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Nickel and Nickel Alloys

These groups of alloys are used for their outstanding corrosion and high temperature
resistance. Many are metallurgic ally related to the austenitic stainless steels but are much
more highly alloyed, particularly with nickel, chromium and molybdenum in order to enhance
their corrosion resistance. These alloys are used resist extremely corrosive conditions in the
energy, power, chemical and petrochemical industries.
The term super alloy is applied to alloys which have outstanding high temperature strength
and oxidation resistance. The nickel-based super alloys contain carefully balanced alloying
additions of chromium, cobalt, aluminum, titanium and other elements. Often components are
produced by carefully controlled solidification in order to get an optimum directionally
solidified or even single crystal structure. These components can have strengths at 1000C
which exceed that of ordinary steels at room temperature. They are essential in the hottest
parts of gas turbines both for power generation and aircraft.
These nickel chromium base alloys are used extensively in applications where heat resistance
and/or corrosion resistance is required. In some members of the group, where conditions are
less demanding, some nickel is replaced by iron to decrease the overall cost.
Metals fail at high temperatures by both oxidation (scaling) and through a loss in strength.
Alloys in this class are designed to resist failure from both of these mechanisms. Nickel alloys
are not suitable for high temperature sulphur rich environments.
Where corrosion resistance is significant, molybdenum is used as an alloying addition in nickel
chromium based alloys.

This group of alloys are frequently sold under trade name specifications but most are listed in
the Unified Numbering System. Common trade names are
HASTELLOY, INCOLOY, INCONEL, NICROFER, NICROM and NIMONIC.

The more recent nickel chromium base alloys in these groups also have a wide range
of ancillary elements added to give special properties - some of these can be quite
complicated and require very close control over composition and heat treatment
Table 1. Compositions of some common nickel alloys.
UNS No
Al
Cr
Co
Fe
Mo
Ni
16
57
N10276
15.5
5.5
N06600
15.5
N06625
21.5
N08800
N07718
0.5
21
19
N07090
1.5
19.5
46
18.5
Nb+Ta
Ti
3.8
76
9
61
3.6
32.5
52.5
5.1
16.5
60
2.5
Table 2. Typical properties of some common nickel alloys.

UNS No
Condition
UTS (MPa)
0.2 Proof Stress Elong. OnHardness (HB) 1000hr Ruptire

(MPa)
5cm (%)
750C (MPa)
N10276
Annealed
790
415
50
184
N/a
N06600
Annealed
550-690
210-430
55-35
120-170
38
N06625
Annealed
930
520
45
180
160
N08800
Annealed
520-690
210-410
60-30
120-184
70 (700C)
N07718
Age Hardened 1350
1180
17
382
170
Str.
This list is far from exhaustive and enquiries to nickel alloy manufacturers should be made for
specialized high temperature or corrosive situations.
All metals 'creep' under stress at high temperature and in their manufactured form,
components may deform. This deformation could cause failure. Nickel alloys have higher
strength and longer life at elevated temperature than most alloys. This makes them ideal for
such parts as blades and disks in gas turbine engines. The designer however, must determine
the expected life of each component and use the appropriate creep and rupture strength in the
design.
Applications and Characteristics of Nickel Alloys

Nickel and nickel alloys are used for a wide variety of applications, the majority of which involve
corrosion resistance and/or heat resistance. Some of these include:
Aircraft gas turbines

Steam turbine power plants
Medical applications
Nuclear power systems
Chemical and petrochemical industries

A number of other applications for nickel alloys involve the unique physical properties of
special-purpose nickel-base or high-nickel alloys. These include:
Low-expansion alloys
Electrical resistance alloys
Soft magnetic alloys
Shape memory alloys
Heat-Resistant Applications. Nickel-base alloys are used in many applications where they are
subjected to harsh environments at high temperatures. Nickel-chromium alloys or alloys that
contain more than about 15% Cr are used to provide both oxidation and carburization
resistance at temperatures exceeding 760C.
Corrosion Resistance. Nickel-base alloys offer excellent corrosion resistance to a wide range of
corrosive media. However, as with all types of corrosion, many factors influence the rate of
attack. The corrosive media itself is the most important factor governing corrosion of a
particular metal.
Low-Expansion Alloys. Nickel was found to have a profound effect on the thermal expansion of
iron. Alloys can be designed to have a very low thermal expansion or display uniform and
predictable expansion over certain temperature ranges.
Iron-36% Ni alloy (Invar) has the lowest expansion of the Fe-Ni alloys and maintains nearly
constant dimensions during normal variations in atmospheric temperature.
The addition of cobalt to the nickel-iron matrix produces alloys with a low coefficient of
expansion, a constant modulus of elasticity, and high strength.
Electrical Resistance Alloys. Several alloy systems based on nickel or containing high nickel
contents are used in instruments and control equipment to measure and regulate electrical
characteristics (resistance alloys) or are used in furnaces and appliances to generate heat
(heating alloys).
Types of resistance alloys containing nickel include:

