is becoming a secure place for developers to access
funding through, for example, direct funding and loan guarantees. Government development agencies also are a strong
option in the current market.
There are some promising financing developments for
RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD MAGAZINE
MARCH/APRIL 2016
39
G e ot h e r m a l
the early stages of the project life cycle because public resources are starting to
amass to answer the necessity of participating in early-stage financing, Stephen Morel, climate finance
specialist, Overseas Private Investment Corporation
(OPIC), said.
According to Morel, finance
tools from development
finance institutions (DFIs),
such as OPIC, have evolved
to help drive more investment into geothermal, and a
lot more public programs are
now available as part of those
tools. OPIC is the U.S. governments sole DFI.
Morel said that national resources are changing.
For example, governments
around the world are demonstrating a stronger will to further geothermal development.
That has resulted in
resource mapping in countries where it didnt exist
before, as well as the availability of fields to private
developers, he said. There
are a lot of success stories now where public entities under government have
completed exploratory drilling and can offer opportunity from the wells to private
developers.
In addition, Morel has
seen an enhanced role by
public entities in providing
40
MARCH/APRIL 2016
G e ot h e r m a l
Promising Options
Morel said that the way the
market is adapting is forcing a dichotomy on the private side in that there are
now two types of developers: those that can fund a
project on balance sheet, but
also those developers who
have positioned themselves
to navigate public resources
Public-Private Partnerships
According to Pierre Audient senior energy economist at World
Bank Groups Energy Sector Management Assistance Program
(ESMAP), public-private partnerships (PPP) are a growing option
for supporting the risks of early-stage geothermal development.
World Bank in 2013 formed the Global Geothermal Development Plan, which has raised $250 million. ESMAP uses a portion of that funding to finance identification and preparation of
projects as well as other forms of technical assistance required
to structure geothermal advancements in countries. The funding
currently supports programs in seven countries.
PPPs can stimulate private developer funds and reduce the
risks taken on by government or a developer if either were to
develop a project on their own.
Audient said PPPs can take different forms. Under a tolling
agreement, for example, a public entity can develop and operate a steam field, and the steam field is later turned into a power
plant that is owned by a private developer. As an alternative, a
public entity and a private investor can create a joint venture.
Under the joint venture agreement, all aspects of a developed
project are co-owned and co-financed by the public entity and
private investor.
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MARCH/APRIL 2016
41
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Bioenergy
decompose. Thats where companies like EnviTec Biogas, a Germany company with a subsidiary in the UK comes in.
Allpress Farms grows leeks and onions for supermarkets plus
wheat, maize and sugar beets for various other uses. The family-owned farm employs about 100 people and is run by brothers
Nick and Patrick Allpress.
In 2014 the Allpress brothers created Horseway Energy as
a way to diversify revenue streams. Horseway
uses biogas technology to supply power to the
grid. The feedstock for the biogas is a 50-50 mix
of maize and waste from the leeks and onions.
EnviTec Biogas UK installed the 500-kW system, which today generates almost 12,000 kWh
of electricity each day. The digestate, which is the
leftover portion of the waste after it has been processed, goes back to the crops as fertilizer.
Nick Allpress said the total cost for the project
was 2.5 million [US $3.4m], which was financed
through personal loans and private equity. Allpress receives 3.8 to 4.3 pence [US $0.05 to 0.06]
from the grid for each kWh of energy he generates but the largest portion of the revenue from
The waste leeks and beets that are processed in the
the project comes from the feed-in tariff (FIT).
The FIT is a substantial contributor to the projanaerobic digestion takes at Allpress Farms. Credit:
ect income and is guaranteed at 14.63 pence [US
EnviTec Biogas UK.
44
MARCH/APRIL 2016
Bioenergy
Biogas UK.
MARCH/APRIL 2016
45
Bioenergy
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Elizabeth Ingram
is managing editor
of Hydro Review and
HRW-Hydro Review
Worldwide magazines
for PennWell Corp.
Hydropower worldwide
faces numerous challenges, and most of these cross
geographic boundaries.
These challenges can range from
opposition to new development from
environmental groups and local
stakeholders to the need for rehabilitation of aging facilities to the
importance of properly managing
cross-border water resources.
But the challenge I see the most:
Coming up with the money.
For example, very recently the
country of Georgia reached out to
its neighbor Iran to invest money
in the construction of hydroelectric plants. Only about 20 percent of
Georgias water supplies are used
to generate power, and more electricity is needed.
The money shortage is even a
problem for hydro projects under
construction. In Zimbabwe, work
halted on the 12-MW Tokwe-Mukosi
plant while the government sought to
raise $60 million needed to complete
the dam and pay contractors. This
isnt the first time work on this facility has been halted for financial reasons; it happened in 2008 as well.
There is money out there, as
recent transactions show. The World
Bank Group is providing a loan of US
$22.5 million to help Nepal implement its Power Sector Reform and
Sustainable Hydropower Project.
MARCH/APRIL 2016
47
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Renewable Energy World offers discounted solar industry reports by solar expert
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Energies35
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Africa 201638
C a lenda r
Energy Storage Association
Conference and Expo
25-27 April 2016
Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
NHA WATERPOWER WEEK
25-27 April 2016
Washington, DC, USA
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia
18 20 May 2016
New Delhi, India
AWEA WINDPOWER
23-26 May 2016
New Orleans, LA, USA
Intersolar Europe
22-24 June 2016
Munich, Germany
48
start ability. At present, they are the only available energy storage facilities that have undergone
large-scale technical testing, act as flexible loads
or generators in the grid, and make significant
contributions to grid stability and therefore security of energy supplies.
With the current state of technology, there is
only one possibility for achieving the flexibility
needed for todays grid in an economically viable, large-scale way: with the help of pumped
storage plants.
Last
the
WORD
Heike Bergmann
is a member of
the board of
management at Voith
Hydro responsible for
sales and marketing.
She began her career
in 1996 at ABB Calor
Emag Schaltanlagen
AG. After that, she
became a commercial
director at Areva
Energietechnik until
the company was
acquired by Alstom
Grid.
MARCH/APRIL 2016
49