Cu-Ni alloys containing 2 to 45% Ni

Ni-Cr-Al alloys containing 35 to 95% Ni
Ni-Cr-Fe alloys containing 35 to 60% Ni
Ni-Cr-Si alloys containing 70 to 80% Ni
Types of resistance heating alloys con-training nickel include:
Ni-Cr alloys containing 65 to 80% Ni with 1.5% Si
Ni-Cr-Fe alloys containing 35 to 70% Ni with 1.5% Si + l% Nb
Soft Magnetic Alloys. Two broad classes of magnetically soft materials have been developed in
the Fe-Ni system. The high-nickel alloys (about 79% Ni with 4 to 5% Mo; bal Fe) have high initial
permeability and low saturation induction.
Shape Memory Alloys. Metallic materials that demonstrate the ability to return to their
previously defined shape when subjected to the appropriate heating schedule are referred to
as shape memory alloys. Nickel-titanium alloys (50Ni-50Ti) are one of the few commercially
important shape memory alloys.
Commercial Nickel and Nickel Alloys

The commercial forms of nickel and nickel-base alloys are fully austenitic and are used/selected
mainly for their resistance to high temperature and aqueous corrosion.
Commercially Pure and Low-Alloy Nickels. Nickel is supplied to the producers of nickel alloys in
powder, pellets, or anode forms. This has led to a whole series ofalloy modifications, with
controlled compositions having nickel contents ranging from about 94% to virtually 100%.
These materials are characterized by high density, offering magnetic and electronic property
capabilities. They also offer excellent corrosion resistance to reducing environments, along with
reasonable thermal transfer characteristics. Some nickels of commercial importance include:
Nickel 200, Nickel 201, Nickel 205, Nickel 270 and 290, Permanickel Alloy 300, Duranickel Alloy
301.
Nickel-copper alloys have been found to possess excellent corrosion resistance in reducing
chemical environments and in sea water, where they deliver excellent service in nuclear
submarines and various surface vessels. By changing the various proportions of nickel and
copper in the alloy, a whole series of alloys with different electrical resistivities and Curie points
can be created. Some nickel-copper alloys of commercial importance include: Alloy 400 (66%
Ni, 33% Cu), Alloy R-405, Alloy K-500.
The nickel-chromium and nickel-chromium-iron series of alloys led the way to higher strength
and resistance to elevated temperatures. Today they also form the basis for both commercial
and military power systems. Two ofthe earliest developed Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Fe alloys were:
Alloy 600 (76Ni-15Cr-8Fe).
Nimonic alloys (80Ni-20Cr + Ti/Al).
Some high-temperature variants include:

Alloy 601. Lower nickel (61%) content with aluminum and silicon additions for improved
oxidation and nitriding resistance
Alloy X750. Aluminum and titanium additions for age hardening
Alloy 718. Titanium and niobium additions to overcome strainage cracking problems during
welding and weld repair
Alloy X (48Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo + W). High-temperature flat-rolled product for aerospace
applications
Waspaloy (60Ni-19Cr-4Mo-3Ti-1.3Al). Proprietary alloy for jet engine applications
Some corrosion-resistant variants in the Ni-Cr-Fe system include:

Alloy 625. The addition of 9% Mo plus 3% Nab offers both high-temperature and wet corrosion
resistance; resists pitting and crevice corrosion

Alloy G3/G30. (Ni-22Cr-19Fe-7Mo-2Cu). The increased molybdenum content in these alloys

offers improved pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
Alloy C-22. (Ni-22Cr-6Fe-14Mo-4W). Superior corrosion resistance in oxidizing acid chlorides,
wet chlorine, and other severe corrosive environments
Alloy C-276. (17% Mo plus 3.7W). Good seawater corrosion resistance and excellent pitting and
crevice corrosion resistance
Alloy 690. (27% Cr addition). Excellent oxidation and nitric acid resistance; specified for nuclear
waste disposal by the vitreous encapsulation method
Iron-Nickel-Chromium Alloys. This series of alloys has also found extensive use in the hightemperature petrochemical environments, where sulfur-containing feedstocks (naphtha and
heavy oils) are cracked into component distillate parts. Not only were they resistant to chlorideion stress-corrosion cracking, but they also offered resistance to polythionic acid cracking. Some
alloys of commercial importance include:
Alloy 800 (Fe-32Ni-21Cr). The basic alloy in the Fe-Ni-Cr system; resistant to oxidation and
carburization at elevated temperatures
Alloy 800HT. Similar to 800H with further modification to combined titanium and aluminum
levels (0.85 to 1.2%) to ensure optimum high-temperature properties
Alloy 801. Increased titanium content (0.75 to 1.5%); exceptional resistance to polythionic acid
cracking
Alloy 802. High-carbon version (0.2 to 0.5%) for improved strength at high temperatures
Alloy 825 (Fe-42Ni-21.5Cr-2Cu). Stabilized with titanium addition (0.6 to 1.2%). Also contains
molybdenum (3%) for pitting resistance in aqueous corrosion applications. Copper content
bestows resistance to sulfuric acid
Alloy 925. Addition of titanium and aluminum to 825 composition for strengthening through
age hardening
The 800. alloy series offers excellent strength at elevated temperature (creep and stress
rupture).

Some corrosion variants in the Fe-Ni-Cr system include:

20Cb3 (Fe-35Ni-20Cr-3.5Cu-2.5Mo + Nab). This alloy was developed for the handling of sulfuric
acid environments
20Mo-4 and 20Mo-6 (Fe-36Ni-23Cr-5Mo + Cu). Increased corrosion resistance in pulp and
paper industry environments.
Controlled-expansion alloys include alloys in both the Fe-Ni-Cr and Fe-Ni-Co series. Some alloys
of commercial importance include:
Alloy 902 (Fe-42Ni-5Cr with 2.2 to 2.75% Ti and 0.3 to 0.8% Al). This is an alloy with a
controllable thermoplastic coefficient
Alloys 903, 907, 909 (42Fe-38Ni-13Co with varying aging elements such as niobium, titanium,
and aluminum). These alloys offer high strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion
The 900 alloy series offers very unusual characteristics and properties. Alloys 903, 907, and 909
were all designed to provide high strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion for
applications up to 650 C.
Nickel-lron Low-Expansion Alloys. This series of alloys plays a very important role in both the
lamp industry and electronics, where glass-to-metal seals in encapsulated components are
important. The nickel alloys are chosen for a variety of reasons.
Some alloys of commercial importance include:

Invar (Fe-36Ni). This alloy has the lowest thermal expansion of any metal from ambient to
230C (450F)
Alloy 42 (Fe-42Ni). This alloy has the closest thermal expansion match to alumina, beryllia, and
vitreous glass
Alloy 426. Additions of 6% Cr are added to this alloy for vacuum-tight sealing applications
Alloy 52 (Fe-51.5Ni). This alloy has a thermal expansion that closely matches vitreous potashsoda-lead glass.
Soft Magnetic Alloys. The nickel-iron alloys also offer an interesting set of magnetic
permeability properties, which have played an important part in switchgear and for direct
current (dc) motor and generator designs.
Welding Alloys. Welding products for nickel alloys have similar compositions to the base
metals, although additions of aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and other elements are made to
the filler metals and welding electrodes to ensure proper deoxidation of the molten weld pool
and to over-come any hot-short cracking and malleability problems.
Nickel Alloy alternatives to trademark brand names.
Alloy C276 alternative to Hastelloy C-276 and Hastelloy C

Alloy B-2 alternative to Hastelloy B-2
Alloy C-22 alternative to Hastelloy C-22
Alloy X alternative to Hastelloy X and Inconel HX
Alloy 20 alternative to Carpenter 20 and Incoloy 20
Alloy718 alternative to Inconel 718
Alloy 800 alternative to Incoloy 800
Alloy 800H/HT alternative to Incoloy 800H/HT
Alloy 400 alternative to Monel 400
Alloy K-500 alternative to Monel K-500
Alloy 625 alternative to Inconel 625
Popular Nickel and Nickel Alloys available at Mega Mex
Popular Nickel and Nickel Alloys available at OZAIRTRADELINK
Alloy
Nickel 200/201
UNS Specification
Available Forms
N02200/N02201
Sheet, Plate, Bar, Pipe & Tube

(welded & seamless), Wire, Fittings

C-276
N10276

B-2
N10665
Round Bar
B-3
N10675

C-22
N06022

N06002
Sheet, Plate, Bar
20
N08020

(welded & seamless), Fittings, Wire
718
N07718
Sheet, Plate, Bar, and Wire
800H/HT
N08800/N08810/N08811

400
N04400

K-500
N05500
Round Bar
R-405
N04405
Round Bar and Hex Bar
N06600

N06601

625
N06625

(welded & seamless), Wire
825
N08825

600
601



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